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The butterfly That Wasn't Painted Gold

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China Book International 2024年第3期 22-23页

This book tells the story of a small butterfly with short wings who cannot fly to the sun like other butterflies with large colorful wings and is dyed gold to change its fate.The story is warm and moving,which can hel... 详细信息

关键词： Paint butterfly story

Universal cooling patterns of the butterfly wing scales hierarchy deduced from the heterogeneous thermal and structural properties of Tirumala limniace(Lepidoptera:Nymphalidae,Danainae)

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Insect Science 2022年第6期29卷 1761-1772页

作者： Chu-Fei Tang Fan-Fan Li Ye Cao Huai-Jian Liao Institute of Leisure Agriculture Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural SciencesNanjingChina Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture Ministry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsShanghaiChina

The radiative cooling of butterfly wing scales hierarchy has great value in understanding how poikilotherms adapt to the environment and developing bionic ma-terials.However,it remains unclear what the cooling system is like and how the vari-ation of hierarchy affects the cooling efficiency.Therefore,the correlation between the variations of the structure and emissivity of scale hierarchy is thoroughly investigated in Tirumala limniace(Cramer,1775),whose thermal properties are highly heteroge-neous among different wings and regions but similar between males and females.Pat-terns were deduced from the biological and model simulation experiments.The scale hierarchy varies at the micro-to nanolevel on both surface and section,correspond-ing to the variating emissivity.Scales on wing veins and margins have large nanostruc-tured units with small lumens and are distinctly thickened,which bring extraordinarily high emissivity.The variations of light and dark scales,respectively,lead to the high emissivity of the middle region of wings and the front wings.Generally,the elevation of the inner surface area and the thickness of the chitin is the key to enhancing the cooling efficiency.For the first time,the effects of the variation of hierarchy toward emissivity of the mid-infrared spectrum are systematically clarified.It is demonstrated that wing scales integrally differentiate in coping with the heterogeneous cooling needs,which may benefit in balancing multifunctions and the development toward the adap-tation to the abiotic environment.The study provides insights into the comprehensive thermoregulation system of butterflies and the further development of radiative cooling materials.

关键词： butterfly emissivity heterogeneous hierarchy radiative cooling wing scales

Adhesion and Suction Functions of the Tip Region of a Nectar-drinking butterfly Proboscis

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Journal of Bionic Engineering 2017年第4期14卷 600-606页

作者： Seung Chul Lee Jun Ho Kim Sang Joon Lee Department of Mechanical Engineering Pohang University of Science and Technology Pohang 37673 Gyeongbuk Republic of Korea Center for Biofluid and Biomimic Research Pohang University of Science and Technology Pohang 37673 Gyeongbuk Republic of Korea

In this study, we investigated the dynamic functions of the tip region of the butterfly proboscis through which liquid is sucked during liquid feeding. The microstructures and flow patterns in the tip region of the proboscis were in vivo analyzed. The tip region can be divided into two functional sections： namely adhesion and suction sections. The liquid adheres to the adhesion section during liquid suction. Although the tip region has numerous slits connected to food canal of the proboscis, liquid is mainly sucked through the suction section, which section is submerged in the fluid pulled by the adhesion section and then successfully imbibes liquid. To check the dynamic functions of the tip region, we fabricated a suction tip model having adhesion and suction parts. The in vitro model experiments show that the hydrophilicity of the adhesion part and the existence of the suction inlet improve the liquid uptake driven by a suction pump. This study may provide insights for the biomimetic design of nectar-feeding butterflies.

关键词： butterfly proboscis nectar-feeding strategy suction

Light Trapping Effect in Wing Scales of butterfly Papilio peranthus and Its Simulations

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Journal of Bionic Engineering 2013年第2期10卷 162-169页

作者： Zhiwu Han Shichao Niu Lufeng Zhang Zhenning Liu Luquan Ren Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering (Ministry of Education China) Jilin University Changchun 130022 P. R. China

