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The scarab gut： A potential bioreactor for bio-fuel production

Insect Science 2010年第3期17卷 175-183页

作者： Sheng-Wei Huang Hong-Yu Zhang Sean Marshall Trevor A. Jackson State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology Institute of Urban and Horticultural Pests and Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory College of Plant Science and Technology Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan China biocontrol Biosecurity and Bioprocessing AgResearch Limited Christchurch New Zealand

Cellulose and hemicelluloses are the most prevalent sources of carbon in nature. Currently many approaches employ micro-organisms and their enzyme products to degrade plant feedstocks for production of bioenergy. Scarab larvae are one such model. They consume celluloses from a variety of sources including plant roots, soil organic matter and decaying wood, and are able to extract nutrients and energy from these sources. In this paper, we review the physicochemical properties of the scarab larval gut, the diversity and digestive role that microflora play in the scarab gut and discuss the potential for applying these digestive processes in bioreactors for improving bio-fuel production. Scarab larvae are characterised by their highly alkaline midgut which is dominated by serine proteinase enzymes, and a modified hindgut which harbors the majority of the intestinal microbiota under anaerobic conditions. Evidence suggests that digestion of recalcitrant organic matter in scarab larvae likely results from a combination of endogenous gut proteinases and cellulolytic enzymes produced by symbiotic micro-organisms. Most of the easily digestible proteins are mobilized and absorbed in the midgut by endogenous proteinases. The hindgut contents of scarab larvae are characterized by high concentrations of volatile fatty acids, the presence of fermenting bacteria, and typical anaerobic activities, such as methanogenesis. The hindgut typically contains a wide diversity of micro-organisms, some of which appear to be obligate symbionts with cellulolytic potential. As a result, the scarab larval gut can be regarded as a small bioreactor resembling the rumen of sheep or cattle, where solid food particles composed of cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin and polysaccharides are degraded through enzymatic and fermentation processes. Together these observations suggest scarab larvae have potential to assist the bio-fuel industry by providing new sources of （hemi）cellulolytic bacteria and bacterial （hemi）cellulolytic enzymes.

关键词： bio-fuel bioreactor cellulolytic enzymes microflora Scarabaeidae

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bio-fuel Production From Carbondioxide Gas Using S. elongatus PCC 7942 from Cyanobacteria

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Non-Metallic Material Science 2020年第1期2卷 9-11页

作者： Delia Teresa Sponza Cansu Doganx Environmental Engineering Department Engineering FacultyDokuz Eylul UniversityBuca-izmirTurkey Sciences Institute Deparment of BiologyScience FacultyxAgean UniversityTurkey

The aim of this study,is 1-butanol production using CO2 with S.elongatus PCC 7942 culture.The yields of 1-butanolproduced/CO2utilized have been calculated.The maximum concentration of produced 1-butanol is 35.37 mg/L and 1-butanolproduced/CO2utilized efficiency is 92.4.The optimum operational conditions were 30°C temperature,60 W intensity of light,pH=7.1,120 mV redox potential,0.083 m^3/sn flow rate with CO2 and 0.5 mg/l dissolved O2 concentration.Among the enzymes on the metabolic trail of the production of 1-butanol via using S.elongatus PCC 7942 cyanobacteria.At maximum yield;the measured concentrations are 0.016μg/ml for hbd;0.0022μg/ml for Ter and 0.0048μg/ml for AdhE2.The cost analyses necessary for 1-butanol production has been done and the cost of 1 liter 1-butanol has been determined as 1.31 TL/L.

关键词： bio-fuel Carbondioxide GAS S.elongatus Cyanobacteria 1-butanol

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R&D Analysis of bio-fuel Alternative Fossil fuel Production Through biomass Fast Pyrolysis and bio-Oil Hydrotreating

R&D Analysis of Bio-fuel Alternative Fossil Fuel Production ...

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第十三届中国科协年会第7分会场-实现“2020年单位G...

作者：张瑞芹郑州大学环境科学研究院

The second generation of bio-fuel produced from biomass of agricultural residues and forest residues and some energy crop,has attracted more and more attention.The bio-fuel produced via fast pyrolysis of biomass and catalytic hydrotreating of bio-oil,can be utilized instead of gasoline and diesel.The R&D status of bio-fuel via biomass pyrolysis and hydrotreating bio-oil international and domestic was analyzed.The governments in the United States and in Europe already invest big fund annually for the second generation bio-fuels.The clusters combined with research facilities,universities and biologic and petrochemical companies make progress on fundamental study,pilot programs and commercial efforts.If the biomass conversion scale was assumed 200 dry tons per day(dtpd) of biomass and based on our research results,1.0 ton biomass can produce 0.22 to 0.24 ton bio-fuel of HHV 45 MJ/Kg.The estimation of GHG emission saving are about 2.66 TCO2 eq/T bio-fuel.The cost of bio-fuel is 6.26 RMB/kg or 5.13 RMB/L.The analysis suggests that production of hydrocarbon bio-fuels from biomass via the pyrolysis and hydrotreating route is potentially economically attractive.It is urgent to build pilot facilities for the further assessment of the bio-fuel production system via pyrolysis route according to test results for commercial purpose.To achieve the potential for producing hydrocarbon fuels from biomass,additional research and development are needed.The development of bio-fuel via pyrolysis route is significant for fossil fuel supply security.Meanwhile it will let us adapt to climate change positively and make substantial contribution to reduce GHG emissions.

