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Effect of age on the standardized ileal amino acid digestibility of soybean meal and canola meal in broilers

Animal Nutrition 2024年第1期16卷 11-22页

作者： Mukti Barua M.Reza Abdollahi Faegheh Zaefarian Timothy J.Wester Channarayapatna K.Girish Peter V.Chrystal Velmurugu Ravindran Monogastric Research Center School of Agriculture and Environment Massey University Department of Animal Science and Nutrition Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University Nutrition and Care Animal NutritionEvonik (SEA) Pte. Ltd Complete Feed Solutions

Standardized ileal digestibility coefficients (SIDC) of nitrogen (N) and amino acids (AA) in two protein sources (soybean meal [SBM] and canola meal [CM]) were investigated at six broiler ages (d 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, and 42). Two assay diets were formulated to contain either SBM (413 g/kg) or CM (553 g/kg) as the sole dietary AA source. Titanium dioxide (5 g/kg) was added as an indigestible marker. A total of 696 male broilers at 1 d old were allotted to 12 replicate cages per age group. Each assay diet was offered to birds for 4 d prior to the ileal digesta collection on d 7 (14 birds/cage), 14 (12 birds/cage), 21 (10 birds/cage), 28 (8 birds/cage), 35 (8 birds/cage) and 42 (6 birds/cage), respectively. The apparent digestibility coefficients were standardized using age-specific basal endogenous AA flows. In the SBM group, though the SIDC of N tended to be influenced (quadratic; P=0.075) by age, no linear or quadratic response of age effect was observed on the average SIDC of indispensable (IAA) and total AA (TAA). An age effect (quadratic; P<0.05) was observed on the average SIDC of dispensable AA (DAA) in SBM with the highest value recorded at d 7, followed by a decrease from d 14 to 28, which increased beyond d 35. The SIDC of some individual AA (Arg, Thr, Trp, Cys, Pro) were affected (P<0.05 or P<0.001) in a quadratic manner by age. In the CM, the SIDC of N, average SIDC of IAA, DAA and TAA were influenced (quadratic; P<0.05 or P<0.001) by age. The SIDC of N and average SIDC of DAA and TAA were higher from d 7 to 14, declined at d 21, and then increased beyond d 28. The average SIDC of IAA was low between d 7 and 28 and increased thereafter. The SIDC of individual AA were affected (linear or quadratic; P<0.05 or P<0.001) by different magnitudes by age. The age influence on the SIDC AA was variable, depending on the protein source and AA. The results demonstrate that age-specific SIDC AA data might need consideration in broiler feed formulations.

关键词： Age amino acid Broiler Digestibility Protein source

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amino acid Encryption Method Using Genetic Algorithm for Key Generation

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Computers, Materials & Continua 2022年第1期70卷 123-134页

作者： Ahmed S.Sakr M.Y.Shams Amena Mahmoud Mohammed Zidan Department of Information System Faculty of Computers and InformationMenofia UniversityEgypt Department of Machine learning and Information Retrieval Faculty of Artificial IntelligenceKafrelsheikh UniversityEgypt Department of Computer Science Faculty of Computers and InformationKafrelshiekh UniversityEgypt Hurghada Faculty of Computers and Artificial Intelligence South Valley UniversityEgypt

In this new information era,the transfer of data and information has become a very important matter.Transferred data must be kept secured from unauthorized persons using cryptography.The science of cryptography depends not only on complex mathematical models but also on encryption keys.amino acid encryption is a promising model for data security.In this paper,we propose an amino acid encryption model with two encryption keys.The first key is generated randomly using the genetic algorithm.The second key is called the protein key which is generated from converting DNA to a protein message.Then,the protein message and the first key are used in the modified Playfair matrix to generate the cypher message.The experimental results show that the proposed model survives against known attacks such as the Brute-force attack and the Ciphertext-only attack.In addition,the proposed model has been tested over different types of characters including white spaces and special characters,as all the data is encoded to 8-bit binary.The performance of the proposed model is compared with other models using encryption time and decryption time.The model also balances all three principles in the CIA triad.

