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Butterfly Assemblages of Two Wetlands: Response of biodiversity to Different Environmental Stressors in Sierra Leone

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Open Journal of Ecology 2018年第7期8卷 379-395页

作者： Rosina Kyerematen Fatmata Kaiwa Daniel Acquah-Lamptey Samuel Adu-Acheampong Roger Sigismond Andersen Department of Animal Biology and Conservation Science University of Ghana Legon Ghana Department of Biological Sciences Fourah Bay College Freetown Sierra Leone Faculty of Biology Department of Ecology-Animal Ecology Philipps University of Marburg Marburg Germany Department of Agronomy University for Development Studies Tamale Ghana African Regional Postgraduate Programme in Insect Science University of Ghana Accra Ghana

In a bid to enhance the integrity and health of selected network of ecosystems and effectively manage them in Sierra Leone, a baseline assessment of butterfly diversity of two wetland ecosystems Mamunta Mayosso Wildlife Santuary (MMWS) and Sierra Leone River Estuary (SLRE) affected by different environmental stressors was undertaken as part of the Sierra Leone Wetland Conservation Project (SLWCP). We hypothesised that different environmental stressors affect butterfly communities in wetlands in Sierra Leone and the higher the stress the lower the butterfly diversity in an area. Sampling was conducted via field identification by wing patterns, flight mode, direct counts along transects and charaxes trapping. A total of 2300 individuals representing 95 species of butterflies were recorded. Though butterflies were evenly distributed at both sites, MMWS recorded the highest richness and abundance of butterflies during both seasons. This observation is reported to be because of high environmental stressors such as mining, agriculture and pollution from factories in the SLRE. The results further show that MMWS is made up of a mosaic of different vegetation patches that support higher diversity of butterfly species. This study also reveals that anthropogenic activities have a negative impact on butterfly diversity.

关键词： biodiversity Butterflies Environment Sierra Leone Wetlands

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Changes in biodiversity and ecosystem function during the restoration of a tropical forest in south china

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Science China(Life Sciences) 2007年第2期50卷 277-284页

作者： REN Hai,LI ZhiAn,SHEN WeiJun,YU ZuoYue,PENG ShaoLin,LIAO ChongHui,DING MingMao & WU JianGuo 1 South China Botanical Garden,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Guangzhou 510650,China 2 Institute of Ecology and Evolution,Zhongshan University,Guangzhou 510275,China 3 Guangdong Institute of Entomology,Guangzhou 510275,China 4 School of Life Sciences and Global Institute of Sustainability,Arizona State University,Tempe,AZ 85287,USA South China Botanical Garden Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou 510650 China Institute of Ecology and Evolution Zhongshan University Guangzhou 510275 China Guangdong Institute of Entomology Guangzhou 510275 China School of Life Sciences and Global Institute of Sustainability Arizona State University Tempe AZ 85287 USA

Tropical forests continue to vanish rapidly,but few long-term studies have ever examined if and how the lost forests can be *** on a 45-year restoration study in south China,we found that a tropical rain forest,once completely destroyed,could not recover naturally without deliberate restoration *** identified two kinds of thresholds that must be overcome with human ameliorative measures before the ecosystem was able to *** first threshold was imposed primarily by extreme physical conditions such as exceedingly high surface temperature and impoverished soil,while the second was characterized by a critical level of biodiversity and a landscape context that accommodates dispersal and colonization *** three treatment catchments(un-restored barren land,single-species plantation,and mixed-forest stand)exhibited dramatically different changes in biodiversity and ecosystem functioning over 4 *** mixed forest,having the highest level of biodiversity and ecosystem functioning,possesses several major properties of tropical rain *** findings may have important implications for the restoration of many severely degraded or lost tropical forest ecosystems.

