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Model Estimates of Global carbon flux between Vegetation and the Atmospherer

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Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 2001年第5期18卷 807-818页

作者：李银鹏季劲钩 Institute of Atmospheric Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China

The net primary productivity (NPP) of global terrestrial vegetation is estimated by an Atmosphere-Vegetation Interaction Model (AVIM). AVIM consists of two intercoupled components: physical processes, involving water and energy transfer among soil, vegetation and the atmosphere at the land surface and eco-physiological processes, i.e. photosynthesis, respiration, dry matter allocation, littering, phenology. Globally vegetation is classified into 13 types and soil texture is classified into 6 types. The estimated NPP for different vegetation types at 1637 sites are validated with the observed data provided by EMDI. The main results of NPP estimation show that global averaged NPP is 405.13 g C m(-2)yr(-1), varying from 99.58 g C m(-2)yr(-1) (tundra) to 996.2 g m(-2)yr(-1) (rainforest). Global total annual NPP is about 60.72Gt C yr(-1), in which the maximum part, about 15.84 Gt C yr(-1), accounting for 26.09% of the total is contributed by tropical rainforest. The maximum carbon sink occurs in the temperate region of the Northern Hemisphere. The global spatial and seasonal distribution of terrestrial NPP is estimated reasonably.

关键词： carbon flux net primary productivity (NPP) terrestrial ecosystem atmosphere-vegetation interaction

The First Global carbon Dioxide flux Map Derived from TanSat Measurements

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Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 2021年第9期38卷 1433-1443页

作者： Dongxu YANG Yi LIU Liang FENG Jing WANG Lu YAO Zhaonan CAI Sihong ZHU Naimeng LU Daren LYU Institute of Atmospheric Physics Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100029China National Centre for Earth Observation University of EdinburghEdinburghEH93FFUK University of Edinburgh EdinburghEH93FFUK National Satellite Meteorological Center China Meteorological Administration Beijing 100081China

Space-borne measurements of atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations provide global observation constraints for top-down estimates of surface carbon ***,the first estimates of the global distribution of carbon surface fluxes inferred from dry-air CO_2 column (XCO_2) measurements by the Chinese Global carbon Dioxide Monitoring Scientific Experimental Satellite (Tan Sat) are *** ensemble transform Kalman filter (ETKF) data assimilation system coupled with the GEOS-Chem global chemistry transport model is used to optimally fit model simulations with the Tan Sat XCO_2 observations,which were retrieved using the Institute of Atmospheric Physics carbon dioxide retrieval Algorithm for Satellite remote sensing (IAPCAS).High posterior error reduction (30%–50%) compared with a priori fluxes indicates that assimilating satellite XCO_2 measurements provides highly effective constraints on global carbon flux *** impacts are also highlighted by significant spatiotemporal shifts in flux patterns over regions critical to the global carbon budget,such as tropical South America and *** integrated global land carbon net flux of 6.71±0.76 Gt C yr^(-1) over12 months (May 2017–April 2018) is estimated from the Tan Sat XCO_2 data,which is generally consistent with other inversions based on satellite data,such as the JAXA GOSAT and NASA OCO-2 XCO_2 ***,discrepancies were found in some regional flux estimates,particularly over the Southern Hemisphere,where there may still be uncorrected bias between satellite measurements due to the lack of independent reference *** results of this study provide the groundwork for further studies using current or future Tan Sat XCO_2 data together with other surfacebased and space-borne measurements to quantify biosphere–atmosphere carbon exchange.

关键词： TanSat carbon flux CO_2 flux inversion

carbon storage and flux for alpine tundra ecosystems in Changbai Mountains,Northeast China

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Journal of Forestry Research 2007年第2期18卷 109-113页

作者：王涌翔魏晶吴钢姜萍王宏昌中国科学院生态环境研究中心城市与区域生态国家重点实验室北京100085

This paper examined the carbon storage and flux of vegetation-litter-soil in alpine tundra ecosystems in Changbai Mountains. Approximately 17251 t·a-1 of carbon was yearly stored in the vegetation and 15043.1 t·a^-1of carbon flew into soil by litters. The vegetation-litter-soil ecosystem stored 452624 t·a^-1 of carbon, which was the important CO2 sink. The net carbon storage was currently 3146 t·a^-1 in vegetation-litter-soil ecosystem.

