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Open Journal of Ecology 2024年第4期14卷 274-291页

作者： Privatus M. Kasisi Nsajigwa Mbije Paul Lyimo Departiment of Ecosystem Science and Management College of Forest Wildlife and Tourism Sokoine University of Agriculture Morogoro Tanzania Departiment of Wildlife Management College of Forest Wildlife and Tourism Sokoine University of Agriculture Morogoro Tanzania

Maintaining natural habitats is crucial for the preservation of insects and other species that indicate environmental changes. However, the Mpanga/Kipengere Game Reserve and its surrounding farmlands are facing disturbance due to human activities, which is putting many wildlife species, particularly larger mammals, at risk. To determine the impact of human activities on butterfly species diversity and abundance in the reserve and its surrounding areas, we conducted a study from November 2021 to October 2023. We collected butterfly data using transect walks and baited traps in two habitat types. Our study yielded 2799 butterfly Individuals ranging in 124 species divided into five families habitat, season, and anthropogenic factors are significant environmental variables influencing species diversity and abundance of butterflies. Therefore, it’s important to protect habitat and dry-season water for the conservation of invertebrates such as butterflies. Our study findings provide essential information for ecological monitoring and future assessment of the Mpanga/Kipengere Game Reserve ecosystem health.

关键词： Mpanga Kipengere Game Reserve Species Diversity Habitat butterflies Season Human Activities

Spatiotemporal dynamics in butterfly hybrid zones

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Insect Science 2024年第2期31卷 328-353页

作者： Ananda R.Pereira Martins Natalie B.Warren W.Owen McMillan Rowan D.H.Barrett Redpath Museum McGill University859 Sherbrooke Street WestMontrealQuebecCanada Smithsonian Tropical ResearchInstitute GamboaPanama CityPanama

Evaluating whether hybrid zones are stable or mobile can provide novelinsights for evolution and conservation biology. butterflies exhibit high sensitivity to envi-ronmental changes and represent an important model system for the study of hybrid zoneorigins and maintenance. Here, we review the literature exploring butterfly hybrid zones,with a special focus on their spatiotemporal dynamics and the potential mechanisms thatcould lead to their movement or stability. We then compare different lines of evidenceused to investigate hybrid zone dynamics and discuss the strengths and weaknesses ofeach approach. Our goal with this review is to reveal general conditions associated withthe stability or mobility of butterfly hybrid zones by synthesizing evidence obtained us-ing different types of data sampled across multiple regions and spatial scales. Finally, wediscuss spatiotemporal dynamics in the context of a speciation/divergence continuum, therelevance of hybrid zones for conservation biology, and recommend key topics for futureinvestigation.

关键词： butterflies human impacts hybrid zones movement spatiotemporaldynamics stability

butterflies Extracts Show Antibacterial Activity

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Advances in Microbiology 2017年第6期7卷 467-479页

作者： Reuven Rasooly Miriam Rothschild Yael Gov Paul Wolferstan Robert Nash Paula Do Naomi Balaban Foodborne Toxin Detection & Prevention Research Unit United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service Western Regional Research Center Albany CA USA Ashton Wold Peterborough UK Department of Human Microbiology Sackler School of Medicine Tel Aviv University Tel Aviv Israel Aberystwyth University-IBERS Aberystwyth UK

Extracts of several British butterfly species were tested and shown to possess powerful bactericidal activity against gram-positive bacteria (tested on Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus anthracis). The active compounds in the grass-feeding species were identified as hydroxylated pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) related to loline with nitrogen at C-1. Lolines are known insecticidal and insect-deterrent compounds that are produced in grasses infected by endophytic fungal symbionts. Lolines also increase resistance of endophyte-infected grasses to insect herbivores. The butterfly-isolated pyrrolizidine alkaloids appear to be novel and non-toxic to human cells such as HaCat human skin keratinocytes and Hep-2 human epithelial cells. The discovery of novel agents from butterflies could lead to the development of new antimicrobials.