关键词： Cryptography amino acid genetic algorithm playfair deep learning DNA computing

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amino acid permease 6 regulates grain protein content in maize

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The Crop Journal 2022年第6期10卷 1536-1544页

作者： Tianyi Wang Yunfei Li Yumin Huang Xiaoming Zhao Zhaobin Dong Weiwei Jin Wei Huang State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry National Maize Improvement Center of ChinaBeijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementKey Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and UtilizationMinistry of EducationChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing 100193China College of Agronomy&Resources and Environment Tianjin Agricultural UniversityTianjin 300384China Center for Crop Functional Genomics and Molecular Breeding China Agricultural UniversityBeijing 100193China Sanya Institute of China Agricultural University Sanya 572025HainanChina

Grain protein content(GPC)is an indicator of cereal nutritional quality.Identification of genes involved in the regulation of GPC provides targets for molecular breeding for crop protein quality.We characterized a maize gene encoding the putative amino acid transporter ZmAAP6,a gene expressed mainly in immature seeds,especially in the basal endosperm transfer layer.Total protein and zein contents were decreased in ZmAAP6 null mutants and increased in ZmAAP6 overexpression(OE)lines,consistent with their changed in the size of protein bodies.Metabolic and transcriptomic analysis supported the regulatory role of ZmAAP6 in amino acid transportation.These results suggest that ZmAAP6 functions as a positive regulator of GPC in maize,shedding new light on the genetic basis of GPC regulation.

关键词： Grain protein content amino acid Maize amino acid permease

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The influence of non-bound amino acid inclusions and starch-protein digestive dynamics on growth performance of broiler chickens offered wheat-based diets with two crude protein concentrations

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Animal Nutrition 2023年第4期15卷 399-408页

作者： Shemil P.Macelline Michael T.Kidd Peter V.Chrystal Mehdi Toghyani Peter H.Selle Sonia Y.Liu Poultry Research Foundation The University of SydneyCamden NSW 2570Australia School of Life and Environmental Sciences Faculty of ScienceThe University of SydneySydney NSW 2006Australia Center of Excellence for Poultry Science University of ArkansasFayettevilleAR 72701USA Complete Feed Solutions Howick2145New Zealand Sydney School of Veterinary Science The University of SydneySydney NSW 2006Australia

The primary objective of this study was to investigate the influence of high and low inclusions of nonbound amino acid(NBAA)in standard and reduced-crude protein(CP),wheat-based diets on growth performance in broiler chickens.Dietary treatments were formulated to either 210 or 180 g/kg CP.The210 g/kg CP diets contained either 12.1 or 21.1 g/kg NBAA and 180 g/kg CP diets contained either 44.0 or55.5 g/kg NBAA.The formulations also generated different dietary starch:protein ratios which impacted on starch-protein digestive dynamics.Each of the four dietary treatments were offered to 7 replicates of15 birds housed in floor pens from 14 to 35 days post-hatch or a total of 420 male Ross 308 chickens.Growth performance,relative abdominal fat-pad weights,breast muscle and leg shank yields were determined.Ileal starch and protein(N)digestibility coefficients,disappearance rates and starch:protein disappearance rate ratios were defined.Apparent ileal digestibility coefficients and disappearance rates of 16 amino acids were determined at 35 days post-hatch and free concentrations of 20 amino acids in systemic plasma were determined at 34 days post-hatch.The transition from 210 to 180 g/kg CP diets depressed weight gain by 11.3%(1742 versus 1964 g/bird)and FCR by 10.4%(1.606 versus 1.455),although both parameters were subject to treatment interactions.The treatment interaction(P<0.001)observed for FCR was because high NBAA inclusions significantly improved FCR by 4.17%(1.424 versus1.486)in birds offered 210 g/kg CP diets,but significantly depressed FCR by 3.36%(1.632 versus 1.579)in180 g/kg CP diets.A quadratic relationship(r=0.860;P<0.001)between dietary NBAA inclusions and FCR was detected,which indicated that when NBAA inclusions exceed 18.5 g/kg efficiency of feed conversion deteriorated.However,a multiple linear regression(r=0.913;P<0.001)was detected for FCR where both NBAA inclusions and analysed dietary starch:protein ratios were significantly(P<0.001)related to FCR.This relationship indicates that growth performanc