关键词： rainforest restoration biodiversity conservation ecosystem functioning China

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Mitigating biodiversity Concerns in Eucalyptus Plantations Located in South China

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Journal of Biosciences and Medicines 2015年第6期3卷 1-8页

作者： Roger A. Williams School of Environment and Natural Resources Ohio State University Columbus Ohio USA

China’s growing economy and changes in policies that encourage afforestation, particularly in the industrial sector, have led vast areas in south China to be planted with eucalyptus. These large areas of eucalyptus plantings have elicited environmental concerns for two primary reasons. First there is a concern related to the water demand of eucalyptus, in which it is feared these large areas of eucalyptus will deplete aquifers and create shortages in water supplies. The second concern is in regard to the reduction in biodiversity across large landscapes, leading to further ecological demises. This paper proposes two ideas to possibly mitigate some of the biodiversity concerns. The first is the interplanting of alder-leaf birch (Betula alnoides), a native but dwindling species in south China, to enhance biodiversity and encourage it’s reestablishment across the landscape. The second is to encourage retention harvests of alder-leaf birch planted within eucalyptus plantations to enhance not only biological diversity but also structural diversity across the landscape. Alder-leaf birch has demonstrated great potential in producing high quality timber and wood for use in furniture manufacturing.

关键词： Eucalyptus Alder-Leaf Birch biodiversity Retention Harvests Mixed Plantations

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Effects of Streptomyces <i>Biofertilizer</i>to Soil Fertility and Rhizosphere’s Functional biodiversity of Agricultural Plants

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Advances in Microbiology 2015年第7期5卷 555-571页

作者： Tinatin Doolotkeldieva Saykal Bobusheva Maxabat Konurbaeva Plant Protection Department Faculty of Agriculture Kyrgyz-Turkish Manas University Bishkek Kyrgyzstan

In the present study, a biofertilizer on the basis of Streptomyces fumanus gn-2 was used for the treatment of wheat and soybean seeds (dose 104 spore/ml) before planting them in soil with low fertility in order to determine the effect of this biological agent on germination rate;the growth of seedlings, shoots, and the maturation phase of plants;the rhizosphere’s functional biodiversity;and the resistance of these plants to pathogens. Seeds were soaked in the suspension for a period of two or three hours. During the growing season of the crop, no additional fertilizing and spraying of a biopesticide against diseases or pests occurred. Despite the soil having low fertility, low quantities of organic matter, and not having been before used for the cultivation of agricultural plants, this biofertilizer showed a strong stimulatory effect on the growth of seeds and seedlings of wheat and soybeans. The average germination and seed vigor increased by 1.5 - 2.0 times, and the phenophases were accelerated to three to five days. In all phases of vegetation, the ammonifying bacteria in the presence of an antagonist (a biological agent) developed rapidly and were constantly present in significant numbers in the rhizosphere. Streptomyces fumanus introduced into non-sterile soil entered into competition with the local soil microflora and had the ability to colonize the rhizosphere system of plants. The use of a formulation of Streptomyces gn-2 has improved the composition of rhizosphere microflora, attracting saprophytic microorganisms: ammonificators and oligotrophs. The presence of the biocontrol microorganism Streptomyces fumanus in the rhizosphere plays an important role in enhancing the growth and development of useful groups, such as nitrogen-fixing bacteria.

关键词： A Low Fertility Soil A Biofertilizer Streptomyces fumanus gn-2 Wheat and Soybean Seeds Stimulatory Effect on Seed Germination Rhizosphere’s Functional biodiversity

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The Role of biodiversity in Food Security and Nutrition: A Potato Cultivar Case Study

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Food and Nutrition Sciences 2016年第5期7卷 371-382页

作者： Carmen van Niekerk Hettie Schönfeldt Nicolette Hall Beulah Pretorius Department Animal and Wildlife Science Faculty Natural and Agricultural Science University of Pretoria Pretoria South Africa Institute of Food Nutrition and Well-Being University of Pretoria Pretoria South Africa