关键词： Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids British butterflies Staphylococcus aureus Antimicrobial

Potential impact of genetically modified Lepidoptera-resistant Brassica napus in biodiversity hotspots： Sicily as a theoretical model

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Insect Science 2018年第4期25卷 562-580页

作者： Barbara Manachini Giuseppe Bazan Rosario Schicchi Department of Agricultural Food and Forest Sciences University of Palermo Palermo Italy Department of Biological Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies University of Palermo Palermo Italy

The general increase of the cultivation and trade of Bt transgenic plants resis- tant to Lepidoptera pests raises concerns regarding the conservation of animal and plant biodiversity. Demand for biofuels has increased the cultivation and importation of oilseed rape （Brassica napus L.）, including transgenic lines. In environmental risk assessments （ERAs） for its potential future cultivation as well as for food and feed uses, the impact on wild Brassicaeae relatives and on non-target Lepidoptera should be assessed. Here we consider the potential exposure of butterflies as results of possible cultivation or natural- ization of spilled seed in Sicily （Italy）. Diurnal Lepidoptera, which are pollinators, can be exposed directly to the insecticidal proteins as larvae （mainly of Pieridae） through the host and through the pollen that can deposit on other host plants. Adults can be exposed via pollen and nectar. The flight periods of butterflies were recorded, and they were found to overlap for about 90% of the flowering period ofB. napus for the majority of the species. In addition, B. napus has a high potential to hybridise with endemic taxa belonging to the B. oleracea group. This could lead to an exposure of non-target Lepidoptera if introgression of the Bt gene into a wild population happens. A rank of the risk for butterflies and wild relatives of oilseed rape is given. We conclude that, in environmental risk assessments, attention should be paid to plant-insect interaction especially in a biodiversity hotspot such as Sicily.

关键词： butterflies cross pollination non-target effect oilseed rape protected areas transgenic crop

Can the growing of transgenic maize threaten protected Lepidoptera in Europe?

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Insect Science 2021年第4期28卷 1159-1168页

作者： Gábor L.Lövei Andreas Lang Marco Ferrante Victor Bacle Department of Agroecology Aarhus UniversitySlagelseDenmark Institute of Applied Ecology Fujian Agricultural and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina Buro Lang Zell im WiesentalGermany Department of Environmental Geosciences University of BaselBaselSwitzerland Centre for Ecology Evolution and Environmental ChangesAzorean Biodiversity GroupFaculty of Agricultural and Environmental SciencesUniversity of the AzoresAngra do HeroismoPortugal La Painerie Preaux du PerchePerche en NoceFrance

We evaluated whether protected European butterflies can potentially be at risk if transgenic maize is extensively grown in Central Europe.We explored potential consequences of both insect resistant(IR)and herbicide resistant(HR)transgenic maize.IR maize can produce pollen that is toxic to lepidopteran larvae,and this puts butterfly species at possible risk if the presence of young larvae coincides with maize flowering,during which large quantities of maize pollen can be deposited on vegetation.By considering the timing of maize flowering in Europe and the phenology of the protected Lepidoptera species,we found that 31 species had at least one generation where 50%of the larval stage overlapped with maize flowering,and 69 species for which first instar larvae were present during maize pollen shedding.HR maize allows high concentration herbicide treatments on fields without seasonal limitation,which can drastically reduce weed densities.In cases where such weed species are host plants for protected butterflies,reduced host plant/food availability can result,causing population decreases.By using published information,we first identified the important weed species in major maize-growing European countries.Subsequently,we checked whether the host plants of protected Lepidoptera included species that are common maize weeds.We identified 140 protected species having food plants that are common weeds in one or more of the major European maize-growing countries.If HR maize is grown in Europe,there is a potential hazard that their food plants will seriously decline,causing a subsequent decline of these protected species.