关键词： biomass renewable energy fast Pyrolysis bio-oil bio-fuel Hydrotreating

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biofuel Recovery from Plantain and Banana Plant Wastes:Integration of biochemical and Thermochemical Approach

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Journal of Renewable Materials 2023年第6期11卷 2593-2629页

作者： Abdulmoseen Segun Giwa Mingqiang Sheng Ndungutse Jean Maurice Xinxin Liu Zelong Wang Fengmin Chang Bo Huang Kaijun Wang School of Environment and Civil Engineering Nanchang Institute of Science and TechnologyNanchang330108China School of Infrastructure Engineering Nanchang UniversityNanchang330031China Institute of Environmental Science Shanxi UniversityTaiyuan030006China State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control School of EnvironmentTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China

Globally,fossil fuel dependence has created several environmental challenges and climate change.Hence,creating other alternative renewable and ecologically friendly bio-energy sources is necessary.Lignocellulosic biomass has gained significant attention recently as a renewable material for biofuel production.The large amounts of plantain and banana plant parts wasted after harvesting,as well as the peels generated daily by the fruit market and industries,demonstrate the potential of bioenergy resources.This review briefly assesses plantain and banana plant biomass(PBB)generated in the developing,developed,and underdeveloped countries,the consumable parts,and feasible products yield.It emphasized the advantages and disadvantages of the commonly adopted treatment technologies of composting,incineration,and landfilling.Further,the utilization of PBB as catalysts in biodiesel synthesis was briefly highlighted.To optimize recovery of biofuel,different integration routes of pyrolysis,anaerobic digestion,fermentation,hydrothermal carbonization,hydrothermal liquefaction,and hydrothermal gasification for the valorization of the PBB were proposed.The complex compounds present in the PBB(hemicellulose,cellulose,and lignin)can be converted into valuable bio-products such as methane gas and bio-ethanol for bioenergy,and nutrients to promote bioactive ingredients.The investigation of the viability and innovation potential of the integrated routes’technology is necessary to improve the circular bio-economy and the recovery of biofuels from biomass waste,particularly PBB.

关键词： bio-chemical bio-fuel integration plantain and banana waste:renewable materials

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Cost of non-renewable energy in production of wood pellets in China

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Frontiers of Earth Science 2013年第2期7卷 199-205页

作者： Changbo WANG Lixiao ZHANG Jie LIU State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control School of Environment Beijing Normal University Beijing 100875 China Transport Planning and Research Institute Ministry of Transport Beijing 100028 China

Assessing the extent to which all bio-fuels that are claimed to be renewable are in fact renewable is essential because producing such renewable fuels itself requires some amount of non-renewable energy （NE） and materials. Using hybrid life cycle analysis （LCA）--from raw material collection to delivery of pellets to end users--the energy cost of wood pellet production in China was estimated at 1.35 J/J, of which only 0.09 J was derived from NE, indicating that only 0.09 J of NE is required to deliver 1 J of renewable energy into society and showing that the process is truly renewable. Most of the NE was consumed during the conversion process （46.21%） and delivery of pellets to end users （40.69%）, during which electricity and diesel are the two major forms of NE used, respectively. Sensitivity analysis showed that the distance over which the pellets are transported affects the cost of NE significantly. Therefore the location of the terminal market and the site where wood resources are available are crucial to saving diesel.

关键词： wood pellet non-renewable energy （NE） hybrid life cycle analysis （LCA） bio-fuel

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Application of tobacco stems briquetting in tobacco flue-curing in rural area of China

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International Journal of Agricultural and biological Engineering 2015年第6期8卷 84-88页

作者： Wang Xinfeng Xu Guizhuan Zhang Bailiang Jiao Youzhou Lu Haifeng Li Baoming Department of Agricultural Structure and bio-environmental Engineering College of Water Resources&Civil EngineeringChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing 100083China Department of bio-energy and bio-environmental Engineering College of Mechanical&Electrical EngineeringHenan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhou 450002China

To reduce the conventional energy consumption in rural area of China,tobacco stems briquetting(TSB)was used as fuel during the process of tobacco flue-curing,compared with honeycomb briquette(HB).Three fire furnaces with different heat exchangers using TSB were compared using the tobacco flue-curing.The results showed that the smog temperature of TSB was higher than that of HB,the efficiency of bio-fuel system with TSB was from 43.5%to 54%,while the efficiency of traditional fuel system was 51.5%.And the cost of tobacco flue-curing per hectare with TSB and HB was$750.0 and$1282.5,respectively.It is proved that TSB is an alternative choice using for the industry of tobacco flue-curing,and the improvement in the structure of fire furnace could optimize the process of tobacco flue-curing.

