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The Crop Journal 2022年第3期10卷 704-715页

作者： Xin Luan Shanwen Ke Shuchun Liu Guojian Tang Dahui Huang Minyi Wei Yuexiong Zhang Gang Qin Xiang-Qian Zhang Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Grassland Science College of Forestry and Landscape ArchitectureSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou 510642GuangdongChina Rice Research Institute Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Guangxi Key Laboratory of Rice Genetics and BreedingNanning 530007GuangxiChina Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology Guangzhou 510642GuangdongChina

Rice caryopses are enclosed by outer *** size and dimension of the outer glume are the main determinants of caryopsis ***,it is unclear whether caryopsis development is completely dependent on the size of the glume,or whether it can grow and expand autonomously despite the constraint of glume *** report the identification of a mutant line that produces normal-sized glumes with smaller mature caryopses that do not fill the entire glume *** caryopsis phenotype in the pex1 mutant is caused by a reduction in cell *** PEX1,a leucine-rich repeat extensin gene,was highly expressed in the developing *** of Os PEX1 driven by a constitutive promoter recapitulated the mutant phenotype,showing that the small-caryopsis phenotype is caused by overexpression of the Os PEX1 *** amino acids,including several essential amino acids,and crude protein were increased in pex1 relative to the wild type,endowing pex1 with improved nutritional *** results suggest that caryopsis development can be genetically uncoupled from maternally controlled glume development and that Os PEX1 might be a new resource for improving nutritional quality of rice cultivars.

关键词： Rice caryopsis Grain size Glume Extensin-like protein

Rice caryopsis development Ⅰ: Dynamic changes in different cell layers

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Journal of Integrative Plant Biology 2016年第9期58卷 772-785页

作者： Xiaoba Wu Jinxin Liu Dongqi Li Chun-Ming Liu Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology Institute of BotanyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100093China

Rice caryopsis as one of the most important food sources for humans has a complex structure that is composed of maternal tissues including the pericarp and testa and filial tissues including the endosperm and embryo. Although rice caryopsis studies have been conducted previously, a system- atic characterization throughout the entire developmental process is still lacking. In this study, detailed morphological examinations of caryopses were made during the entire 30- day developmental process. We observed some rapid changes in cell differentiation events and cataloged how cellular degeneration processes occurred in maternal tissues. The differentiations of tube cells and cross cells were achieved by 9 days after pollination （DAP）. In the testa, the outer integument was degenerated by 3 DAP, while the outer layer of the inner integument degenerated by 7 DAP. In the nucellus, all tissues with the exception of the nucellar projection and the nucellar epidermis degenerated in the first 5 DAP. By 21 DAP, all maternal tissues, including vascular bundles, the nucellar projection and the nucellar epidermal cells were degenerated. In summary, this study provides a complete atlas of the dynamic changes in cell differentiation and degeneration for individual maternal cell layers of rice caryopsis.

关键词： Rice caryopsis maternal tissue cell layers differentiation degeneration

Rice caryopsis development Ⅱ: Dynamic changes in the endosperm

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Journal of Integrative Plant Biology 2016年第9期58卷 786-798页

作者： Xiaoba Wu Jinxin Liu Dongqi Li Chun-Ming Liu Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology Institute of BotanyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100093China

The rice endosperm plays crucial roles in nourishing the embryo during embryogenesis and seed germination. Although previous studies have provided the general information about rice endosperm, a systematic investigation throughout the entire endosperm developmental process is still lacking. In this study, we examined in detail rice endosperm development on a daily basis throughout the 3o-day period of post-fertilization development. We observed that coenocytic nuclear division occurred in the first 2 days after pollination （DAP）, cellularization occurred between 3 and 5 DAP, differentiation of the aleurone and starchy endosperm occurred between 6 and 9 DAP, and accumulation of storage products occurred concurrently with the aleurone/starchy endosperm differentiation from 6 DAP onwards and was accomplished by 21 DAP. Changes in cytoplasmic membrane permeability, possibly caused by programmed cell death, were observed in the central region of the starchy endosperm at 8 DAP, and expanded to the whole starchy endosperm at 21 DAP when the aleurone is the only living component in the endosperm. Further, we observed that a distinct multi-layered dorsal aleurone formed near the dorsal vascular bundle, while the single- or occasionally two-cell layered aleurone was located in the lateral and ventral positions of endosperm. Our results provide in detail the dynamic changes in mitotic divisions, cellularization, cell differentiation, storage product accumulation, and programmed cell death that occur during rice endosperm development.

