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Optimizing extrusion pretreatment and big bluestem parameters for enzymatic hydrolysis to produce biofuel using response surface methodology

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International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering 2011年第1期4卷 61-74页

作者： C.Karunanithy K.Muthukumarappan Agricultural&Biosystems Engineering Department South Dakota State UniversityBrookingsSD 57007USA

Biomass has been identified as alternative renewable energy resource to replace 30%transportation fossil fuel through biofuels by *** bluestem is a warm season native perennial grass warrants attention and studies revealed its potential as energy *** pretreatments employed on big bluestem showed a significant improvement on sugar *** current study was undertaken to understand and optimize pretreatment conditions such as barrel temperature(45-225℃),screw speed(20-200 r/min),moisture content(10%-50%w.b.),and particle size(2-10 mm)for maximum sugar recovery from big bluestem;and to propose a model to predict the glucose,xylose,and combined sugar *** analyses confirmed that all the independent variables included in this study had a strong influence on sugar recovery.A quadratic polynomial model was proposed to predict the glucose,xylose,and combined sugar recoveries from big bluestem,which had high F and R2 values with low p *** optimum pretreatment conditions such as barrel temperature 180℃,screw speed 150 r/min,moisture content 20%w.b.,and particle size 8 mm resulted in maximum glucose,xylose,and combined sugar recoveries of 71.3%,78.5%,and 56.9%,*** area of the optimum pretreated big bluestem increased 68.5%than that of control sample,which is the main cause for increase in sugar recovery.

关键词： biofuel extrusion pretreatment big bluestem enzymatic hydrolysis screw speed barrel temperature particle size moisture content sugar yield

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Seedling light limitation does not increase across a natural productivity gradient

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Journal of Plant Ecology 2013年第3期6卷 193-200页

作者： Emily Grman Department of Plant Biology and Kellogg Biological Station Michigan State UniversityKellogg Biological Station3700 E Gull Lake DrHickory CornersMI 49060

Aims a key idea in plant community ecology is that the identity of the limiting resource shifts from soil nutrients in low productivity sites to light in high productivity *** idea,and its implications for plant community structure,has been tested many times in artificial productivity gradients(fertilization studies),but whether it applies to natural productivity gradients is *** To test whether seedling light limitation would increase across a natural productivity gradient,I conducted a cross-site field experi-ment in southwest michigan,USA.A each of six old fields natu-rally varying in productivity,I exposed transplanted seedlings of big bluestem(Andropogon gerardii)to a light addition(tie-back)treat-ment that increased light availability and measured their biomass after one and two growing *** Findingsseedlings responded positively to the tie-back treatment,but positive responses did not increase across the natural productivity *** results suggest that although light does limit seedling establishment,the strength of light limitation does not depend on variation in productivity in natural ***,light limitation interacted with a variety of site differences to determine *** the general principle that light limitation increases with productivity is well established,these results indicate that it may not always occur in natural systems.

关键词： Andropogon gerardii big bluestem light limitation old fields productivity gradient.

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