关键词： biomass briquetting tobacco flue-curing bio-fuel fire furnace

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Analysis of Forest Waste Management and Recycling Potential in Nigeria

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Natural Resources 2022年第10期13卷 191-205页

作者： Cynthia C. Ogbu Yaw A. Twumasi Zhu H. Ning Gerald N. Attamah Victor I. Ezeaku Opeyemi I. Oladigbolu Department of Urban Forestry and Natural Resources Southern University and A&M College Baton Rouge Louisiana USA Zoology and Environmental biology Faculty of Biological Sciences University of Nigeria Nsukka Nigeria Department of Soil Science Faculty of Agriculture UNN Nsukka Nigeria

Forest wastes are renewable resources that can serve as sources of energy for heat and electricity generation. How these materials are managed in order to reduce their contribution to the release of greenhouse gases, reduce subsequent climate change challenges and their potential use in bio-energy production has remained a myth in Nigeria. In this paper, extensive review of the literature was carried out to arrive at the findings. More than 93% of all wood processing industries in Nigeria are sawmills. In addition to sawmills there are the plywood mills, furniture processing industries, and particleboard mills. Sawdust is the major waste generated from wood processing in the various processing units. Currently, the most popular waste management practice in Nigeria is burning. Dumping in open spaces, riverbanks, and water bodies is also obtainable. There is no record of wood waste recycling for bio-fuel production at the moment. Wood wastes are reused for agricultural production (mulching, manure) and as firewood. These actions contribute to the release of greenhouse gases and subsequently contribute to global warming. There are policies and agencies put in place to address this menace but implementation is a problem. An increase in proper waste management education and awareness, and aid from developed countries in terms of providing the technology needed for recycling and incineration, will go a long way in ensuring the safety (from climate change and consequences) of the local people, the environment, and the world at large.

关键词： Forest Waste Nigeria bio-fuel Waste Management Wood biomass bio-Energy Climate Change Global Warming

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Sustainability of Renewable Energy Systems with Special Reference to Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion Schemes

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Non-Metallic Material Science 2022年第2期4卷 33-48页

作者： Subhashish Banerjee Rahayu Binti Tasnim Fikri Zhafran Syafiqah Sathiabama T.Thirugnana Dato Ir.,A Bakar Jaafar Universiti Teknologi Malaysia OTECMalaysia

It was required to determine relative merits of commonly used renewable energy(RE)systems for which estimation of their individual sustainability percent achievable was chosen as the single criterion assessment tool.The methodology developed for estimating sustainability included identification of individual sustainability indices(SI)and examining the scope of sustainability percent input/kWh power generation for each of SI indices and summing them up estimating total sustainability accrued from respective RE systems.The RE systems studied included photo-voltaic(PV)cells,bio-fuels,on-shore&off-shore wind energy and OTEC schemes.Coal power plant being commercially viable was studied as the referral energy scheme.Nine SI indices identified for study included resource potential,greenhouse gas saving,influence on flora&fauna,effects on human health,land loss aspects,food and potable water security,economy evaluation,and improvement in quality of life from economic growth.Total sustainability achievable showed the highest in OTEC,followed by wind,bio-fuels and PV,respectively.SI index on quality of life showed RE schemes like OTEC&bio-fuels competing equally with coal power plant having poor sustainability with the least power generation cost;whence Hybrid OTEC showed the highest sustainability with high power production cost.Four fold approaches have been suggested for reducing power generation cost of OTEC.(i)Adopting economically viable scheme of not less than 40 MW.(ii)Heating up the working fluid with solar irradiation,terming SOTEC scheme.(iii)Saving cable laying cost,from hydrogen production utilizing the power generated.(iv)Hybridization of OTEC scheme.

