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Photonic integrated optical phased arrays and their applications[Invited]

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Chinese Optics Letters 2024年第2期22卷 42-55页

作者：马志鹏万远剑梁航付瑶唐国彪赵晓阳赵世傲匡海波张宇王健 Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan 430074China Optics Valley Laboratory Wuhan 430074China

In recent years,optical phased arrays(OPAs)have attracted great interest for their potential applications in light detection and ranging(Li DAR),free-space optical communications(FSOs),holography,and so on.Photonic integrated circuits(PICs)provide solutions for further reducing the size,weight,power,and cost of OPAs.In this paper,we review the recent development of photonic integrated OPAs.We summarize the typical architecture of the integrated OPAs and their performance.We analyze the key components of OPAs and evaluate the figure of merit for OPAs.Various applications in Li DAR,FSO,imaging,biomedical sensing,and specialized beam generation are introduced.

关键词： optical phased arrays LiDAR silicon photonics beam steering photonic integration

A Compact Filtering Antenna System with Wide-Angle Scanning Capability for V2I Communication

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Chinese Journal of Electronics 2024年第2期33卷 516-526页

作者： Chuang HAN Tong LI Zhaolin ZHANG Ling WANG Guangwei YANG School of Electronics and Information Northwestern Polytechnical University School of Electronic Engineering and Computer Science Queen Mary University of London

A compact filtering antenna system with wide-angle scanning is proposed for vehicle to infrastructure(V2I) communication which would handle complex communication scenarios. In this work, a wide beam filtering antenna is realized by using some inductive resistance structures such as metal pins and pillars, and capacitive structures such as slots, parasitical patches to produce the radiation nulls at two sides of the operating frequency band and improve the impedance matching in the passband. Meanwhile, the wide beam capability is also realized by the above structure. Furthermore, two H-and E-plane linear arrays are designed for the beam scanning capability with filtering characteristics based on the proposed antenna. To verify the proposed design concept, a prototype is fabricated and measured. The measurement and simulation agree well, demonstrating an excellent filtering characteristic with the operating frequency band from 3.18 to 3.45 GHz(about 8.1%), the high total efficiency of about 88%, and 3-d B-beamwidth of more than 100° and 120° in the above two arrays, respectively. Additionally, the proposed arrays can realize the beam scanning up to the coverage of 112° and 120° with a lower gain reduction and a good filtering characteristic, respectively.

关键词： Filtering antenna Wide beam beam scanning beam steering Phased array

Improved beam steering Method Using OAM Waves

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Computer Systems Science & Engineering 2023年第7期46卷 417-431页

作者： Nidal Qasem Ahmad Alamayreh Department of Electronics and Communications Engineering Al-Ahliyya Amman UniversityAmmanJordan

Orbital Angular Momentum(OAM)is an intrinsic feature of electromagnetic waves which has recently found many applications in several areas in radio and optics.In this paper,we use OAM wave characteristics to present a simple method for beam steering over both elevation and azimuth planes.The design overcomes some limitations of traditional steering methods,such as limited dynamic range of steering,the design complexity,bulky size of the steering structure,the limited bandwidth of operation,and low gain.Based on OAM wave characteristics,the proposed steering method avoids design complexities by adopting a simple method for generating the OAM-carrying waves.The waves are generated by an array of Planar Circular Dipole(PCD)elements.These elements are designed to cover a wide bandwidth range between 3 and 30 GHz.The transmitting array shows an enhanced gain value from 8.5 dBi to almost 11.5 dBi at the broadside angle.Besides the enhanced PCD-based OAM generation,the novelty of the design lies in a new method of beam steering.beam steering is then performed by controlling the electrical feeding of the PCD elements;the beam azimuthal location is managed by turning off some of the PCD elements,while the elevation is determined by changing the gradient phase of excitation for the turned-on PCD elements.Detailed analysis of the steering method is carried out by finding the mathematical model of the system and the generated waves.The performance has been verified through numerical simulators.