Broadband light trapping effect and arrays of sub-wavelength textured structures based on the butterfly wing scales are applicable to solar cells and stealth technologies. In this paper, the fine optical structures in wing scales of butterfly Papilio peranthus, exhibiting efficient light trapping effect, were carefully examined. First, the reflectivity was measured by reflectance spectrum. Field Emission Scanning Electronic Microscope （FESEM） and Transmission Electron Microscope （TEM） were used to observe the coupling morphologies and structures of the scales. Then, the optimized 3D model of the coupling structure was created combining Scanning Electron Microscope （SEM） and TEM data. Afterwards, the mechanism of the light trapping effect of these structures was analyzed by simulation and theoretical calculations. A multilayer nano-structure of chitin and air was found. These structures are effective in increasing optical path, resulting in that most of the incident light can be trapped and adsorbed within the structure at last. Furthermore, the simulated optical results are consistent with the experimental and calculated ones. This result reliably confirms that these structures induce an efficient light trapping effect. This work can be used as a reference for in-depth study on the fabrication of highly efficient bionic optical devices, such as solar cells, photo detectors, high-contrast, antiglare, and so forth.

关键词： butterfly wing scale light trapping structures biomimetic functional surfaces

Forward flight of a model butterfly: Simulation by equations of motion coupled with the Navier-Stokes equations

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Acta Mechanica Sinica 2012年第6期28卷 1590-1601页

作者： Hua Huang Mao Sun Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory of Fluid Mechanics. Beihang University

The forward flight of a model butterfly was stud- ied by simulation using the equations of motion coupled with the Navier-Stokes equations. The model butterfly moved under the action of aerodynamic and gravitational forces, where the aerodynamic forces were generated by flapping wings which moved with the body, allowing the body os- cillations of the model butterfly to be simulated. The main results are as follows：（1） The aerodynamic force produced by the wings is approximately perpendicular to the long-axis of body and is much larger in the downstroke than in the up- stroke. In the downstroke the body pitch angle is small and the large aerodynamic force points up and slightly backward, giving the weight-supporting vertical force and a small neg- ative horizontal force, whilst in the upstroke, the body an- gle is large and the relatively small aerodynamic force points forward and slightly downward, giving a positive horizon- tal force which overcomes the body drag and the negative horizontal force generated in the downstroke. （2） Pitching oscillation of the butterfly body plays an equivalent role of the wing-rotation of many other insects. （3） The body-mass- specific power of the model butterfly is 33.3 W/kg, not very different from that of many other insects, e.g., fruitflies and dragonflies.

关键词： butterfly Forward flight - Unsteady aerody-namics - Equations of motion Navier-Stokes equations

The Microstructures of butterfly Wing Scales in Northeast of China

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Journal of Bionic Engineering 2007年第1期4卷 47-52页

作者： Li-yan Wu Zhi-wu Han Zhao-mei Qiu Hui-ying Guan Lu-quan Ren Key Laboratory for Terrain-Machine Bionics Engineering （Ministry of Education China） School for Biological and Agricultural Engineering Jilin University （Nanling Campus） Changchun 130022 P. R. China

There are billions of tiny scales on the butterfly wings, which array regularly as the tiles on the roof. Such tilts can form various colors of the wing and afford the species many abilities to survive and propagate. Morphological experiments on the wing scales of six butterfly species living in northeast of China were conducted. By the optics microscope; the form, geometry dimension and array of the scales were observed generally. By using scanning electron microscope （SEM）, the 2D scanning and measurement were carried out and the surface micro configurations of scales were observed. The dimension and microstructure characteristics of the cross section of single scale were achieved through transmission electron microscope （TEM）. Finally, by using 3D software, three 3D models were described and the 3D visual effect was achieved. This work can put forward a basic method for the future study on the morphology of biological microstructure.