关键词： carbon Storage carbon flux Alpine tundra

Air-sea carbon fluxes and their controlling factors in the Prydz Bay in the Antarctic

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Acta Oceanologica Sinica 2008年第3期27卷 136-146页

作者： GAO Zhongyong CHEN Liqi GAO Yuan Key Laboratory of Global Change and Marine Atmospheric Chemistry of State Oceanic Administration Third Institute of Ocea- nography State Oceanic Administration Xiamen 361005 China Third Institute of Oceanography State Oceanic Administration Xiamen 361005 China Chinese Arctic and Antarctic Administration Beijing 100860 China Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences Rutgers University Newark NJ USA

The Prydz Bay in the Antarctic is an important area in the Southern Ocean due to its unique geographic feature. It plays an important role in the carbon cycle in the Southern Ocean. To investigate the distributions of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and surface seawater and its air-sea exchange rates in this region, the Chinese National Antarctic Research Expedition （CHINARE） had set up several sections in the Prydz Bay. Here we present the results from the CHINARE-XVI cruises were presented onboard R/V Xue/ong from November 1999 to April 2000 and the main driving forces were discussed controlling the distributions of partial pressure of carbon dioxide. According to the partial pressure of carbon dioxide distributions, the Prydz Bay can be divided into the inside and outside regions. The partial pressure of carbon dioxide was low in the inside region but higher in the outside region during the measurement period. This distribution had a good negative correlation with the concentrations of ehlorophyll-a in general, suggesting that the partial pressure of carbon dioxide was substantially affected by biological production. The results also indicate that the biological produetion is most likely the main driving force in the marginal ice zone in the Southern Ocean in summer. However, in the Antarctic divergence sector of the Prydz Bay （about 64°S）, the hydrological processes become the controlling factor as the sea surface partial pressure of carbon dioxide is much higher than the atmospheric one due to the upwelling of the high DIC CDW, and this made the outside of Prydz Bay a source of carbon dioxide. On the basis of the calculations, the CO2 flux in January （austral summer） was -3.23 mmol/（m^2 · d） in the inner part of Prydz Bay, i.e. , a sink of atmospheric CO2, and was 0.62 mmol/（m^2 · d） in the outside part of the bay, a weak source of atmospheric CO2. The average air-sea flux of CO2 in the Prydz Bay was 2.50 mmol/（m^2 · d）.

关键词： Prydz Bay carbon flux carbon dioxide controlling factors

Changes in Global Vegetation Distribution and carbon fluxes in Response to Global Warming:Simulated Results from IAP-DGVM in CAS-ESM2

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Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 2022年第8期39卷 1285-1298,I0002-I0010页

作者： Xiaofei GAO Jiawen ZHU Xiaodong ZENG Minghua ZHANG Yongjiu DAI Duoying JI He ZHANG International Center for Climate and Environment Sciences Institute of Atmospheric PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100029China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters Nanjing University of Information Science and TechnologyNanjing 210044China School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences Stony Brook UniversityNY 11790USA School of Atmospheric Sciences Sun Yat-Sen UniversityGuangzhou 510275China College of Global Change and Earth System Science Beijing Normal UniversityBeijing 100875China

Terrestrial ecosystems are an important part of Earth systems,and they are undergoing remarkable changes in response to global *** study investigates the response of the terrestrial vegetation distribution and carbon fluxes to global warming by using the new dynamic global vegetation model in the second version of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS)Earth System Model(CAS-ESM2).We conducted two sets of simulations,a present-day simulation and a future simulation,which were forced by the present-day climate during 1981-2000 and the future climate during 2081-2100,respectively,as derived from RCP8.5 outputs in ***_(2)concentration is kept constant in all simulations to isolate CO_(2)-fertilization *** results show an overall increase in vegetation coverage in response to global warming,which is the net result of the greening in the mid-high latitudes and the browning in the *** results also show an enhancement in carbon fluxes in response to global warming,including gross primary productivity,net primary productivity,and autotrophic *** found that the changes in vegetation coverage were significantly correlated with changes in surface air temperature,reflecting the dominant role of temperature,while the changes in carbon fluxes were caused by the combined effects of leaf area index,temperature,and *** study applies the CAS-ESM2 to investigate the response of terrestrial ecosystems to climate *** though the interpretation of the results is limited by isolating CO_(2)-fertilization effects,this application is still beneficial for adding to our understanding of vegetation processes and to further improve upon model parameterizations.