关键词： Sustainability OTEC SOTEC bio-fuel GHG emission Flora and fauna Quality of life Hydrogen Commercial acceptability

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A Comparative Study of Transesterification of Hydnocapus weightiana Seed Oil Using Calcined and Acid Activated Natural Heterogeneous Catalyst and Its Kinetic Study

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American Journal of Analytical Chemistry 2023年第4期14卷 202-227页

作者： Aguoma Chinedu Chris Ajiwe Vincent Ishmael Egbulefu Okoye Patrice-Anthony Chudi Ike Ozoemena Christian Alaekwe Ikenna Obiora Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry Nnamdi Azikiwe University Awka Nigeria Department of Industrial Chemistry Enugu State University of Science and Technology Enugu Nigeria Department of Chemistry Federal University Gusau Gusau Nigeria

The world’s total fossil fuel consumption has been significantly increasing with consequential increased environmental catastrophes. A hunt for an alternate energy source was stimulated. biofuel is a plausible option in this pursuit due to its ideal qualities which included but are not limited to renewability and environmental friendliness. However, the pump price of biodiesel is still very high due mainly to the high cost of the production of the commodity which is influenced by the feedstock and the homogeneous nature of catalyst used. Heterogeneous catalyst was prepared by using Pila globosa sea snail shells prepared by calcination (CP8) and by acid activation (PTW1M). Hydnocapus weightiana seed oil (Non-edible feedstock) was extracted using the soxhlet extraction method and was used for biofuel production with a methanol oil ratio of 3:1. Agitation speed 800, 600 rmp, reaction temperatures of 70°C, 60°C, catalyst concentration (3.00, 2.00 wt%) and reaction time (70 and 60 min) was maintained for CP8 and PTW1M respectively. The rate of the reaction followed a reversible second-order reaction rate. Re-usability accessed. From TGA analysis, the best calcination temperature was 800°C. SEM results showed improved surface morphology after calcination, especially for CP8. FTIR analysis showed the elimination of volatiles and formation of CaO and CaO4Te after calcination. The reaction rate constant at different temperatures was 0.0287 at 30°C, 0.1200 at 50°C and 0.1142 at 70°C and activation energy of the ethyl ester was 49.49 KJ/mol. Using CP8. Most of the fuel properties met with ASTM 6751 standard. The result of the re-usability showed that the biodiesel yield declined as follows: 92, 86, 80, 73 and 69 % for CP8 and 85, 84, 81, 76, 65. For PTW1M. After the fifth regeneration cycle, both CP8 and PTW1M samples of Pila globosa sea snail shell catalyst proved effective in transesterification reaction of Hydnocapus weightiana seed oil using ethanol. It was observed that the calcined catalyst (CP8) showed a s

关键词： bio-fuel Hydnocapus weightiana Calcined/Acid-Activated Pila globosa Seed-Oil

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bio-oil and biochar production using thermal and catalytic pyrolysis of low-value waste neem seeds over low-cost catalysts:effects of operating conditions on product yields and studies of physicochemical characteristics of bio-oil and biochar

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biochar 2021年第4期3卷 641-656页

作者： Ranjeet Kumar Mishra Kaustubha Mohanty Department of Chemical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology GuwahatiGuwahati 781039India

This study addressed a comparative assessment of the effect of low-cost catalysts on the yield and physicochemical properties of bio-oil.Thermal and catalytic pyrolysis of neem seeds(NM)was conducted in a fixed bed semi-batch reactor at optimum conditions(550°C temperature,80°C min−1 heating rate,0.5 mm particle size,and 100 mL min−1 sweep gas flow rate).The produced bio-oil and biochar were characterized through thermal stability,elemental composition(CHNS),higher heating value(HHV),Nuclear Magnetic Resonance(NMR)spectroscopy,Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy(FESEM),Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR),Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry(GC-MS),zeta potential,water-holding capacity(WHC),and BET(Brunauer,Emmett and Teller)surface area analyzer.Overall,it was noticed that the use of catalysts at optimized condition substantially boosted the quality and yield of bio-oil.Pyrolysis results established that thermal pyrolysis yielded 49.53 wt.%of bio-oil,while catalytic pyrolysis yielded(51.25 wt.%,53.12 wt.%,48.68 wt.%,and 50.65 wt.%for MgO,NaOH,Al_(2)O_(3),and ZSM-5,respectively)at 20 wt.%catalyst loading.The physicochemical study of bio-oil confirmed improved properties of bio-oil in terms of viscosity,heating value,pH and carbon content.Further,the FTIR study of bio-oil indicates the occurrence of phenolic products,aromatics,ketones,acidic compounds,esters,alcohol and aldehyde impurities,whereas 1H NMR study supported FTIR findings.GC-MS study demonstrated that the introduc-tion of catalysts significantly reduced the oxygenated substances,acidic products,phenolic compounds and substantially increased the hydrocarbons.Further,characterization results of neem seed biochar(NMC)established the existence of HHV(23.26 MJ kg^(−1)),carbon content(62.66%),zeta potential(31.68 mV),water holding capacity(41.50%)and lower BET surface area(4.60 m^(2)g^(−1)).

关键词： Waste neem seeds Pyrolysis Catalysts bio-fuel GC–MS FTIR 1H NMR biochar FESEM

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