关键词： caryopsis differentiation endosperm programmed cell death rice

Structural and Histochemical Characterization of Developing Rice caryopsis

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Rice science 2014年第3期21卷 142-149页

作者： YU Xu-run ZHOU Liang XIONG Fei WANG Zhong College of Bioscience and Biotechnology Yangzhou University

The development of pericarp, seed coat, starchy endosperm and aleurone of the rice caryopsis was investigated, histochemically and structurally, from the time of flowering to maturity. The results showed that during its growth, the maximum length of the caryopsis was attained first, followed by width and then thickness. Histochemical examination of the caryopsis showed that starch was mainly accumulated in the endosperm, but the endosperm showed no metabolic activity, while embryo and pericarp contained a few starch grains, and embryo and aleurone were strongly active. Aleuronic cells contained many aleurone grains and spherosomes, and aleurone in the dorsal region developed earlier and contained more layers of cells. Amyloplasts in endosperm contained many starch granules and were spherical at early stages but polyhedric at late stages. The protein bodies appeared later than amyloplasts, and the number of protein bodies in subaleurone was greater than those in the starchy endosperm. The white-belly portion of endosperm might be relative to the status of amyloplast development.

关键词： rice caryopsis structure development chalkiness

The Association of Chalazal Cell Ultrastructure in caryopsis and Grain Filling in Wheat

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Agricultural Sciences in China 2003年第5期2卷 507-512,T001,T002页

作者： ZHOU Zhu-qing, LAN Sheng-yin, WANG Wei-Jin, ZHU Xu-tong, XU Zhen-xiu and YANG Ze-minHuazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P. R. China Xiaogan University, Xiaogan 432100 , P. R. China Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan 430070 P. R. China Xiaogan University Xiaogan 432100 P. R. China Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan 430070 P. R. China

Using three wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum L. ) , Een1, Huamai8 and 95A-10, which exhibit different grain filling characters. the relationship of ultrastructure of the chalazal cells in wheat caryop-sis and grain filling was studied. The results indicate that the lipoid and polysaccharide deposited in vacuoles of the chalazal cells have no obvious inhibitory actions to the grain filling. It appears that a direct relationship exists between the proceeding and end time of grain filling and the amount and appearing time of the lipoid, within lignin and suberin deposited on the inner wall of chalazal cells, and between grain filling rate and cultivars characteristic. The appearing time of the lipoid, within lignin and suberin deposited on the inner wall of chalazal cells in cultivar with large grain (Eenl and 95A-10) was later than that in cultivar with small grain (Huamai8), and the amount of deposits in the former was less than that in the latter. The late development of caryopsis and low rate of grain filling account for the wrinkled grain of 95A-10. The transport of assimilates in chalazal cells coexists with symplastic and apoplastic pathways, but symplastic pathway plays a major role after 24 days of flowering.

关键词： Wheat (Triticum aestivum L. ) caryopsis Chalazal cell Grain filling ultrastructure

caryopsis Development and Main Quality Characteristics in Different indica Rice Varieties

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Rice science 2005年第4期12卷 238-242页

作者： XIONG Fei WANG Zhong CHENG Gang WANG Jue Department of Agronomy Agricultural College Yangzhou University Yangzhou 225009 China

A comparison on the caryopsis development, rice quality characteristics and the size, shape, structure of the endosperm amyloplasts （starch granules） between two indica rice varieties was made, The main quality traits in Yangdao 6 were better than those in Xiangzaoxian 33; In the early period after fertilization the dry matter in Yangdao 6 was accumulated more slowly than that in Xiangzaoxian 33 but faster in the later period, and the starch was accumulated strongly in the later period; There were two kinds of amyloplasts： single and compound amyloplasts, being 4.4 um and 9.5 um in diameter on average with the range of 2.4-8.0 um and 5.7-19.5 um, respectively. In the case of Xiangzaoxian 33, most of the single amyloplasts were elliptic or round with loose arrangement and great difference in size, and the coefficient of variation was high. While in the Yangdao 6, most of the amyloplasts were single, well developed, polyhedral, crystalline and compactly arranged, and the coefficient of variation was low. The amyloplasts in the dorsal region of endosperm were developed better than those in the ventral and central regions. The chalkiness in the endosperm resulted from badly-developed and loose-arranged starch granules, which was closely relevant to the transport of filling materials.

