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Alternative Method to Evaluate Performance Improvement Rate in athletics Middle Distance Events

Journal of Science in Sport and Exercise 2022年第2期4卷 128-134页

作者： Lucas Pinheiro Barbosa Patrick Aguiar Santos Samuel Silva Aguiar Herbert Gustavo Simões Pantelis Theodoros Nikolaidis Beat Knechtle Caio Victor Sousa Graduate Program in Physical Education Catholic University of BrasíliaBrasíliaDFBrazil Exercise Physiology Laboratory NikaiaGreece School of Health and Care Sciences University of West AtticaAthensGreece Medbase St.Gallen Am Vadianplatz Vadianstrasse 269001 St.GallenSwitzerland Institute of Primary Care University of ZurichZurichSwitzerland Bouve College of Health Sciences Northeastern UniversityBostonMAUSA

Purpose The aims of this study were to propose an alternative method to assess an optimal performance improvement rate(PIR)that would be used as a tool for coaches and elite athletes willing to reach their personal best,mainly those seeking for national,continental or even world record(WR)in middle-distance *** further compared the improvement rate of women *** of the top-10 ranked athletes in the IAAF running these middle-distance events Method The top 10 athletes in the IAAF ranking of 800 m,1500 m,and 3000 m events for each sex were assessed for their history of race times before achieving their personal record(PR).The difference between PR(‘actual’season)and the best race time in the last season was defined as the 1st season improvement rate(1-SIR),whereas the average improvement rate in the last and preceding seasons was the multi-season improvement rate(M-SIR).1-SIR and M-SIR were calculated for each *** There were sex differences in the 1500 m with a large effect size(d=−0.746)in 1-SIR(P=0.001)and very large(d=−2.249)in M-SIR(P=0.001).Women improved more than men before the PR/WR achievements in the 800 m and 1500 m events(P=0.001)and had similar improvement rates before performing PR/WR in 3000 m events(P=0.533).Conclusion Women improve more before PR/WR achievement in 800 m and 1500 m ***,in the 3000 m men and women have similar improvement rates in previous seasons before the PR/WR achievement.

关键词： Performance Running Track-and-field Middle-distance athletics

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Ultimate Olympics Records in athletics Using Extreme Value Theory

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Open Journal of Applied Sciences 2022年第4期12卷 541-554页

作者： Fumio Maruyama Department of Sports and Health Science Matsumoto University Matsumoto Japan

Extreme value theory provides methods to analyze the most extreme parts of data. We used the generalized extreme value (GEV) distribution to predict the ultimate 100 m, 200 m, 400 m, 4 × 100 m relay, and long jump records of male gold medalists at the Olympics. The diagnostic plots, which assessed the accuracy of the GEV model, were fitted to all event records, validating the model. The 100 m, 200 m, 400 m, 4 × 100 m, and long jump records had negative shape parameters and calculated upper limits of 9.58 s, 19.18 s, 42.97 s, 36.71 s, and 9.03 m, respectively. The calculated upper limit in the 100 m (9.58 s) was equal to the record of Usain Bolt (August 16, 2009). The 100 m and 200 m world records were close to the calculated upper limits, and achieving the calculated limit was difficult. The 400 m and 4 × 100 m relay world records were almost equal to the calculated upper limits and the 500-year return level estimate, and slight improvement was possible in both. At the Tokyo Olympics in August 2021, in the 100 m, 200 m, and 4 × 100 m, in one year the probability of occurrence for a record was about 1/30. In the 400 m and long jump, it was about 1/20. In the 100 m, 200 m, and 4 × 100 m relay, more difficult records show that a fierce battle has taken place.

关键词： athletics 100 m 200 m 400 m 4 × 100 m Relay Long Jump Extreme Value Theory GEV Model

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Health care data analysis and visualization using interactive data exploration for sportsperson

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Science China(Information Sciences) 2022年第6期65卷 85-97页

作者： Hao LIU Yang ZHANG Ke LIAN Yifei ZHANG Oscar Sanjuán MARTíNEZ Rubén González CRESPO Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences Kunsan National University Department of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering Ludong University Computer Science Department School of Engineering and Technology Universidad Internacional de La Rioja

Sports have scored significant attention among the public in this multifaceted world. Diverse training strategies are followed by many athletics and even flexible to adapt comfortable and optimal techniques. This fact has led physicians and educators to encourage remote health surveillance as one of the core strategies in athletic training. The need for innovative data exploration methodologies capable of facing Big Data’s influence to make remote monitoring services viable has been raised by the growing ties of networks that deliver high quantities of real-time data. This paper presents an interactive healthcare data exploration and visualization(IHDEV) model to enhance multi-scaling data analysis and visualization in the athletic health vision platform. This paper aims to simplify optimization methods to measure sportsperson muscle tension. This model illustrates a three-layer architecture with a raw data acquisition layer, data analysis layer, and visualization layer. The first layer considers the acquisition of health-related data from the athletes for remote monitoring using IoT and stores it into the cloud. The data analysis layer adapts artificial intelligence(AI) in data mining. The final layer introduces an intelligent interactive data visualization model assisted by a reactive workflow mechanism, enabling analysis and visualization solutions to be composed in a personalized data flow appropriate to the athletic training. This experimental study extended with two healthcare datasets to show the feasibility of IHDEV in promoting healthcare based athletic monitoring and improves the accuracy ratio of 96.7%, prediction ratio of 96.2%, an efficiency ratio of 96.8%, Pearson correlation coefficient of 98.2%, and reduces the error rate of 18.7% compared to other conventional models.