关键词： Antenna array bandwidth beam steering orbital angular momentum

beam steering characteristics in high-power quantum-cascade lasers emitting at∼4.6µm

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Chinese Physics B 2021年第3期30卷 96-99页

作者：孙永强张锦川程凤敏宁超卓宁翟慎强刘峰奇刘俊岐刘舒曼王占国 Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Materials Science Institute of SemiconductorsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Semiconductor Materials and DevicesBeijing 100083China Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100049China Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Sciences Beijing 100193China

A beam steering effect of high-power quantum cascade(QC) lasers emitting at 4.6 μm was investigated. The continuous wave(CW) output power of an uncoated, 6-mm-long, 7.5-μm-wide buried-heterostructure QC laser at 25℃ was as high as 854.2 m W. The maximum beam steering angle was offset by ±14.2° from the facet normal(0°) in pulsed mode. The phenomenon was judged explicitly by combining the diffraction limit theory and Fourier transform of the spectra. It was also verified by finite element method software simulation and the calculation of two-dimensional(2 D)effective-index model. The observed steering is consistent with a theory for coherence between the two lowest order lateral modes. Therefore, we have established an intrinsic linkage between the spectral instabilities and the beam steering by using the Fourier transform of the spectra, and further presented an extremely valid method to judge the beam steering. The content of this method includes both three equidistant peak positions in the Fourier transform of the spectra and the beam quality located between once the diffraction limit(DL) and twice the DL.

关键词： beam steering quantum cascade lasers fourier transform of the spectra 2D effective-index model

beam steering correction of the quarter wave resonator in the HISCL

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Chinese Physics C 2014年第10期38卷 107-110页

作者：刘淑会王志军张聪何源 Insititution of Modern Physics the Chinese Academy of Sciences

The Intensity Heavy Ion Superconducting Linear Accelerator as the injector of the High Intensity Heavy- Ion Accelerator Facility, which is a new project proposed in China has been designed. One of the design options in the low energy part is based on Quarter Wave Resonators （QWRs）. However, because of the unsymmetrical geometry of the cavity, there are dipole fields near the beam hole, which may steer the beam vertically, thus leading to emittance growth and beam loss. The effect of the dipole mode field is analyzed, and a method to overcome the beam steering effect by placing QWRs with opposite orientation is proposed in this paper. The simulation results show that the beam steering effect is reduced effectively by this method, and the deviation of the beam centroid is decreased from 2.87 mm to 0.1 mm. The emittance growth is also smaller.

关键词： QWR lattice structural layout beam steering

A 1-bit electronically reconfigurable beam steerable metasurface reflectarray with multiple polarization manipulations

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Chinese Physics B 2024年第1期33卷 384-394页

作者：史琰徐茜雅王少泽魏文岳武全伟 School of Electronic Engineering Xidian UniversityXi'an 710071China

A 1-bit electronically controlled metasurface reflectarray is presented to achieve beam steering with multiple polarization manipulations. A metsurface unit cell loaded by two PIN diodes is designed. By switching the two PIN diodes between ON and OFF states, the isotropic and anisotropic reflections can be flexibly achieved. For either the isotropic reflection or the anisotropic reflection, the two operation states achieve the reflection coefficients with approximately equal magnitude and 180°out of phase, thus giving rise to the isotropic/anisotropic 1-bit metasurface unit cells. With the 1-bit unit cells, a 12-by-12 metasurface reflectarray is optimally designed and fabricated. Under either y-or x-polarized incident wave illumination, the reflectarray can achieve the co-polarized and cross-polarized beam scanning, respectively, with the peak gains of 20.08 d Bi and 17.26 d Bi within the scan range of about ±50°. With the right-handed circular polarization(RHCP) excitation, the left-handed circular polarization(LHCP) radiation with the peak gain of 16.98 d Bic can be achieved within the scan range of ±50°. Good agreement between the experimental results and the simulation results are observed for 2D beam steering and polarization manipulation capabilities.

