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Correlation and Path Coefficient Analyses of Yield in cacao(Theobroma cacao L.)

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Journal of Botanical Research 2022年第3期4卷 1-8页

作者： Omotayo Olalekan Adenuga Abigail Funlayo Adepoju Ibrahim Olalekan Sobowale Olayinka Olufemi Olaniyi Oluwatobi James Areola Terkula Felix Nyamkyume Plant Breeding Department Cocoa Research Institute of NigeriaIbadan23401Nigeria

cacao(Theobroma cacao L.)is an important commodity tree crop which produces the cocoa bean,a major source of income for most West African countries and many smallholder *** yield of cacao is a major limitation to cocoa production in *** study aimed at determining the correlations of the phenotypic traits that were related in the yield of the cacao *** cacao hybrids produced from some high-yielding parents in the research farm of Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria,Ibadan,Nigeria were evaluated from 2012 through 2017 in Owena(7°11’N,5°1’E),Ondo state,*** Correlations and Path Coefficient Analysis were used in the description of the performance of the *** study concluded that significant genotypic and phenotypic correlations existed among many of the pairs of the fruit and bean characters with one another and with pod index,suggesting a complex contribution of these characters either positively or negatively to growth and yield in cacao,and that fruit and bean traits are determinants of yield in cacao.

关键词： cacao Yield Correlation Phenotypic traits Path coefficients

Characterization of the Sexual Self- and Cross-Compatibility in Genotypes of cacao

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American Journal of Plant Sciences 2018年第9期9卷 1794-1806页

作者： Samuel Martins de Jesus Branco Daniela Viana da Silva Uilson Vanderlei Lopes Ronan Xavier Corrêa Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz Ilhéus Brazil Centro de Pesquisas do Cacau (CEPEC/CEPLAC) Ilheus Brazil

cacao is a tree crop of high economic importance and the subject of several studies aiming the genetic improvement of the species with the incorporation of characteristics that are agronomically important to create superior genotypes. In this context, this study aimed to characterize 22 genotypes of cacao for sexual compatibility, which is a trait that is strongly associated with yield. Additionally, we identify genotypes incompatible with clone TSH-1188 through controlled intercrosses, due to the great importance of this clone in cocoa breeding. Fifteen genotypes were characterized as self-incompatible and other seven as self-compatible, considering the retention index (20%) of self-pollinated flowers. Nine genotypes were characterized for the first time: CCN-16, COCA-3310, COCA-3370/5, EB-1017, IMC-119, IMC-97, LCTEEN-37A, NA-45, and UF-612. cacao genotypes showed flower retention index ranging from 0.0% to 55.1% after 15 days of self-pollinations. The number of retained flowers varied after self-pollination of cacao genotypes at 1, 5 and 15 days after pollination. CCN-51, Catongo, CCN-10 and P-4B, were the genotypes with minor losses of flowers after 15 days of pollination, while IMC-119 and TSH-516 had 100% of loss of flowers between 1 and 5 days after pollination. Moreover, the flower retention index 15 days after cross-pollination with TSH-1188 ranged from 0.0% to 87.5% among the tested genotypes. The results of cross-pollinations identified two genotypes that are incompatibles, EB-1017 and IMC-119. This result is important for future allelic studies of incompatibility in cacao, because it might indicate that these genotypes share the same self-incompatibility allele(s). We conclude, therefore, that this study enable the characterization of this working collection of cocoa germplasm for sexual compatibility and this information is important for subsequent crosses between cacao genotypes.

关键词： Breeding System Pollination Retention Index Cocoa Germplasm Theobroma cacao

Selection of Cocoa Tree (<i>Theobroma cacao</i>Linn) Endophytic Bacteria Solubilizing Tri-Calcium Phosphate, Isolated from Seedlings Grown on Soils of Six Producing Regions of Côte d’Ivoire

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Advances in Microbiology 2019年第9期9卷 842-852页

作者： Adama Ouattara Klotioloma Coulibaly Ibrahim Konate Boubacar Ismael Kebe Abiba Sanogo Tidou Abdelkarim Filali-Maltouf UFR Agro-Forestry and Environment Department of Biochemistry and MicrobiologyLaboratory of AgrovalorizationJean Lorougnon Guede UniversityDaloaCote d’Ivoire National Center for Agronomic Research(CNRA) Laboratory of PhytopathologyDivoCote d’Ivoire Faculty of Sciences Laboratory of Microbiology and Molecular BiologyUniversity Mohammed V-AgdalRabatMorocco