关键词： artificial intelligence health monitoring data visualization data analysis athletics

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Pacing profiles and tactical behaviors of elite runners

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Journal of Sport and Health Science 2021年第5期10卷 537-549页

作者： Arturo Casado Brian Hanley Pedro Jimenez-Reyes Andrew Renfree Faculty of Health Sciences Isabel I UniversityBurgos 09003Spain Carnegie School of Sports Leeds Beckett UniversityLeeds LS63QSUK Centre for Sport Studies Rey Juan Carlos UniversityMadrid 28943Spain Institute of Sport and Exercise Science University of WorcesterWorcester WR26AJUK

The pacing behaviors used by elite athletes differ among individual sports,necessitating the study of sport-specific pacing ***,pacing behaviors adopted by elite runners differ depending on race ***“all-out”strategy,characterized by initial rapid acceleration and reduction in speed in the later stages,is observed during 100 m and 200 m events;400 m runners also display positive pacing patterns,which is characterized by a reduction in speed throughout the ***,800 m runners typically adopt a positive pacing strategy during paced“meet”***,during championship races,depending on the tactical approaches used by dominant athletes,pacing can be either positive or negative(characterized by an increase in speed throughout).A U-shaped pacing strategy(characterized by a faster start and end than during the middle part of the race)is evident during world record performances at meet races in 1500 m,5000 m,and 10,000 m *** a parabolic J-shaped pacing profile(in which the start is faster than the middle part of the race but is slower than the endspurt)can be observed during championship 1500 m races,a negative pacing strategy with microvariations of pace is adopted by 5000 m and 10,000 m runners in championship *** cross country and marathon championship races are characterized by a positive pacing strategy;whereas a U-shaped pacing strategy,which is the result of a fast endspurt,is adopted by 3000 m steeplechasers and half *** contrast,recent world record marathon performances have been characterized by even pacing,which emphasizes the differences between championship and meet races at distances longer than 800 *** reviewed suggest further recommendations for *** the whole race,800 m runners should avoid running wide on the *** turn,during major championship events,1500 m,5000 m,and 10,000 m runners should try to run close to the inside of the track as much as possible during t

关键词： athletics Distance running Pacing Sprinting

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Validation of a method to predict hammer speed from cable force

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Journal of Sport and Health Science 2015年第3期4卷 258-262页

作者： Sara M. Brice Kevin F. Ness Doug Rosemond School on Engineering and Physical Sciences James Cook University Townsville QLD 4811 Australia Movement Sciences - Biomechanics Australian Institute of Sport Canberra ACT 6217 Australia

Purpose： The purpose of this study was to develop and validate a method that would facilitate immediate feedback on linear hammer speed during training. Methods： Three-dimensional hammer head positional data were measured and used to calculate linear speed （calculated speed） and cable force. These data were used to develop two linear regression models （shifted and non-shifted） that would allow prediction of hammer speed from measured cable force data （predicted speed）. The accuracy of the two models was assessed by comparing the predicted and calculated speeds. Averages of the coefficient of multiple correlation （CMC） and the root mean square （RMS） of the difference between the predicted and calculated speeds for each throw of each participant were used to assess the level of accuracy of the predicted speeds. Results： Both regression models had high CMC values （0.96 and 0.97） and relatively low RMS values （1.27 m/s and 1.05 m/s） for the non-shifted and shifted models, respectively. In addition, the average percentage differences between the predicted and calculated speeds were 6.6% and 4.7% for the non-shifted and shifted models, respectively. The RMS differences between release speeds attained via the two regression models and those attained via three-dimensional positional data were also computed. The RMS differences between the predicted and calculated release speeds were 0.69 m/s and 0.46 m/s for the non-shifted and shifted models, respectively. Conclusion： This study successfully derived and validated a method that allows prediction of linear hammer speed from directly measured cable force data. Two linear regression models were developed and it was found that either model would be capable of predicting accurate speeds. However, data predicted using the shifted regression model were more accurate.