关键词： global warming vegetation distribution carbon flux leaf area index surface air temperature

Lagged climatic effects on carbon fluxes over three grassland ecosystems in China

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Journal of Plant Ecology 2015年第3期8卷 291-302页

作者： Tao Zhang Mingjie Xu Yi Xi Juntao Zhu Li Tian Xianzhou Zhang Yanfen Wang Yingnian Li Peili Shi Guirui Yu Xiaomin Sun Yangjian Zhang Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources ResearchChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100101China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology Chinese Academy of SciencesXining 810001China

Aims The plasticity of ecosystem responses could buffer and post-pone the effects of climates on ecosystem carbon fluxes,but this lagged effect is often *** this study,we used carbon flux data collected from three typical grassland ecosystems in China,including a temperate semiarid steppe in Inner mongolia(Neimeng site,Nm),an alpine shrub-meadow in Qinghai(Haibei site,Hb)and an alpine meadow steppe in Tibet(Dangxiong site,DX),to examine the time lagged effects of environmental factors on CO_(2) *** Eddy covariance data were collected from three typical Chinese *** linking carbon fluxes with climatic factors,we used their averages or cumulative values within each 12-month period and we called them‘yearly’statistics in this *** investigate the lagged effects of the climatic factors on the car-bon fluxes,the climatic‘yearly’statistics were kept still and the‘yearly’statistics of the carbon fluxes were shifted backward 1 month at a *** Findingssoil moisture and precipitation was the main factor driving the annual variations of carbon fluxes at the alpine Hb and DX,respectively,while the Nm site was under a synthetic impact of each climatic *** time lagged effect analysis showed that temperature had several months,even half a year lag effects on Co2 exchange at the three studied sites,while moisture’s effects were mostly exhibited as an immediate manner,except at *** general,the lagged climatic effects were relatively weak for the alpine *** results implied that it might be months or even 1 year before the variations of ecosystem carbon fluxes are adjusted to the current climate,so such lag effects could be resistant to more frequent climate extremes and should be a critical component to be considered in evaluating ecosystem *** improved knowledge on the lag effects could advance our understanding on the driving mechanisms of climate change effects on ecosystem carbon fluxes.

关键词： climate change carbon flux direct effect grasslands lagged effect

carbon dioxide partial pressure and carbon fluxes of air-water interface in Taihu Lake, China

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Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology 2005年第1期23卷 29-38页

作者：范成新胡维平 Phillip W. Ford 陈宇炜瞿文川张路 Nanjing Institute of Geography & Limnology Chinese Academy of Sciences Nanjing 210008 China CSIRO Land and Water GPO Box 1666 Canberra ACT 2601 Australia

To obtain carbon dioxide （CO2） flux between water-air interface of Taihu lake, monthly water samplers at 14 sites and the local meteorological data of the lake were collected and analyzed in 1998. carbon dioxide partial pressures （pCO2） at air-water interface in the lake were calculated using alkalinity, pH, ionic strength, active coefficient, and water temperature. The carbon fluxes at different sublakes and areas were estimated by concentration gradient between water and air in consideration of Schmidt numbers of 600 and daily mean windspeed at 10 m above water surface. The results indicated that the mean values of pCO2 in Wuli Lake,Meiliang Bay, hydrophyte area, west littoral zone, riverine mouths, and the open lake areas were 1 807.8±1 071.4（mean±standard deviation）μatm （latm=1.013 25×10^5pa）, 416.3±217.0μatm, 576.5±758.8μatm, 304.2±9.43.5μatm, 1 933.6±1 144.7 μatm, and 448.5±202.6μatm, respectively. Maximum and minimum pCO2 values were found in the hypertrophic （4 053.7μatm） and the eutrophic （3.2 μatm） areas. The riverine mouth areas have the maximum fluxes （82.0±62.8 mmol/m^2a）. But there was no significant difference between eutrophic and mesotrophic areas in pCO2 and the flux of CO2. The hydrophyte area, however, has the minimum （--0.58±12.9mmol/m^2a）. In respect to CO2 equilibrium, input of the rivers will obviously influence inorganic carbon distribution in the riverine estuary. For example, the annual mean CO2 flux in Zhihugang River estuary was 19 times of that in Meiliang Bay, although the former is only a part of the latter. The sites in the body of the lake show a clear seasonal cycle with pCO2 higher than atmospheric equilibrium in winter, and much lower than atmospheric in summer due to CO2 consumption by photosynthesis. The CO2 amount of the net annual evasion that enters the atmosphere is 28.42×10^4 t/a, of which those from the west littoral zone and the open lake account for 53.8% and 36.7%, respectively.