Phosphorus (P) is an essential macronutrient for the growth and development of cocoa tree (Theobroma cacao Linn). Most of the soils used for cocoa farming in C?te d’Ivoire are low in phosphorus. But cocoa farmers generally have a widespread reluctance to invest in chemicals fertilizers due to high costs and environmental associated risk. Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria (PSB) are kwon to play an important role in supply of phosphorous to plants in a sustainable manner in P deficient soils. The aim of this research was to screen the endophytic bacteria of cocoa nurseries able to solubilize tri-calcium phosphate. Seedlings of two varieties of cocoa (P7 and NA32) and seedlings of an all-comer, were grown on eighteen (18) samples soils collected in six producing regions of C?te d’Ivoire. A total of 218 endophytic bacteria were isolated and tested on the Pikovskaya’s agar medium, containing Ca3 (PO4) 2. The colonies with clear zone around the microbial growth were suspected as phosphate solubilizing bacteria. Out of 218 bacteria, 90 (41.28%) showed a clear zone around colonies after 7 days of incubation. The Phosphate Solubilization Index (PSI) ranged from 20% to 200%. Bacterial isolated from the soils of Duékoué locality showed the highest mean index of 137.67%. Five PSB (CEBSP5, CEBSP6, CEBSP7, CEBSP8, and CEBSP9) from Duékoué soils and two PSB (CEBSP12 and CEBSP13) from Soubré soils have a PSI ranged from 150% to 200%. Further study in greenhouse and in field condition will confirm the use of these PSB as biofertilizer to increase the available P content in soils, reduce environmental pollution and promote sustainable agriculture.

关键词： Endophytic Bacteria Theobroma cacao Ti-Calcium Phosphate Solubilization Biofertilizer

Relationships between Cadmium in Tissues of cacao Trees and Soils in Plantations of Trinidad and Tobago

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Food and Nutrition Sciences 2016年第1期7卷 37-43页

作者： Gideon Ramtahal Ivan Chang Yen Isaac Bekele Frances Bekele Lawrence Wilson Kamaldeo Maharaj Lisa Harrynanan Department of Chemistry University of the West Indies St. Augustine Trinidad and Tobago Department of Food Production University of the West Indies St. Augustine Trinidad and Tobago Cocoa Research Centre University of the West Indies St. Augustine Trinidad and Tobago Ministry of Food Production Centeno Trinidad and Tobago

The primary source of cadmium in cocoa beans has been linked to its direct uptake by the cacao plant from cadmium contaminated soils. This research was conducted to evaluate and interpret significant relationships between cadmium levels in tissues of the cacao plant and soils from cocoa-growing areas in Trinidad and Tobago. Total (HNO3-extractable) concentrations of cadmium in both tissues and soils were determined. The levels of cadmium measured varied in the order: leaves > pods > shells > nibs > soil. Cadmium levels in all the cacao tissues analyzed were significantly (p cacao tissues and corresponding total HNO3-extractable Cd levels in soils. These findings suggest that they can possibly be used as predictive tools for assessing Cd levels in cacao.

关键词： Cadmium cacao Soils Relationships

The Application of BBCH Scale for Codification and Illustrations of the Floral Stages of Caribbean Fine cacao Theobroma cacao L.

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Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology(A) 2016年第1期6卷 1-10页

作者： Puran Bridgemohan Musa El Sharief Mohamed Majeed Mohammed Kimberly Singh Ronell Shamir Hemsley Bridgemohan Centre for Biosciences Agriculture and Food Technology University of Trinidad and Tobago ECIAF Campus Centeno Trinidad Faculty of Agriculture University of the West Indies St. Augustine Campus Trinidad Georgia College and State University Milledgeville GA 31061 Georgia USA

Cocoa （Theobroma cacao L.） is the major input into the chocolate manufacturing industry, particularly the fine or flavor of the indigenous variety Trinitario, which is the hybrid of Crillo and Forastero. One key problem encountered by researchers is the inability to differentiate the various phenological stages of the cocoa reproductive cycle and to assess or predict the yield. This study sets out to map the various stages of the reproductive biology of cacao and to develop a set of photographic illustrations that appropriately describe the floral biology and development stages of Caribbean free cocoa as a tool for agronomist and farmers. It used a modified version of the codification of the ＂extended BBCH＂ scale （Biologische Bundesantalt, Bundessortenamt and Chemische Industrie, Germany）, which is a numerical system that differentiates between principal, secondary and tertiary growth stages. The phases and all floral stages to fruit development are described and illustrated in a set of photographs, which can now be used for training and referencing purposes. This is the first attempt to undertake and document this study.