关键词： athletics Force Hammer Measurement Speed Throwing

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Stress of the Off-Season May Be Greater for the Student-Athlete than during Competition: A Pilot Study

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Journal of Behavioral and Brain Science 2017年第7期7卷 304-310页

作者： Jeannie D. DiClementi Anna Reese Tyler Borsa Department of Psychology Indiana University-Purdue University Fort Wayne Fort Wayne IN USA

We assessed 16 student-athletes in their first year of college on several dimensions, including severity of psychological and physical symptoms, mental health upset, academic concerns, suicidal tendencies, depressive outlook, anxiety and tension, attention difficulties, and alcohol abuse. We assessed half during their sports’ competition season and half during their off-season. Results pointed to increased perceived stress during the down time of off season. It may be that for student-athletes, the structure of competition season offsets the stress of competition, such that when the structure is removed or lessened, perceived stress increases. Implications of these data are discussed as well as plans for developing follow-up studies.

关键词： College Student-Athletes athletics and Stress Millon College Counseling Inventory Student-Athlete Adjustment

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Analysis of Japan and World Records in the 100 m Dash Using Extreme Value Theory

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Journal of Applied Mathematics and Physics 2021年第7期9卷 1442-1451页

作者： Fumio Maruyama Department of Sports and Health Science Matsumoto University Matsumoto Japan

Extreme value theory provides methods to analyze the most extreme parts of data. We predicted the ultimate 100 m dash records for men and women for specific periods using the generalized extreme value (GEV) distribution. The various diagnostic plots, which assessed the accuracy of the GEV model, were well fitted to the 100 m records in the world and Japan, validating the model. The men’s world record had a shape parameter of -0.250 with a 95% confidence interval of [-0.391, -0.109]. The 100 m record had a finite limit and a calculated upper limit was 9.46 s. The return level estimates for the men’s world record were 9.74, 9.62, and 9.58 s with a 95% confidence interval of [9.69, 9.79], [9.54, 9.69], and [9.48, 9.67] for 10-, 100- and 350-year return periods, respectively. In one year, the probability of occurrence for a new world record of men, 9.58 s (Usain Bolt), was 1/350, while that for women, 10.49 s (Florence Griffith-Joyner), was about 1/100, confirming it was more difficult for men to break records than women.

关键词： athletics 100 m Running Extreme Value Theory GEV Model

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The Roses of Durham

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Journal of Sports Science 2018年第3期6卷 186-192页

作者： Olin L.Adams III Rebekah Keenon Auburn University AuburnAlabama 36849United States of America

This paper recalls the 1942 Rose Bowl game,which was relocated from its traditional site at Pasadena,California,to Duke University in Durham,North *** Tournament of Roses nearly cancelled the game after a government request to avoid large crowds on the West Coast,in light of the Japanese attack on Pearl ***,originally selected as the visiting team to play Pacific Coast Conference champion Oregon State University,resolved the dilemma by offering to stage the game at its campus *** Stadium had a capacity of only 35,000,much smaller than the Rose Bowl stadium,and 20,000 temporary seats from nearby University of North Carolina and North Carolina State University were added to accommodate *** the strength of a 13-point third quarter,Oregon State upset undefeated Duke,20-16,in the 28th Rose Bowl *** game returned to Pasadena the following *** Allied victory at the Battle of Midway and stabilization of the Pacific Theater of war,the West Coast was considered secure enough to host large *** move of the 1942 Rose Bowl was the first of many impacts on sport generally and college football in particular caused by World War *** male enrollment reduced drastically,many colleges and universities did not field a football team for one or more seasons during the *** players were killed in action,including some who competed in the 1942 Rose *** likewise joined the war effort,notably Wallace Wade of *** the war,the readjustment of servicemen extended to the gridiron,as football rosters included many *** the 1942 Rose Bowl has new relevance beyond its 75th *** 2008 Southeastern Conference men’s basketball tournament was moved when a tornado struck *** 2015 terrorists attacked a soccer stadium in Paris,raising new consciousness of the global threat of *** managers strive to make events safe,not only at the venue,but within an expanding perimeter.

关键词： Intercollegiate athletics sport history Rose Bowl World War II contingency management

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A Methodology for Developing Speed and Endurance of Teenagers

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Journal of Sports Science 2015年第5期3卷 223-227页

作者： Velizar T. Pavlov Veneta Simeonova University of Ruse Studentska Str. 8 Ruse 7017 Bulgaria High School of Tourism Lipnik Str. 4 Ruse 7000 Bulgaria

The problem is a sustained decline in the average level of overall physical abilities of young people in Bulgaria. The aim of this work is to prepare a methodology for developing physical qualities： speed and endurance of teenagers and to implement it in lessons in Physical Education and Sport. Research methods include sports pedagogical experiment, testing and data analysis. Two groups were observed： a control and an experimental one. Our methodology is based on specialized athletics exercises. Their effectiveness is proved by depth statistical data analysis. The main result of the application of the methodology is significant positive changes in the speed and endurance of boys in the experimental group. Some personal comments about the experiment and conclusions are given.

关键词： Physical workability speed endurance athletics methods data analysis.

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