关键词： butterfly wing scale microstructure microscope

Optical properties of the micro/nano structures of Morpho butterfly wing scales

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Science China(Technological Sciences) 2010年第1期53卷 175-181页

作者： LIAO GuangLan,ZUO HaiBo,CAO YanBo & SHI TieLin State Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology,Huazhong University of Science and Technology,Wuhan 430074,China State Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China

The micro/nano structures of the wing scales in Morpho butterfly are responsible for the structural coloration,with a major part ascribed to interference and diffraction of light.The optical properties of the butterfly wings were investigated by simulating a two-dimensional model using rigorous coupled-wave analysis technique.It is proved that they depend strongly on the structural parameters,incidence angle and refractive index.The peak value and the peak wavelength of the reflection efficiency increase as the vertical periodic thickness increases.The peak value decreases observably,while both of the bandwidth and the peak wavelength increase when the number of the vertical periods decreases.Increase of the horizontal periodic width causes a decrease of the peak value and an increase of the peak wavelength,although the variations are small.The peak value decreases distinctly and the peak wavelength increases as the ambient refractive index increases,which corresponds to the variation in ambient conditions.The research reveals the mechanisms of the brilliant structural color in Morpho butterfly,and is of great significance to the design,manufacture and applications of the bionic micro/nano structures for gas detection.

关键词： Morpho butterfly micro/nano structure rigorous coupled-wave analysis structural color

Recent studies on chemistry of novel μ-CO-containing butterfly Fe/E (E=S,Se,Te) cluster salts

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Science China Chemistry 2009年第1期52卷 1-14页

作者： SONG LiCheng Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China Department of Chemistry State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry Nankai University Tianjin China

This article describes recent developments in chemical study on a series of butterfly-shaped μ-CO-containing Fe/E (E = S, Se, Te) cluster salts. These salts include eleven novel cluster anions, which are the single butterfly one μ-CO-containing [(μ-RE)(μ-CO)Fe2(CO)6]- (A), the double butterfly two μ-CO-containing {[(μ-CO)Fe2(CO)6]2(μ-EZE-μ)}2- (B, E = S; C, E = Se), the triple butterfly three μ-CO- containing {[(μ-CO)Fe2(CO)6]3[(μ-SCH2CH2)3N]}3- (D), {[(μ-CO)Fe2(CO)6]3[1,3,5-(μ-SCH2)3C6H3]}3- (E), {[(μ- CO)Fe2(CO)6]3[(μ-SCH2)3CMe]}3- (F), the double butterfly one μ-CO-containing {[(μ-CO)Fe2(CO)6] [Fe2(CO)6][(μ-SCH2)3CMe]} - (G) derived in situ from F, the quadruple butterfly four μ-CO-containing {[(μ- CO)Fe2(CO)6]4[1,2,4,5-(μ-SCH2)4C6H2]}4- (H), the triple butterfly two μ-CO-containing {[(μ-CO)Fe2(CO)6]2 [Fe2(CO)6][1,2,4,5-(μ-SCH2)4C6H2]}2- (I) derived in situ from H, the quadruple butterfly four μ-CO-con- taining {[(μ-CO)Fe2(CO)6]4[(μ-SCH2)4C]}4- (J), and the triple butterfly two μ-CO-containing {[(μ-CO)Fe2 (CO)6]2[Fe2(CO)6][(μ-SCH2)4C]}2- (K) derived in situ from J. This article describes not only the synthetic methods for formation of such anionic cluster (A-K) salts, but also their novel reactions leading to various new types of butterfly Fe/E cluster complexes. All these findings described in this article are important both theoretically and practically.

关键词： butterfly cluster synthesis structure reaction mechanism

Genome editing in the butterfly type-species Papilio machaon

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Insect Science 2017年第4期24卷 708-711页

作者： Xue-Yan Li Gui-Chun Liu Wen-Jing Sheng Zhi-Wei Dong Lei Chen Ruo-Ping Zhao Wen Wang State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution Kunming Institute of Zoology Chinese Academy of Sciences Kunming 650223 China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China

Dear Editor, Butterflies are diverse in virtually all aspects of their bi- ology, ranging from behavior and biogeography to cellular biology and biochemistry, with decades of study having placed much of this variation in a well-resolved ecological context （Boogs et al., 2003）. In particular, the extraordi- narily diverse wing patterns among species, populations, sexes, and even seasonal forms and their multifunctional roles from crypsis to warning coloration, mimicry, ther- moregulation and mate selection （Nijhout, 1991; Brake- field, 1999） are among the most interesting topics in evo- lutionary biology and ecology. In fact, back in 1864, H. W.

关键词： butterfly type-species Papilio