关键词： indica rice caryopsis development quality traits amyloplasts chalkiness

Effects of Nitrogen Fertilizer Treatments on caryopsis Filling and Respiratory Rate of Rice

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Rice science 2006年第3期13卷 199-204页

作者： CHEN Juan WANG Zhong CHEN Gang Mo Yi-wei Agronomy Department Agricultural College Yangzhou University Yangzhou 225009 China

An experiment was conducted to study the effects of nitrogen （N） rate and application time on grain filling and respiratory trait of caryopsis in two rice varieties, IR36 and Dali. The treatments were consisted of no N application topdressing at both tillering and booting stages （CK）, 6 g/pot of N topdressing at the tillering stage and 2 g/pot of N topdressing at the booting stage, 2 g/pot of N topdressing at the tillering stage and 6 g/pot of N topdressing at the booting stage. The results showed that the proper utilization of N fertilizer can be helpful to maintain the higher water content, higher respiratory rate and higher dehydrogenase activity of rice caryopsis in late filling phase, and prolong the course for filling and maintaining higher respiratory rate and dehydrogenase activity of rice caryopsis. More N application at booting was more effective compared to more N application at tillering.

关键词： nitrogen fertilizer water content filling duration respiratory rate dehydrogenase activity rice caryopsis

Development and Substance Accumulation of caryopsis in Transgenic Rice with Antisense Wx Gene

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Rice science 2006年第2期13卷 106-112页

作者： CHEN Gang WANG Zhong LIU Qiao-quan XIONG Fei Gu Yun-jie Gu Guo-jun Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province Yangzhou University Yangzhou 225009 China

The development and substance accumulation of rice caryopsis were studied by using the transgenic japonica and indica rice with antisense Wx gene. The weight of caryopses in transgenic rice was lower than that in non-transgenic one, and the reduction in weight was significantly correlated to the reduction in amylose content. In caryopsis of transgenic rice, the number of endosperm cells was less than that in caryopsis of non-transgenic one, but the proliferation speed was considerably higher during the first six days after flowering （DAF）. During the first nine DAF, the soluble sugar content of transgenic rice caryopsis was less than that of the non-transgenic one, but the situation was reverse after nine DAF. Moreover, the total starch content also declined with the decrease in amylose content of transgenic rice caryopsis, while the amylopectin content increased accordingly. Therefore, the composition of starch in caryopsis also changed, but it did not affect the accumulation of protein in transgenic rice caryopsis.

关键词： rice transgene caryopsis development substance accumulation waxy gene

Transcriptome Analysis of High-Temperature Stress in Developing Barley Caryopses： Early Stress Responses and Effects on Storage Compound Biosynthesis

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Molecular Plant 2011年第1期4卷 97-115页

作者： Elke Mangelsen Joachim Kilian Klaus Harter Christer Jansson Dierk Wanke Eva Sundberg Department of Plant Biology and Forest Genetics The Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU) PO Box 7080 SE-750 07 Uppsala Sweden Center of Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP) University of Tuebingen Auf der Morgenstelle 1 D-72076 Tvbingen Germany Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Earth Sciences Division 1 Cyclotron Rd Berkeley CA 94720 USA

High-temperature stress, like any abiotic stress, impairs the physiology and development of plants, including the stages of seed setting and ripening. We used the Affymetrix 22K Barley1 GeneChip microarray to investigate the response of developing barley （Hordeum vulgare） seeds, termed caryopses, after 0.5, 3, and 6 h of heat stress exposure; 958 induced and 1122 repressed genes exhibited spatial and temporal expression patterns that provide a detailed insight into the caryopses＇ early heat stress responses. Down-regulation of genes related to storage compound biosynthesis and cell growth provides evidence for a rapid impairment of the caryopsis＇ development. Increased levels of sugars and amino acids were indicative for both production of compatible solutes and feedback-induced accumulation of substrates for storage compound biosynthesis. Metadata analysis identified embryo and endosperm as primary locations of heat stress responses, indicating a strong impact of short-term heat stress on central developmental functions of the caryopsis. A comparison with heat stress responses in Arabidopsis shoots and drought stress responses in barley caryopses identified both conserved and presumably heat- and caryopsis-specific stress-responsive genes. Summarized, our data provide an important basis for further investigation of gene functions in order to aid an improved heat tolerance and reduced losses of yield in barley as a model for cereal crops.

关键词： Abiotic/environmental stress gene expression transcriptome analysis seed biology barley caryopsis crops heat shock.