关键词： carbon dioxide partial pressure air-water interface carbon flux trophic area river input Taihu Lake

carbon fluxes in soil:long-term sequestration in deeper soil horizons

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Journal of Geographical Sciences 2005年第2期15卷 149-154页

作者： John F.MCCARTHY Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences University of TennesseeKnoxvilleTennesseeUSA

Terrestrial ecosystems represent the second largest carbon reservoir, and the C balance in terrestrial ecosystems can be directly impacted by human activities such as agricultural management practices and land-use changes. This paper focuses on the C-sequestration in soil. Although many studies showed that the concentration of SOC is much higher in the shallow soils (0-30 cm), the deeper horizons represent a much greater mass of soil and represent a huge C-storage pool. The process of preferential retention of more strongly adsorbing components, along with competitive displacement of weakly binding components are the key processes that enhance the movement of organic carbon to deeper soil horizons. DOC represents the most dynamic part of organic carbon in soils, and thus can be used as a timely indicator of the short-term change of C-sequestration. Long-term experiments have demonstrated that higher SOC levels in shallow soils would lead to increased fluxes of DOC to deeper horizons, but more data on a wider range of soils and treatment strategies are needed to fully evaluate the linkages between changes in SOC in shallow soil, vertical fluxes of DOC to deeper soil horizons, and enhanced C-inventories in deeper, slow-turnover SOC pools.

关键词： carbon flux SOC DOC land use and management

carbon pools and fluxes in the China Seas and adjacent oceans

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Science China Earth Sciences 2018年第11期61卷 1535-1563页

作者： Nianzhi JIAO Yantao LIANG Yongyu ZHANG Jihua LIU Yao ZHANG Rui ZHANG Meixun ZHAO Minhan DAI Weidong ZHAI Kunshan GAO Jinming SONG Dongliang YUAN Chao LI Guanghui LIN Xiaoping HUANG Hongqiang YAN Limin HU Zenghu ZHANG Long WANG Chunjie CAO Yawei LUO Tingwei LUO Nannan WANG Hongyue DANG Dongxiao WANG Si ZHANG State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science Xiamen University Key Laboratory of Biofuels Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology Chinese Academy of Sciences Institute of Marine Science and Technology Shandong University Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology (Ocean University of China) Ministry of Education/Qingdao Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Science and Technology Institute of Oceanology Chinese Academy of Sciences State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology China University of Geosciences Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling Department of Earth System ScienceTsinghua University South China Sea Institute of Oceanology Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Marine Sedimentology and Environmental Geology First Institute of OceanographyState Oceanic Administration

The China Seas include the South China Sea, East China Sea, Yellow Sea, and Bohai Sea. Located off the Northwestern Pacific margin, covering 4700000 km^2 from tropical to northern temperate zones, and including a variety of continental margins/basins and depths, the China Seas provide typical cases for carbon budget studies. The South China Sea being a deep basin and part of the Western Pacific Warm Pool is characterized by oceanic features; the East China Sea with a wide continental shelf, enormous terrestrial discharges and open margins to the West Pacific, is featured by strong cross-shelf materials transport; the Yellow Sea is featured by the confluence of cold and warm waters; and the Bohai Sea is a shallow semiclosed gulf with strong impacts of human activities. Three large rivers, the Yangtze River, Yellow River, and Pearl River, flow into the East China Sea, the Bohai Sea, and the South China Sea, respectively. The Kuroshio Current at the outer margin of the Chinese continental shelf is one of the two major western boundary currents of the world oceans and its strength and position directly affect the regional climate of China. These characteristics make the China Seas a typical case of marginal seas to study carbon storage and fluxes. This paper systematically analyzes the literature data on the carbon pools and fluxes of the Bohai Sea,Yellow Sea, East China Sea, and South China Sea, including different interfaces(land-sea, sea-air, sediment-water, and marginal sea-open ocean) and different ecosystems(mangroves, wetland, seagrass beds, macroalgae mariculture, coral reefs, euphotic zones, and water column). Among the four seas, the Bohai Sea and South China Sea are acting as CO_2 sources, releasing about0.22 and 13.86–33.60 Tg C yr^(-1) into the atmosphere, respectively, whereas the Yellow Sea and East China Sea are acting as carbon sinks, absorbing about 1.15 and 6.92–23.30 Tg C yr^(-1) of atmospheric CO_2, respectively. Overall, if only the CO_2 exchange a

关键词： China Seas "Source" or "sink" of C02 carbon pool carbon flux Biological pump Microbial carbon pump