关键词： butterflies conservation environmental risk food plants GM crop pollen toxicity

Butterfly Diversity on a Southeast Florida Military Base Located within an Urban Matrix

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Journal of Zoological Research 2020年第3期2卷 26-40页

作者： Sandy Koi Craig van der Heiden Conservation Associate EntomologyInstitute for Regional Conservation100 E.Linton Blvd.Suite 302BDelray BeachFlorida33483USA 5800 S.W.188 Avenue Southwest RanchesFL33332USA

South Florida is a renowned‘hotspot’for rare and endemic taxa,with insects and plants found in few other ecosystems.Specialized species evolved in Florida’s stochastic climate,adapting to seasonal drought and flooding,hurricanes and high-wind tropical storms.As human population growth and development increased,and natural ecosystems disappeared,or became increasingly degraded,at-risk taxa now face additional threats,such as urban pesticide use and fragmented remnant habitats.The ability of species to adapt to these changing ecological factors is one of the dynamics that either impacts their fitness to greater survival or drives extirpation or extinction.butterflies are native indicator species that can be used to document environmental conditions affecting many other taxa.Butterfly surveys were conducted over 16 months on an active military air reserve base located within a mosaic of densely populated urban,commercial,industrial,residential,and agricultural matrices in Homestead,southeast Florida.Butterfly species richness,abundance and diversity were documented,providing valuable base-line data for on-going butterfly monitoring,and the importance of this site’s relatively healthy remnant ecosystems was evidenced by the supporting host plants for 20 migratory butterflies in 40 species.In addition,the air reserve base acts as refugia for many rare,endangered,and threatened federal and state-listed plants as well.

关键词： Air Force butterflies Habitat alteration Invertebrates Agriculture

Butterfly Assemblages of Two Wetlands: Response of Biodiversity to Different Environmental Stressors in Sierra Leone

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Open Journal of Ecology 2018年第7期8卷 379-395页

作者： Rosina Kyerematen Fatmata Kaiwa Daniel Acquah-Lamptey Samuel Adu-Acheampong Roger Sigismond Andersen Department of Animal Biology and Conservation Science University of Ghana Legon Ghana Department of Biological Sciences Fourah Bay College Freetown Sierra Leone Faculty of Biology Department of Ecology-Animal Ecology Philipps University of Marburg Marburg Germany Department of Agronomy University for Development Studies Tamale Ghana African Regional Postgraduate Programme in Insect Science University of Ghana Accra Ghana

In a bid to enhance the integrity and health of selected network of ecosystems and effectively manage them in Sierra Leone, a baseline assessment of butterfly diversity of two wetland ecosystems Mamunta Mayosso Wildlife Santuary (MMWS) and Sierra Leone River Estuary (SLRE) affected by different environmental stressors was undertaken as part of the Sierra Leone Wetland Conservation Project (SLWCP). We hypothesised that different environmental stressors affect butterfly communities in wetlands in Sierra Leone and the higher the stress the lower the butterfly diversity in an area. Sampling was conducted via field identification by wing patterns, flight mode, direct counts along transects and charaxes trapping. A total of 2300 individuals representing 95 species of butterflies were recorded. Though butterflies were evenly distributed at both sites, MMWS recorded the highest richness and abundance of butterflies during both seasons. This observation is reported to be because of high environmental stressors such as mining, agriculture and pollution from factories in the SLRE. The results further show that MMWS is made up of a mosaic of different vegetation patches that support higher diversity of butterfly species. This study also reveals that anthropogenic activities have a negative impact on butterfly diversity.

关键词： Biodiversity butterflies Environment Sierra Leone Wetlands

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Green Urban Lungs

China Today 2019年第7期68卷 51-52页

作者： DONG JIAYING LIU SHANYAN People’s Daily overseas edition

RESIDENTS in downtown Beijing got to experience nature on their doorsteps last July when the first urban forest park in Dongcheng District was opened to the public. The park sits to the northwest of Beijing Workers’ Stadium, a popular venue for sports fixtures and pop concerts. Entering the park feels like stepping out of a concrete jungle into the fresh embrace of nature. It boasts towering Chinese scholar trees and junipers as well as a proliferation of wild blossoms attracting butterflies and bees.

关键词： RESIDENTS their doorsteps butterflies and bees