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How do we define “castration” in men on androgen deprivation therapy?

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Asian Journal of Andrology 2020年第5期22卷 441-446页

作者： Sarin Itty Robert H Getzenberg Dr.Kiran C.Patel College of Allopathic Medicine Nova Southeastern UniversityFort LauderdaleFL33328USA

Androgen deprivation therapy(ADT)is the mainstay for the treatment of advanced prostate *** the clinical evolution from surgical orchiectomy,we have typically used ADT and orchiectomy to be synonymous terms for *** goal of this study is to determine if,in contemporary medical practice,surgical and chemical castration provide for similar levels of diminishment of total and free ***,what approaches should be used to most accurately measure testosterone levels in men with advanced prostate cancer and what cutoff values,for example for total testosterone 50 ng dl-1 or 20 ng dl-1,should be *** available in the literature have been analyzed and compiled to address these ***,evidence is provided that free testosterone,the biologically active component,should be utilized to provide clinically relevant state of castration.

关键词： androgen androgen deprivation therapy castration free testosterone testosterone

New therapies for relapsed castration-resistant prostate cancer based on peptide analogs of hypothalamic hormones

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Asian Journal of Andrology 2015年第6期17卷 925-928页

作者： Andrew V Schally Veterans Affairs Medical Center and South FloridaVeterans Affairs Foundation for Research andEducation Miami FL 33125 USA Department of Pathology University of Miami Miller School ofMedicine Miami FL 33136 USA Department of Medicine Division of Hematology/Oncology Universityof Miami Miller School of Medicine Miami FL33136 USA Department of Medicine Division of Endocrinology University of Miami Miller School ofMedicine Miami FL 33136 USA Department of Medicine Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer CenterUniversity of Miami Miller School of Medicine MiamiFL 33136 USA Department of Urology HerbertWertheim College of Medicine Florida InternationalUniversity Miami FL 33174 USA.

Itis a pleasure to contribute our presentation at the International Prostate Forum of the Annual Meeting of the American Urological Association （AUA） to this special issue of the Asian Journal of Andrology. We are gratified that the method developed in our laboratories1 based on agonistic analogs of hypothalamic luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone （LHRH）, also called gonadotropin which was discovered releasing hormone, and characterized by one of us （AVS） in the 1970S, has been used since the early 1980s for the treatment of hormone-dependent prostate cancer.

关键词： therapies castration hormones

Time-dependent effects of castration on the bladder function and histological changes in the bladder and blood vessels

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Asian Journal of Andrology 2014年第3期16卷 457-460页

作者： Tomohiro Magari Yasuhiro Shibata Seiji Arai Bunzo Kashiwagi Keiji Suzuki Kazuhiro Suzuki Department of Urology Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine Maebashi Department of Urology Kurosawa Hospital Takasaki Department of Pathology Gunma University Graduate School of Health Sciences Maebashi Japan

We examined the effect of androgens on bladder blood flow （BBF）, bladder function and histological changes in castrated male rats. Male Wistar rats were classified into unoperated group （control group）, groups castrated at the age of 8weeks （group 8wPC） and groups castrated at the age of 4weeks （group 4wPC）. Each rat was used at the age of 20weeks. BBF was measured using fluorescent microspheres. Bladder cystometry was performed without anesthesia or restraint; the bladder was first irrigated with saline and then with 0.25% acetic acid （AA） solution. Maximum voiding pressure and voiding interval were measured. The bladder and lilac artery were histologically examined for differences in smooth muscle and quantity of collagen fiber to analyze the effect of castration on the smooth muscle content. No differences were noted in BBF following castration. The voiding intervals for all groups were shortened （P 〈 0.001） following AA irrigation. No significant difference was noted in the maximum voiding pressure. Histological changes were observed in bladder and lilac artery. Smooth muscle/collagen ratio at the bladder was lower in groups 8wPC and 4wPC compared to the control group （P 〈 0.01）, while that at the lilac artery was decreased in group 4wPC compared to the control group （P〈 0.001）. In conclusion, our findings indicate that castration does not alter BBF, but leads to histological changes in the bladder as well as its associated blood vessels.

