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Cytoprotection behind heme oxygenase-1 in renal diseases

World Journal of Nephrology 2012年第1期1卷 4-11页

作者： Matheus Correa-Costa Mariane Tami Amano Niels Olsen Saraiva Camara Laboratory of Transplantation Immunobiology Department of ImmunologyInstitute of Biomedical Sciences IVUniversity of S?o Paulo05508-000Sao PauloBrazil

Renal insults are considered a public health problem and are linked to increased rates of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The heme oxygenase(HO) system consists of evolutionary specialized machinery that degrades free heme and produces carbon monoxide, biliverdin and free iron. In this sense, the inducible isoform HO-1 seems to develop an important role and is widely studied. The reaction involved with the HO-1 molecule provides protection to injured tissue, directly by reducing the toxic heme molecule and indirectly by the release of its byproducts. The up regulation of HO-1 enzyme has largely been described as providing antioxidant, antiapoptotic, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties. Several works have explored the importance of HO-1 in renal diseases and they have provided consistent evidence that its overexpression has beneficial effects in such injuries. So, in this review we will focus on the role of HO-1 in kidney insults, exploring the protective effects of its up regulation and the enhanced deleterious effects of its inhibition or gene deletion.

关键词： Heme oxigenase-1 Renal cytoprotection antioxidants anti-infammatory Renal diseases

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New treatments for diabetic macular edema

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World Journal of Ophthalmology 2015年第2期5卷 45-54页

作者： Farhan Husain Zaidi Ejaz Ansari Department of Ophthalmology Queen Alexandra Hospital Portsmouth Hospitals NHS Trust Eye Ear and Mouth Unit Maidstone and Tunbridge Wells NHS Trust Department of Physical Sciences University of Kent

This work comprehensively reviews the latest treatment options for diabetic macular edema(DME) used in its management and presents further work on the *** retinopathy is an important and increasingly prevalent cause of preventable blindness worldwide. To meet this increasing burden there has recently been a proliferation of pharmacological therapies being used in clinical practice. A variety of medical treatment options now exist for DME. These include non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs such as nepafenac, as well as intravitreal steroids like triamcinolone(kenalog). Longterm results up to 7 years after commencing treatment are presented for triamcinolone. Studies are reviewed on the use of dexamethasone(ozurdex) and fluocinolone(Retisert and Iluvien implants) including the FAME studies. A variety of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor(anti-VEGF) agents used in DME are considered in detail including ranibizumab(lucentis) and the RESTORE, RIDE, RISE and Diabetic Retinopathy Clinical Research Network(***) studies. Bevacizumab(avastin) and pegaptinib(macugen) are also considered. The use of aflibercept(eylea) is reviewed including the significance of the DA VINCI, VISTA-DME, VIVIDDME and the *** studies which have recently suggested potentially greater efficacy when treating DME for aflibercept in patients with more severely reduced visual acuity at baseline. Evidence for the antiVEGF agent bevasiranib is also considered. Studies of anti-tumour necrosis factor agents like infliximab are reviewed. So are studies of other agents targeting inflammation including minocycline, rapamycin(sirolimus) and protein kinase C inhibitors such as midostaurin and ruboxistaurin. The protein kinase C β inhibitor Diabetic Macular Edema Study is considered. Other agents which have been suggested for DME are discussed including cyclo-oxygenase-2 inhibitors like celecoxib, phospholipase A2 inhibitors, recombinant erythropoietin, and monoclonal anti-interleukin anti

关键词： Diabetic macular edema Diabetic macular oedema Triamcinolone anti-vascular endothelial growth factor agents Steroids Non-steroidal anti-infammatory drugs Biologicals Protein kinase C inhibitors

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