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Ordovician integrative stratigraphy,biotas,and paleogeographical evolution of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and its surrounding areas

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Science China Earth Sciences 2024年第4期67卷 971-1004页

作者： Xiang FANG Yong Yi ZHEN Guangxu WANG Xin WEI Zhongyang CHEN Yan LIANG Xuejin WU Wenjie LI Chao LI Renbin ZHAN Yuandong ZHANG State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy Nanjing Institute of Geology and PalaeontologyChinese Academy of SciencesNanjing 210008China Geological Survey of New South Wales W.B.Clarke Geoscience CentreNSW 2753Australia University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China

The Ordovician rocks on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau represent the oldest non-metamorphic strata,and are critical to understanding the history of regional geology and biotic evolution of the entire plateau.Strata of Floian,Darriwilian,Sandbian,Katian and Hirnantian are represented in the plateau with a hiatus of variable duration occurring underneath the basal Ordovician across the area.Five stratigraphical regions,including the Himalaya,Gangdise-Zayu,Qiangtang-Qamdo,Songpan-Garze,and Karakoram-Kunlun-Altun,are differentiated for the Ordovician strata,which are correlated with their equivalents in the Sibumasu,Indochina,Qaidam-Qilian,Tarim-Tianshan,and the Yangtze(western margin)stratigraphical regions.On the QinghaiTibetan Plateau,graptolites,conodonts,and cephalopods are the most common and useful fossils for the Ordovician biostratigraphy.The Ordovician biotas of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau bear some distinguishable palaeobiogeographical signatures,among which the cephalopods are characterized by the flourishing actinocerids of North China affinity in the Early-Middle Ordovician,and by the thriving lituitids and orthocerids of South China affinity in the Middle-Late Ordovician.Fossil occurrences and their palaeobiogeographical evolution provide critical evidence bearing on the reconstruction of the geological history of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and surrounding terranes in northeastern peri-Gondwana.The stratigraphical successions of the Cambrian-Ordovician transition in the Himalaya and Lhasa and nearby Sibumasu terranes were significantly affected by the Kurgiakh Orogeny,which resulted in the extensive unconformity between the Ordovician and the underlying rocks in most areas of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.In southern Xizang,a warm-water biota of Middle Ordovician age was recovered from oolitic limestones,suggesting a likely palaeogeographical location in low-latitudes near the equator.In the Himalaya and Sibumasu regions,the Upper Ordovician was typified by the occurrence of red carbonates with distinctive

关键词： Ordovician Chronostratigraphy Lithostratigraphy biostratigraphy Palaeobiogeography Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

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Stratigraphy of the Alveolina elliptica group from the Middle Eocene of Iran:Calibration with calcareous nannofossils biozones and description of Alveolina ozcani n. sp.

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Journal of Palaeogeography 2024年第1期13卷 54-79页

作者： Mehdi Hadi Lorenzo Consorti Ali Bahrami Mohammad Parandavar Saeed Khorramdel Department of Geology Faculty of SciencesUniversity of IsfahanIsfahanIran Institute of Marine Sciences(ISMAR-CNR) Area Science ParkBasovizza34149 TriesteItaly National Iranian Oil Company Exploration DirectorateSheikh Bahaei SquareTehranIran Department of Geology Faculty of ScienceFerdowsi University of MashhadMashhadIran

Precise taxonomy and the chronostratigraphic calibration of the Middle Eocene Alveolina from Central Iran is here undertaken from the Chah-Talkh section of the southern Sabzevar region(Central Iran). We have identified Alveolina kieli, Alveolina stercusmuris and Alveolina nuttalli along with the new species Alveolina ozcani n. sp. that we include into the Alveolina elliptica group. We have also found Nummulites uroniensis, Nummulites obesus and Nummulites cf. verneuili and associated calcareous nannofossils that look reliable to make thoughtful correlations with the Shallow Benthic Zones(SBZ). The foraminiferal biostratigraphy suggests an assignment to the upper part of the lower Lutetian-lower part of the middle Lutetian,SBZ13(Middle Eocene), further strengthened through the identification of the calcareous nannofossil NP14b-NP15b or CNE8-CNE10 biozones, providing a solid correlation with the global stratigraphic standards.