biodiversity is considered a critical measure of the agricultural health of the world. Not only does increased biodiversity contribute to nutrient production and consumption, but it acts as a safeguard against food shortages due to pests and diseases by spreading the risk. biodiversity can improve dietary diversity in such a way to ultimately contribute to improved food and nutrition security. As a result biodiversity is often highlighted in global discussions related to food and nutrition security. Potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.) are highly biodiverse food crops, with more than 4000 different cultivars grown globally. The crop is sometimes considered as part of the vegetable component of food baskets, but it is mainly added to meals as a starch because potatoes have a high starch content and are thus high in energy. However, significant differences in the nutritional content (including micronutrient composition) of different potato cultivars have been reported in many countries. It is therefore proposed that specific cultivars could potentially contribute more to critical nutrients required in the diet of countries at risk of malnutrition. The nutritional profile (macronutrients and minerals) of 11 potato cultivars cultivated in sub-Saharan Africa was determined and the contribution which these different potatoes could make to the diet, and consequently to food and nutrition security, is discussed. The results showed that significant differences are found in the nutritional content between the different cultivars. Significant differences (p < 0.001) were found in macronutrients such as protein and fat as well as micronutrients such as copper, phosphorus and potassium. These results indicate the potentially beneficial role which a biodiverse range of crops such as potatoes, could play in the food and nutrition security of developing countries.

关键词： Potatoes Solanum tuberosum Nutrient Content biodiversity Sub-Saharan Food and Nutrition Security

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Temperature Impact on the Shannon-Wiener biodiversity Index (BDI) of Zooplankton in Lake Kinneret (Israel)

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Open Journal of Modern Hydrology 2018年第2期8卷 39-49页

作者： Moshe Gophen MIGAL-Scientific Research Institute Kiryat Shmona Israel

The Shannon-Wiener biodiversity Index was implemented for Zooplankton Diversity (BDI) in Lake Kinneret (1970-2001). It was computed based on monthly mean densities in relation to Epilimnetic temperatures. 4, 5 and 9 species of Copepoda, Cladocera and Rotifera, respectively, were included. Direct relations between Epilimnetic temperatures and Zooplankton Bio-Diversity Indexes (BDI) were indicated: Matching was found between low BDI and the high summer temperature and between higher BDI and the low winter temperature as well. Similar correspondence did not indicate annual means of BDI values. Zooplankton density and temperature probably resulted from smoothed confound of the averaged temperature changes. Conclusively, in themonomicticLakeKinneret located in the temperate zone with a high degree of temperature fluctuation, causation of seasonal BDI fluctuations is possible. The consistence of global warming trend might, therefore, enhance the seasonality of BDI values changes with implications for water quality.

关键词： Shannon Index biodiversity Zooplankton Temperature Kinneret

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A New Field Protocol for Determination of Forest Structure, biodiversity and Heath Status by Means of GPS Tools: A Case Study from Gaza Forest

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Open Journal of Ecology 2017年第1期7卷 69-83页

作者： Yasser El-Nahhal Department of Environmental and Earth Sciences Faculty of Science The Islamic University of Gaza Gaza Palestine

This article describes the application of GPS, image processing analysis and statistical tools for determination of forest structure and biodiversity. The idea is based on determination of forest area using GPS tools, then taking representative plots “samples” about 5% - 10% of the forest and counting the tree species in each plot (sample). This process enables the estimation of species population in each plot. The sum of all species population enables the calculation of relative density of each species. Multiplying species population with plot number of the forest enables the calculations of total species population in the forest. Calculating the relative density enables the determination of dominant, co-dominant, suppressed and flour structure of the forest. To determine the age of the forest, we apply our method on determining the diameter of trees and grouping them to four groups, this enables the estimation of dominant age within single species. From these data, we can estimate the age of the forest. This field protocol is easy and applicable and provides good results in estimating structure, age and biodiversity in the forest.