关键词： cacao flavor extended BBCH fine cocoa growth stages.

Relationships among Bean Yield Traits in Some cacao(Theobroma cacao L.)Genotypes

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Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology(B) 2018年第5期8卷 303-310页

作者： Adenuga Olalekan Omotayo Adepoju Abigail Funlayo Olaniyi Olayinka Olufemi Balogun Shamsudeen Tomiwa Plant Breeding Section Cocoa Research Institute of NigeriaIbadan 23401Nigeria

cacao(Theobroma cacao L.)produces the cocoa bean,a major foreign exchange earner for most West African countries and many smallholders’*** production of cacao is however limited by declining yield among other *** study aimed at determining the correlations of the phenotypic traits that were related to the yield of the cacao *** new cacao hybrids were produced from some high-yielding parents in the research farm of Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria,Ibadan and evaluated from 2012 through 2014 in Owena(7°11′N,5°1′E),Ondo state,*** of variance,character correlations and path coefficient analysis were used in the analysis of the relationships among the *** of variance revealed significant(p≤0.05)variations for number of rows,weight of beans per fruit,fresh weight of one bean,weight of one bean after fermentation,pod value,dry bean length,weight of beans(per fruit)after fermentation and pod *** study concluded that significant genotypic and phenotypic correlations existed among some of the pairs of the fruit and bean characters with one another and with pod index,suggesting that the contribution of these characters is either positive or negative to growth and yield in the cacao genotype,and that fruit and bean traits are determinants of bean yield in cacao.

关键词： Bean yield cacao correlation genetic variability phenotypic traits.

Ecuador and World War I： One Nation＇s Experience on the Periphery of the Great War and During its Aftermath, 1914-1924

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International Relations and Diplomacy 2015年第5期3卷 341-356页

作者： Jane M. Rausch University of Massachusetts Amherst Amherst USA

In the horrific conflict of 1914-1918 known as World War I, Latin American nations were peripheral players but they were not immune from its effects. This essay reviews the conflict＇s impact on Ecuador--a Latin American nation that after declaring neutrality in 1914, broke relations with Germany on December 7, 1917 but refrained from any involvement in the actual fighting. Following a brief review of the existing historiography of this period, the study examines Ecuador＇s geographic, political, economic and social situation in 1914; its involvement in the war as a neutral between 1914 and April 6, 1917; and the developments that occurred after its decision to break relations with Germany in December 1917 until the armistice on November 11, 1918. Finally it suggests how the consequences of Ecuador＇s stance in the months after the restoration of peace contributed to the end of the Liberal Era in 1924.

关键词： World War I Ecuador cacao diplomatic relations

Guardians of the Corn: The Snake, The Bat and the Toad in Pre-Columbian Mayan Art of the Classic Period (ca. 250-900 CE)

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Journal of Literature and Art Studies 2019年第1期9卷 123-134页

作者： Carey Clements Rote Texas A&M University Corpus ChristiTXUSA

The conflict and congruity of dualistic approaches to the world inundate the illustration of agricultural production in the Pre-Columbian Art of the *** production is co-dependent on human factors,environmental factors and animal *** symbiosis of these elements generated success or failure in harmony with the natural *** paper explores the relationship of three animals to successful crop production with particular attention placed on the cane toad,as this creature has often been confused with frogs or underplayed in earlier academic *** cane toad is a powerful force in organic farming,functioning as a deterrent to destructive *** addition,the cane toad produces powerful hallucinogenic substances for humans,while at the same time,repelling predators with its bitter taste,acrid smell and *** bufo-toxin is a powerful substance that links the toad with the Underworld origins of the maize.

关键词： Pre-Columbian Maya cane toad bat serpent maize corn organic farming cacao bufo-toxin