关键词： Alveolina Calcareous nannofossil Central neo-tethys Central Iran Middle Eocene biostratigraphy

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Silurian integrative stratigraphy,biotas,and paleogeographical evolution of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and its surrounding areas

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Science China Earth Sciences 2024年第4期67卷 1005-1035页

作者： Zhongyang CHEN Qing CHEN Guangxu WANG Xiang FANG Peng TANG Guanzhou YAN Wenwei YUAN Bing HUANG Xiaole ZHANG Kui YAN Yuandong ZHANG Yi WANG State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy Nanjing Institute of Geology and PalaeontologyChinese Academy of SciencesNanjing 210008China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China

The Silurian palaeontology and stratigraphy of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau have been studied for more than100 years.With the launch of the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research,it is necessary to update the summaries of the Silurian stratigraphy and fossil assemblages of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and their correlation with its surrounding areas.In this study,we have selected 33 sections from the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and its surroundings areas,summarised the available data in terms of stratigraphic regionalisation,lithostratigraphy,chronostratigraphy,and biostratigraphy,and divided the study area into four stratigraphic provinces:the Xizang-Western Yunnan-Western Sichuan Province,the KunlunQilian Province,the South China Province,and the Tarim Province.In general,the Silurian strata in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau is more complete than those in other areas of China.Palaeobiogeographical studies of the vertebrate faunas,sporomorph assemblages,and brachiopod faunas of the study area indicate a closer geographical relationship between the South China,Tarim,and Indochina palaeoplates,than previously considered.Compared with the surrounding areas where Silurian strata have been extensively studied,the study of Silurian strata in the main part of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau is still in the preliminary stage.In the future,it is necessary to conduct research on the age,distribution,and resource potential of basal Silurian black shales to provide new directions for shale gas exploration and development in China.The shallow marine strata of the middle to upper Silurian require further subdivision.Considering that the Silurian System in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau is more complete,it has the potential to supplement and improve the study of the carbon isotope stratigraphy of the Silurian in China.

关键词： Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Silurian Stratigraphic regionalisation Lithostratigraphy biostratigraphy Palaeogeographical evolution

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Fossil Equidae in the Linxia Basin with Biostratigraphic and Paleozoogeographic Significance

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2024年第1期98卷 1-9页

作者： SUN Boyang Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins of the Chinese Academy of Sciences Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and PaleoanthropologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100044China

The Linxia Basin is characterized by an abundance of Cenozoic sediments,that contain exceptionally rich fossil resources.Equids are abundant in the Linxia Basin,the fossil record of equids in this region including 16 species that represent 10 genera.In comparison to other classic late Cenozoic areas in China,the Linxia Basin stands out,because the fauna and chronological data accompanying Linxia equids render them remarkably useful for biostratigraphy.The anchitheriines in the region,such as Anchitherium and Sinohippus,represent early equids that appeared in the late stages of the middle and late Miocene,respectively.Among the equines,most species of Chinese hipparions have been identified in the Linxia Basin and some species of the genera Hipparion and Hippotherium have FAD records for China.Furthermore,Equus eisenmannae is one of the earliest known species of Equus in the Old World and is well-represented at the Longdan locality.Some species with precise geohistorical distributions can serve as standards for high-resolution chronological units within this framework.Located at the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau and subject to considerable uplift,the Linxia Basin has served as a biogeographic transition area for equids throughout the late Cenozoic.

关键词： Equidae Cenozoic biostratigraphy paleozoogeography Linxia Basin

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On the occurrence of Neoplanorbulinella Matsumaru, 1976(Foraminifera) from the late Oligocene of Central Iran(Qom Formation):Palaeobiogeographic implications

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Journal of Palaeogeography 2024年第1期13卷 80-91页

作者： Mehdi Sarfi Mohsen Yazdi-Moghadam School of Earth Sciences Damghan UniversityDamghan ***Iran National Iranian Oil Company Exploration Directorate Sheikh Bahaie SquareTehran ***Iran