关键词： bladder blood flow bladder function castration fluorescent microsphere method histological changes smooth muscle/collagen ratio

Ailanthone:a new potential drug for castration-resistant prostate cancer

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Chinese Journal of Cancer 2017年第5期36卷 207-208页

作者： Shihong Peng Zhengfang Yi Mingyao Liu East China Normal University and Shanghai Fengxian District Central Hospital Joint Center for Translational Medicine Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory BiologyInstitute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life SciencesEast China Normal University Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine Center for Cancer and Stem Cell BiologyInstitute of Biosciences and TechnologyTexas A&M University Health Sciences Center

Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most common male cancer [1, 2]. PCa initially depends on androgen receptor (AR) signaling for growth and survival. Androgen deprivation therapy causes a temporary reduction in PCa tumor burden, but the tumor eventually develops into castrationresistant prostate cancer (CRPC) with the ability to grow again in the absence of androgens [3]. Mechanisms of CRPC progression include AR amplification and overexpression [4], AR gene rearrangement promoting synthesis of constitutively-active truncated AR splice variants (ARVs) [4], and induction of intracrine androgen metabolic enzymes [3]. Current anti-androgen therapies including MDV3100 (Enzalutamide) and abiraterone have focused on the androgen-dependent activation of AR through its ligand-binding domain (LBD), but do not provide a continuing clinical benefit for patients with CRPC and presumably fail due to multiple mechanisms including the expression of AR-Vs lacking the LBD [5]. These AR-Vs signal in the absence of ligand and are therefore resistant to LBD-targeting AR antagonists or agents that repress androgen biosynthesis [6].

关键词： Ailanthone potential castration

Analysis of risk factors leading to anxiety and depression in patients with prostate cancer after castration and the construction of a risk prediction model

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World Journal of Psychiatry 2024年第2期14卷 255-265页

作者： Rui-Xiao Li Xue-Lian Li Guo-Jun Wu Yong-Hua Lei Xiao-Shun Li Bo Li Jian-Xin Ni Urology Hospital Xi'an People's Hospital(Xi'an Fourth Hospital)Xi'an 710199Shaanxi ProvinceChina Department of Surgery Xi'an Hospital of Traditional Chinese MedicineXi'an 710199Shaanxi ProvinceChina

BACKGROUND Cancer patients often suffer from severe stress reactions psychologically,such as anxiety and *** cancer(PC)is one of the common cancer types,with most patients diagnosed at advanced stages that cannot be treated by radical surgery and which are accompanied by complications such as bodily pain and bone ***,attention should be given to the mental health status of PC patients as well as physical adverse events in the course of clinical *** To analyze the risk factors leading to anxiety and depression in PC patients after castration and build a risk prediction *** A retrospective analysis was performed on the data of 120 PC cases treated in Xi'an People's Hospital between January 2019 and January *** patient cohort was divided into a training group(n=84)and a validation group(n=36)at a ratio of 7:*** patients’anxiety symptoms and depression levels were assessed 2 wk after surgery with the Self-Rating Anxiety Scale(SAS)and the Selfrating Depression Scale(SDS),*** regression was used to analyze the risk factors affecting negative mood,and a risk prediction model was *** In the training group,35 patients and 37 patients had an SAS score and an SDS score greater than or equal to 50,*** on the scores,we further subclassified patients into two groups:a bad mood group(n=35)and an emotional stability group(n=49).Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that marital status,castration scheme,and postoperative Visual Analogue Scale(VAS)score were independent risk factors affecting a patient's bad mood(P<0.05).In the training and validation groups,patients with adverse emotions exhibited significantly higher risk scores than emotionally stable patients(P<0.0001).The area under the curve(AUC)of the risk prediction model for predicting bad mood in the training group was 0.743,the specificity was 70.96%,and the sensitivity was 66.03%,while in the validation

关键词： Prostate cancer castration Anxiety and depression Risk factors Risk prediction model

Effects of castration and testosterone replacement on veno-occlusion during penile erection in the rat

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Asian Journal of Andrology 1999年第1期1卷 53-59页

作者： Yu-TianDAI VivienneStopper RonaldLewis ThomasMills DepartmentofSurgeryUrologySection DepartmentofPhysiologyandEndoerinologyMedicalCollegeofGeorgia AugustaGA30912-3000USA