关键词： Forest Tree Counts Tree Age biodiversity Health Status Field Protocol

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Intercropping Empower Reduces Insect Pests and Increases biodiversity in Agro-Ecosystem

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Agricultural Sciences 2017年第10期8卷 1120-1134页

作者： Sadia Afrin A. Latif N. M. A. Banu M. M. M. Kabir S. S. Haque M. M. Emam Ahmed N. N. Tonu M. P. Ali Entomology Division Bangladesh Rice Research Institute (BRRI) Gazipur Bangladesh Department of Entomology Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University Dhaka Bangladesh Department of Plant Pathology Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University Dhaka Bangladesh

Currently insect pest management solely depends on chemical pesticide that continuously affects on environment, biodiversity, animal as well as human health. Outbreak of secondary insect pest is also the cost of pesticide use in field leading crop more vulnerable to more pests. These negative impacts of pesticides have provoked growing interest in the adoption of multi-function agricultural biodiversity that promote pest management, creating interesting challenge for traditional approaches to regulatory compliance. To address multi-function agricultural practice, we tested several intercropping systems with mustard and their effect on pest management. Our results revealed that intercropping systems mustard with onion, garlic, radhuni and coriander significantly reduced pest population over sole crop. However, intercropping mustard with wheat and gram increased pest population in mustard field. This result indicated that all crops are not suitable for intercropping system. Among the tested intercropping systems, mustard with onion and coriander significantly reduced branch and flower infestation and increased pod formation per plant. These four intercropping systems did not significantly affect on honeybee pollinator which are crucial for mustard crop yield. A significant linear relationship was also found between honeybee population and pod formation. Our results indicate that suitable intercropping system can be a potential multi-functional agricultural practice for pest management in mustard crop.

关键词： Intercropping Mustard Production Insect Pest Management biodiversity

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A theoretical framework for investigating ecological problems associated with biodiversity conservation in national parks: A case of the Rwenzori Mountains National Park, Uganda

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Open Journal of Ecology 2013年第2期3卷 196-204页

作者： Moses Muhumuza Martie Sanders Kevin Balkwill University of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg South Africa

Theoretical frameworks play a vital role in research, spelling out the constructs important in the research area, and the relationships between the constructs. An understanding of the theoretical constructs which underpin the research provides researchers with a framework, which enables them to understand when, how and why particular phenomena occur. Depending on the type of research, this either allows them to make reasoned predictions, which can be empirically tested during the research or gives direction for the research if it is open-ended and exploratory. Such frameworks not only guide the questions asked and the design of the research, but also help to interpret the data. If the situation being investigated is very complex, involving numerous interlinked variables, it is often difficult to identify a single theoretical framework that is suitable for a particular study. This article uses the case of human ecological behavioural problems associated with the conservation of biodiversity in the Rwenzori Mountains National Park, to show how a theoretical framework to investigate a complex situation was developed.

关键词： Theortical Framework Ecological Problems biodiversity Conservation Investigating National Parks Rwenzori

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Systematic Conservation Assessment for Most of the Colombian Territory as a Strategy for Effective biodiversity Conservation

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Natural Resources 2014年第16期5卷 981-1006页

作者： Marcela Portocarrero-Aya Germán Corzo Angélica Diaz-Pulido María Fernanda González Magnolia Longo Lina Mesa Andrea Paz Wilson Ramírez Olga Lucía Hernández-Manrique Alexander von Humboldt Institute for Research on Biological Resources Bogotá Colombia

Colombian ecosystems maintain key ecological processes that support thousands of species, including human beings. With the expansion of the country’s population, and the implementation of a government’s development plan based on an economy centred on extraction patterns, the conservation of these ecosystems is at serious risk. It is a priority to implement effective strategies that ensure the protection of the country’s biological diversity as well as the mitigation and prevention of threats and to contribute to its proper use. Colombia’s development strategies as well as its peoples’ wellbeing depend on the suitable condition of its natural assets. The identification of surrogates of conservation, the formulation of conservation goals, the prioritization of key areas and the formulation of conservation strategies based on the preservation, restoration and sustainable use of the territory and its biodiversity are proposed for 60% of the emerged land (~ 700,000 Km2). This research aims at giving proper guidelines to manage the territory and finding common points between development and biodiversity conservation, as well as to use this input for the development and implementation of a National Decision-making Support System (DSS) that will potentially have an impact on Colombia’s environmental policies and territorial planning schemes.

关键词： Decision-Making Support System Key Areas for Conservation biodiversity Colombia Sustainable Development

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