The shallow marine carbonates of the upper Oligocene Qom Formation yielded several occurrences of the foraminiferan genus Neoplanorbulinella Matsumaru. Neoplanorbulinella saipanensis Matsumaru has so far been recorded from the late Eocene-early Miocene of Japan and late Oligocene of NE Italy whereas N. malatyaensis Gedik is only reported from the Oligocene from its type locality in the Malatya Basin, eastern Turkey. The new records reported here from the Qom Formation indicate that both species occur in the Dobaradar section, ca. 10 km south of the city of Qom in North-Central Iran. The palaeogeographic distribution of these two species therefore has to be extended as far as the palaeolongitude of current Central Iran.The accompanying larger benthic foraminifers, including Miogypsinoides complanatus(Schlumberger),M. formosensis Yabe and Hanzawa, Spiroclypeus margaritatus(Schlumberger), Operculina complanata(Defrance), and Risananeiza pustulosa Boukhary et al., indicate the upper Chattian SBZ 23 Zone. The coexistence of the N. saipanensis and N. malatyaensis points to suitable palaeobiogeographic conditions of Central Iran to host Western and Eastern Tethyan taxa.

关键词： Larger foraminifers Planorbulinids biostratigraphy Qom Formation Central Iran

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Jurassic integrative stratigraphy,biotas,and paleogeographical evolution of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and its surrounding areas

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Science China Earth Sciences 2024年第4期67卷 1195-1228页

作者： Jianguo LI Xin RAO Lin MU Xiaohui CUI Xin LI Hui LUO Peixue LIU Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment Nanjing Institute of Geology and PalaeontologyChinese Academy of SciencesNanjing 210008China Nanjing College University of Chinese Academy of SciencesNanjing 211135China

The Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau experienced a unique geological evolution during the Jurassic,driven by the termination of the Palaeotethys and the reduction of the Neotethys.The Indian Plate separated from the northern margin of Gondwana and drifted northward from the Southern Hemisphere.Given that the timing of strata serves as the basis for reconstructing geological history,the present work aimed to develop a new multiple stratigraphic and chronologic framework for the Jurassic strata of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau region via a synthesis of the material on lithostratigraphy,palaeontology,iso-radiometric dating,magnetostratigraphy,and other techniques with an emphasis on recent progress and findings.The new framework included the Jurassic System from the four major subdivisions of the plateau:the Baryan Har,Qiangtang,Lhasa-Gandise,and Southern Xizang(Himalaya).Ultimately,a more complete,refined biostratigraphic sequence was proposed,comprising the most common fossils in the plateau and those that are stratigraphically significant for the Jurassic stratigraphy,including ammonites,bivalves,brachiopods,foraminifera,radiolarians,and dinoflagellate cysts for the marine strata,and pollen and spores,and charophytes for the terrestrial sediments.This biostratigraphic framework was correlated with the Jurassic international standard zonation of the Geological Time Scale 2020 via standard or representative species or genera of ammonites.Based on this framework,we constructed a lateral correlation of the Jurassic strata between different basins of the plateau.The palaeontologic correlation in the present work shows that the Lhasa-Gandise Block had a closer relationship with the Qiangtang Block than with the Southern Xizang Himalaya during the Jurassic Period.Meanwhile,the Lhasa-Gandise Block and Qiangtang Block shared similar marine fauna features of the north marginal East Tethys.This contrasts the opinion suggesting that the Yarlung Zangbo Tethys was a small back-arc basin.A combination of stratigraphical,palaeontological,a

关键词： biostratigraphy Chronostratigraphy Correlation Yarlung Zangbo suture Bangong Co-Nujiang suture Tethys

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First Record of Cyclocarya from the Early Oligocene Qaidam Basin,North Tibet:Implications for the Paleogeography and Paleoecology

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Journal of Earth Science 2024年第1期35卷 201-211页

作者： Yafei Hou Bowen Song Xiangchuan Li Fang Han Xu Zhang Kexin Zhang Institute of Geological Survey China University of GeosciencesWuhan 430074China Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry China University of GeosciencesWuhan 430074China State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology China University of GeosciencesWuhan 430074China College of Earth Sciences and Resources&Key Laboratory of Western Mineral Resources and Geological Engineering of the Ministry of Education Chang'an UniversityXi'an 710054China State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy Nanjing Institute of Geology and PalaeontologyChinese Academy of SciencesNanjing 210008China School of Earth Sciences East China University of TechnologyNanchang 330013China