Aim: To determine if androgens directly regulate veno-occlusion or if androgens act indirectly to maintain the penilestructures which control outflow. Methods: Using CASTRATE and TESTO rats, measurement was made of meanarterial pressure (MAP), intracavernosal pressure (CCP), and intracavernosal flow (CCF) during erection resultingfrom stimulation of the autonomic innervation of the penis. CCP and CCF were also measured during saline infusioninto the cavernosal sinuses before and after treatment with sodium nitroprusside (SNP, a nitric oxide donor drag) tofully relax cavernosal smooth muscle. Penile tissue was also collected to measure the content of α actin and proline andhydroxyproline to determine if brief withdrawal of androgenic support led to changes in the number of smooth musclecells or the collagen content of the tissue. Results: Infusion of saline into the cavernosal sinuses demonstrated thatveno-occlusion was defective in CASTRATE rats while reno-occlusion was fully functional in TESTO ***, veno-occlusion could be induced in CASTRATE rats if they were first treated with SNP. Thisobservation suggests that failure of veno-occlusion in the CASTRATE rats is due to a deficiency in the production of NOresulting in a reduction in the degree of relaxation of the penile smooth muscle. The measurements of smooth muscleα actin and proline and hydroxyproline content of collagen showed that both were unaffected by castration and that thebasic structure of the penis did not degenerate after one week without androgenic support. Conclusion: Theseresults can be interpreted to mean that androgens control the veno-occlusive mechanism indirectly via a NO dependentmechanism and not by maintaining the structures of the penis which are essential to reno-occlusion.

关键词： castration testosterone cavernous sinus penile erection nitric oxide androgens

HIGH-INTENSITY FOCUSED ULTRASOUND castration FOR BREAST CANCER PATIENTS

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Chinese Journal of Cancer Research 2003年第4期15卷 305-309页

作者：王书文和新盈石景森赵东利李明众王诚薛文华 Department of Oncology The First Hospital Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an 710061 Department of Pathology Shanxi Medical College Xi'an

Objective: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of external high-intensity focused ultrasound(HIFU) castration for breast cancerous patients after mastectomy if they are at a high risk of recurrence. Methods: We recruited 52 consecutive patients with primary operable breast cancer who were treated with mastectomy with excision of regional lymph nodes. Patients were positive for ER and PR immuno- cytochemical staining, node-positive, un-menopause, over 40 years old and were divided into two groups randomly. For castration, 26 patients received one or two times of HIFU treatment within five days, and the other patients received radiotherapy with DT 18Gy/9 f/11days. During and after the treatment, local changes and systemic response of the patients were observed. Results: After 1 month treatment, levels of serum E1 and E2 were significantly decreased compared to before treatment in HIFU groups (Pcastration.

关键词： castration HIFU Radiotherapy

Apoptosis in rat erectile tissue induced by castration

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Asian Journal of Andrology 1999年第4期1卷 181-185页

作者： Xin-HuaZHANG Li-quanhu xin-minZHENG Shi-WenLI ResearchCenterofUrotogyandAndrology HubeiMedicalUniversity HubeiMedicalUniversio Wuhan430071China

Aim: To investigate the effect of androgen on the structure of corpus cavernosum. Methods: Thirty mature rats wererandomized into 3 groups, i.e., simple castration, castration with testosterone (T) supplementation and sham-operatedcontrols. One week after operation, the animals were sacrificed and corpora cavenosa harvested. Apoptosis was detect-ed with the in situ end labeling (ISEL) techniques and DNA fragment analysis. Results: The apoptotic rate was4.19 % in the simple castrated rats, 0.2 % in castrated rats supplemented with T and 0.14 % in the controls. Signifi-cant difference was found between the simple castrates and other two groups (P 0.05). Conclusion: castration inducedapoptosis in rat corpus cavernosum, that could be prevented by T supplementation. It suggests that androgen plays animportant role in maintaining the structure of corpus cavernosum. (Asian J Androl 1999 Dec; 1: 181-185)

关键词： androgens apoptosis corpus cavernosum castration testosterone

Effects of castration and testosterone replacement on veno-occlusion during penile erection in the rat

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Asian Journal of Andrology 1999年第Z1期 53-59页

作者： Vivienne Stopper,Ronald Lewis,Thomas Mills Department of Physiology and Endocrinology Medical College of Georgia Augusta GA 30912-3000 USA Department of Surgery Urology Section Department of Surgery Urology Section Department of Physilolgy and Endocrinology Medical College of Georgia Augusta GA 30912-3000 USA

关键词： castration testosterone cavernous sinus penile erection nitric oxide androgens