关键词： electronically controlled metasurface reflectarray beam steering polarization manipulation

Ultra-thin two-dimensional transmissive anisotropic metasurfaces for polarization filter and beam steering application

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Chinese Physics B 2016年第10期25卷 132-138页

作者：郭文龙王光明李海鹏张昆蔡通 Air and Missile Defense College Air Force Engineering University

We propose an anisotropic planar transmitting metasurface, which has the ability to manipulate orthogonally-polarized electromagnetic waves in the reflection and refraction modes respectively. The metasurface is composed of four layered rectangular patches spaced by three layered dielectric isolators each with a thickness of 0.15λ0 at 15 GHz. By tailoring the sizes of the patches, the metasurface functions as a band-stop filter for the y-polarzied wave and a band-pass filter for the x-polarized wave operating from 14 GHz to 16 GHz. Moreover the phases of the transmitting x-polarized wave can be modulated at about 15 GHz, which contributes to beam steering according to the general refraction law. Experimental results are in good accordance with the simulated ones, in which the reflection efficiency is almost 100% while the transmission efficiency of the x-polarized wave reaches 80% at 15 GHz. Besides, the transmitted x-polarized wave is effectively manipulated from 14 GHz to 16 GHz.

关键词： metasurface beam steering polarization beam splitter

Broadband beam steering for misaligned multi-mode OAM communication systems

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Journal of Systems Engineering and Electronics 2021年第4期32卷 779-788页

作者： TIAN Zhengjuan CHEN Rui LONG Wenxuan ZHOU Hong MORETTI Marco School of Communication Engineering Xidian UniversityXi’an 710071China Department of Information Engineering University of PisaPisa 56126Italy

Orbital angular momentum(OAM)at radio frequency(RF)has attracted more and more attention as a novel approach of multiplexing a set of orthogonal OAM modes on the same frequency channel to achieve high spectral efficiency(SE).However,the precondition for maintaining the orthogonality among different OAM modes is perfect alignment of the transmit and receive uniform circular arrays(UCAs),which is difficult to be satisfied in practical wireless communication scenarios.Therefore,to achieve available multi-mode OAM broadband wireless communication,we first investigate the effect of oblique angles on the transmission performance of the multi-mode OAM broadband system in the non-parallel misalignment case.Then,we compare the UCA-based RF analog and baseband digital transceiver structures and corresponding beam steering schemes.Mathematical analysis and numerical simulations validate that the SE of the misaligned multi-mode OAM broadband system is quite low,while analog and digital beam steering(DBS)both can significantly improve the SE of the system.However,DBS can obtain higher SE than analog beam steering especially when the bandwidth and the number of array elements are large,which validates that the baseband digital transceiver with DBS is more suitable for multi-mode OAM broadband wireless communication systems in practice.

关键词： orbital angular momentum(OAM) uniform circular array(UCA) broadband wireless communication misalignment beam steering

Programmable agile beam steering based on a liquid crystal prism

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Chinese Physics B 2011年第11期20卷 317-322页

作者：徐林黄子强杨若夫 School of Optoelectronic Information University of Electronic Science and Technology of China

To meet the application need for agile precision beam steering, a novel liquid crystal prism device with a simple structure, convenient control, low cost and applicable performance is presented, and analysed theoretically and experimentally. The relationships between the optical path and the thickness of the liquid crystal cell under different voltages are investigated quantitatively by using a theoretical model. Analysis results show that the optical path profile of the liquid crystal prism has a quasi-linear slope and the standard deviation of the linear slope is less than 16 nm. The slope ratio can be changed by a voltage, which achieves the programmable beam steering and control. Practical liquid crystal prism devices are fabricated. Their deflection angles and wavefront profiles with different voltages are experimentally tested. The results are in good agreement with the simulated results. The results imply that the agile beam steering in a scope of 100μrad with a micro-rad resolution is substantiated in the device. The two-dimensional beam steering is also achieved by cascading two liquid crystal prism devices.

关键词： liquid crystal polarization devices beam steering optical scanner