关键词： amino acid Broiler Non-bound amino acid Reduced-crude protein

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Graded methionine dietary inclusions influence growth performance and apparent ileal amino acid digestibility coefficients and disappearance rates in broiler chickens

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Animal Nutrition 2022年第1期8卷 160-168页

作者： Shemil P.Macelline Peter V.Chrystal Leon R.McQuade Bernard V.Mclnerney Yangsu Kim Yumin Bao Peter H.Selle Sonia Y.Liu Poultry Research Foundation The University of SydneyCamdenNSW2570Australia School of Life and Environmental Sciences Faculty of ScienceThe University of SydneySydneyNSW2006Australia Baiada Poultry Ltd Pendle HillNSW2145Australia Australian Proteome Analysis Facility Macquarie UniversitySydneyNSW2109Australia CJ Bio 330Dongho-roJung-guSeoul100-400Republic of Korea Redox Pty Ltd MintoNSW2566Australia Sydney School of Veterinary Science The University of SydneyCamdenNSW2570Australia

Graded quantities of 1.38,2.76 and 4.14 g/kg L-methionine were included in a control diet formulated to contain 3.07 g/kg digestible methionine.Each of the 4 dietary treatments was offered to 6 replicate cages(initially 8 birds per cage)from 1 to 21 d postehatch.The parameters assessed included growth performance,nutrient utilisation(apparent metabolisable energy[AME],AME:GE ratios,N retention,Ncorrected apparent metabolisable energy[AMEn]),apparent digestibility coefficients and disappearance rates of amino acids in the distal ileum.They also included free amino concentrations in systemic plasma(brachial vein)at 20 d postehatch and in hepatic tissue at 14 and 21 d postehatch.Graded L-methionine inclusions quadratically influenced weight gain(r=0.688;P=0.001)and FCR(r=0.780;P<0.001).It may be deduced from the quadratic regressions that 3.43 g/kg L-methionine supported maximum weight gain of 1,036 g/kg and 3.50 g/kg L-methionine minimum FCR of 1.193,from 1 to 21 d postehatch.The control diet contained specified levels of 3.07 g/kg digestible methionine and 13.0 g/kg digestible lysine.Thus,an inclusion of 3.465 g/kg L-methionine corresponded to a total of 6.535 g/kg methionine or a methionine-to-lysine ratio of 50.3,which is higher than standard recommendations.The implications of this and other outcomes of the present study are reported and discussed.

关键词： amino acid Broiler chicken Methionine

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Maternal pyrimidine nucleoside supplementation regulates fatty acid,amino acid and glucose metabolism of neonatal piglets

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Animal Nutrition 2022年第4期11卷 309-321页

作者： Lu-min Gao Gang-yi Liu Hong-ling Wang Teketay Wassie Xin Wu CAS Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region Institute of Subtropical AgricultureChinese Academy of Sciences/National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production/Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry ProductionChangsha410125China Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology Chinese Academy of SciencesTianjin300308China College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences University of Chinese Academy of ScienceBeijing100049China

Pyrimidine nucleosides(PN)are abundant in mammalian milk and mainly involved in glycogen deposition and lipid metabolism.To investigate the effects of maternal supplementation with pyrimidine nucleoside on glucose,fatty acids(FAs),and amino acids(AAs)metabolism in neonatal piglets.Forty pregnant sows were randomly assigned into the control(CON)group(fed a basal diet,n=20)or the PN group(fed a basal diet supplemented with PN at 150 g/t,n=20).Litter size,born alive and birth litter weight were recorded.The serum and placenta of sows,and jejunum and liver of neonatal piglets were sampled.The results indicated that supplementing sow diets with PN decreased birth mortality and increased the birth weight of piglets(P<0.05).In addition,neonates from sows supplemented with PN had higher glucose levels in serum and liver compared with the CON group(P<0.05).Moreover,maternal PN supplementation regulated the ratio of saturated FAs and polyunsaturated FAs,and AAs content in serum and liver of piglets(P<0.05).Furthermore,an up-regulation of m RNA expression of genes related to glucose and AA transport were observed in the neonatal jejunum from the PN group(P<0.05).Additionally,hepatic protein expressions of phosphorylated hormone-sensitive lipase(P-HSL),HSL,sterol regulatory element-binding transcription factor 1c(SREBP-1c),and phosphorylated protein kinase B(P-AKT)was higher in the piglets from the PN group than the CON group(P<0.05).Together,maternal PN supplementation may regulate nutrient metabolism of neonatal piglets by modulating the gene expression of glucose and AA transporters in placenta and jejunum,and the gene and protein expression of key enzymes related to lipid metabolism in liver of neonatal piglets,which may improve the reproductive performance of sows.