As the largest intermontane basin in the northeastern Tibetan Plateau(TP),the Qaidam Basin provides unique insight into paleoclimatic change and its relationship with global change and uplift on the TP.In this study,based on morphological comparison,fossil fruit of Cyclocarya from the Early Oligocene Shangganchaigou Formation in the Qaidam Basin is assigned as Cyclocarya cf.weylandii.The discovery of Cyclocarya cf.weylandii demonstrates the occurrence of Cyclocarya in the Oligocene sediment in Qaidam Basin.This is the first record of Cyclocarya fossil of Early Oligocene Age in China and indicates that Cyclocarya has existed on the northeastern TP since at least the Early Oligocene.The living analogues of the current fossil now lives in sub-tropical China,where the East Asian Monsoon is prevalent.Integrating the new fossils and previously reported fossil remains of plants and fishes,it can be inferred that the Early Oligocene Qaidam Basin was primarily influenced by westerly circulation and had a relatively warm and humid climate,which was in sharp contrast to the present-day climate in Qaidam Basin.

关键词： biostratigraphy climate change winged-fruit fossil Qaidam Basin Early Oligocene paleoclimate paleogeography

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Triassic integrative stratigraphy,biotas,and paleogeographical evolution of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and its surrounding areas

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Science China Earth Sciences 2024年第4期67卷 1152-1194页

作者： Guichun WU Zhansheng JI Gary GLASH Qinggao ZENG Jianxin YAO Key Laboratory of Stratigraphy and Palaeontology Ministry of Natural ResourcesInstitute of GeologyChinese Academy of Geological SciencesBeijing 100037China SinoProbe Laboratory Chinese Academy of Geological SciencesBeijing 100094China Department of Geology and Environmental Sciences State University of New York-FredoniaFredoniaNY 14063USA Xizang Autonomous Region Geological and Mineral Exploration and Development Burea Lhasa 850010China

Rocks of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau(QTP)host abundant Triassic fossils.So far,the well established marine fossil sequences based on ammonoids,conodonts,bivalves,brachiopods,radiolarians,and terrestrial spora-pollen sequence have become standard for biostratigraphic correlation of the QTP.For much of Triassic time,the QTP occupied a marine setting as suggested by the dominance of marine deposits.The main sedimentary types represented in the Triassic successions include littoral to shallow marine clastic rocks,shallow marine carbonate platform carbonates,bathyal to abyssal slope carbonates intercalated with clastic and siliceous deposits,coal-bearing clastic strata contained within paralic facies deposits,and littoral and terrestrial volcaniclastic rocks.These deposits are organized into four stages in ascending order:(1)Early Triassic deposits that record marine transgression,including extensive shallow marine carbonate platform strata.(2)Middle Triassic Ladinian to Late Triassic Carnian deposits,including thin-bedded limestone,fine clastics,and siliceous rocks,that accumulated at greater depths than underlying Early Triassic strata and reflect the peak of the transgression.Magmatic activity appears to have occurred in some areas during this stage.(3)Late Triassic Norian deposits that record the onset of marine regression as suggested by the widespread occurrence of platform carbonates.It is noteworthy that stage 3 deposits of the Qin-Qi-Kun area in the northernmost region of the QPT is dominated by terrestrial strata and displays evidence of local erosion.(4)Late Triassic Rhaetian littoral and shallow marine clastic and coal-bearing deposits that preserve the record of continued marine regression continued.The Indus-Yarlungzangbo Suture Zone(IYSZ)appears to have been the rifting axis during Triassic time as suggested by sedimentary facies trends that reflect deepening to south and north.Thus,the Himalaya Block to the south of the IYSZ was part of the passive margin of Gondwana whereas the north side of the IYSZ,

关键词： Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Triassic biostratigraphy Lithostratigraphy Palaeobiogeography Sedimentary palaeogeography

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Depositional and Bio-Sequence Stratigraphic Framework of Late Cretaceous Kawagarh Formation,Kala-Chitta Range,Pakistan:Equivalent of Gurpi Formation(Iran)

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Journal of Earth Science 2024年第2期35卷 332-348页

作者： Muhammad Awais Bilal Wadood Muhammad Ishaq Muhammad Bilal Zeeshan Zafar Nasar Khan Aminullah Khan Department of Geology University of SwabiAnbar-SwabiKhyber PakhtunkhwaSwabi23561Pakistan Department of Earth Environmental and Resources SciencesUniversity of Naples FedericoⅡNaples80126Italy State Key Laboratory of Continental Dynamics Department of GeologyNorthwest UniversityXi’an710069China National Centre of Excellence in Geology University of PeshawarPeshawarKhyber Pakhtunkhwa25130Pakistan Department of Geological Engineering School of Earth Sciences and EngineeringXi’an Shiyou UniversityXi’an610500China Department of Petroleum Geology and Engineering School of Earth ResourcesChina University of GeosciencesWuhan430074China Department of Geology University of MalakandDir Lower18800ChakdaraPakistan Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences KU LeuvenLeuven3001Belgium

The present study is focused on evaluation of deep marine pelagic sediments of Late Cretaceous Kawagarh Formation of Kala-Chitta Range in the context of microfacies analysis,paleoenvironmental interpretation,planktonic foraminiferal biostratigraphy,sequence stratigraphy and diversification of species.A total of thirty three rock samples were collected from the measured section.Three microfacies are interpreted,namely planktonic foraminifera wackestone,planktonic foraminifera mudstone and sandy mudstone indicating low energy depositional environment i.e.,outer ramp.The biostratigraphic studies show plentiful planktonic foraminifera species of Globotruncana,Heterohelix and Globotruncanita.However,no association of benthic or siliceous organisms was observed.On the basis of available species assemblage,a single local planktonic foraminifera biozone i.e.,Globotruncana-Heterohelix-Globotruncanita Assemblage Biozone is established.The biozone information is combined with published literature and Lower Santonian to Middle Maastrichtian age has been assigned to the Kawagarh Formation.The trend of species occurrences evinces that species number decreases over time with pulsated rise in the Kawagarh Formation.The Kawagarh Formation carbonates show an overall Transgressive Systems Tract(TST).The Kawagarh Formation of Pakistan evinces analogous characteristics to that of the Late Cretaceous Gurpi Formation of Iran based on the geologic age,outcrop lithology,microfacies,planktonic foraminiferal assemblages,depositional setting and sequence stratigraphy.

关键词： depositional fabric biostratigraphy sequence stratigraphy Late Cretaceous Kawagarh Formation Pakistan Gurpi Formation Iran

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Paleogene integrative stratigraphy,biotas,and paleogeographical evolution of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and its surrounding areas

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Science China Earth Sciences 2024年第4期67卷 1290-1325页

作者： Jia LIU Ai SONG Lin DING Tao SU Zhekun ZHOU CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical GardenChinese Academy of SciencesMengla 666303China State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy Nanjing Institute of Geology and PalaeontologyChinese Academy of SciencesNanjing 210008China Institute of Paleontology Yunnan UniversityKunming 650500China State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System Environment and Resources(TPESER)Institute of Tibetan Plateau ResearchChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100101China

The Paleogene is a crucial period when terrestrial and marine ecosystems recovered from major disruptions and gradually approached their modern states.In the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and its surrounding regions,the Paleogene also represents a significant phase of tectonic evolution in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau-Himalaya orogeny,reorganization of Asian climates,and evolution of biodiversity.Due to limitations in research conditions and understanding,there are still many controversies regarding stratigraphic divisions in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and its surrounding regions.In recent years,extensive studies on sedimentary petrology,magnetostratigraphy,and isotope dating have been conducted in the region.Numerous fossils have been discovered and reported,contributing to a more systematic understanding of biostratigraphy.These studies have laid a solid foundation for the comprehensive investigation of the stratigraphy,biotas and paleogeographic evolution of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and its surrounding regions during the Paleogene.In this paper,we integrate recent research on fossils,isotopic dating,magnetostratigraphy,and geochemistry to refine the stratigraphic divisions and correlation framework of different tectonic units in the region,building upon previous studies.Since the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research,the knowledge of Paleogene floras has gradually expanded.This paper discusses the biostratigraphic significance of extinct and newly appeared taxa based on the latest dating results of these plant species.The new understanding of fossil species such as the“Eucalyptus”and Arecaceae establishes connections between the Paleogene flora of the Qinghai-Tibetan region and the biotas of Gondwana,specifically Oceania and South America.The evolutionary history of key taxa near the Yarlung Zangbo suture zone indicates that the collision between the Indian and Eurasian plates occurred approximately 65-54 Ma.Paleoelevation reconstructions,based on plant fossils,suggest that the Hengduan Mounta

关键词： Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Fossils biostratigraphy Paleoenvironment Paleogeography Paleogene

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