关键词： Pyrimidine nucleoside Glucose Fatty acid amino acid Neonatal piglet Sow milk

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Responses in splanchnic and mammary amino acid metabolism to short-term graded removal of methionine in lactating goats

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Animal Nutrition 2023年第2期13卷 116-125页

作者： Yantao Li Mark D.Hanigan Xueyan Lin Zhiyong Hu Zhengui Yan Qiuling Hou Yun Wang Zhonghua Wang Ruminant Nutrition and Physiology Laboratory College of Animal Science and TechnologyShandong Agricultural UniversityTai'an 271018China Department of Dairy Science Virginia TechBlacksburg 24061USA

Four multi-catheterized lactating goats were used in a 4×4 Latin square experiment to investigate the responses of amino acid metabolism in portal-drained viscera(PDV),liver,and mammary glands to short-term varying supplies of methionine(Met).During the last 45 h in each experimental period,goats were fasted for 12 h and then abomasally infused with an amino acid(AA)mixture plus glucose for 33 h.Treatments consisted of graded removal of Met from an infused AA mixture to achieve Met content in the infusate of 100%(complete),60%,30%,or 0%that in casein.Graded Met removal decreased the pro-duction of milk,milk protein,lactose,and fat linearly whilst also decreasing arterial Met concentration linearly(P0.1)was maintained as Met supply declined.This was achieved through increased mammary affinity(Pamino acid(EAA)linearly(0.05

关键词： Methionine Lactating goat Milk protein amino acid Splanchnic tissue

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Relationship between dietary amino acid release kinetics and nitrogen deposition in growing pigs

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Animal Nutrition 2022年第2期9卷 233-239页

作者： Qiyu Zhang Bin Wang Nianzhi Hu Nan Bao Li Pan Yuan Zhao Guixin Qin Key Laboratory of Animal Production Product Quality and SecurityMinistry of EducationJilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed ScienceCollege of Animal Science and TechnologyJilin Agricultural UniversityChangchun130118China

Although the protein content of swine diets is formulated based on the ileal digestibility of protein and amino acids(AA)under current nutrition requirements,the nitrogen utilization efficiency of swine varies based on protein source,which may be related to AA release kinetics.In this experiment,a 2×2 factorial arrangement with casein(CAS)-enriched or corn gluten meal(CGM)-enriched protein sources at different digestible crude protein levels(normal[N],13%;and low[L],11%)were applied to 24 crossbred(DurocLandraceYorkshire)growing pigs(average body weight=43.3±3.5 kg)in 4 treatments(N.CAS,L.CAS,N.CGM,L.CGM,respectively)to investigate the effects of AA release kinetics on nitrogen deposition in growing pigs.Standardized ileal digestible AA in all diets were balanced by adding individual AA to meet the nutrient requirements.The AA release kinetics were detected in vitro by measuring the hydrolysis of various protein diets under pepsin and trypsin conditions.The results demonstrated that the time of AA release peak in the CGM diet was 12 h later than that in the CAS diet.The synchronization indices of dietary AA release in N.CAS,N.CGM,L.CAS,and L.CGM were 23.73%,29.37%,23.40%,and 26.07%,respectively.The N.CGM had the poorest AA release synchronism while the N.CAS had the greatest among the 4 diets.However,within the pigs,L.CAS and N.CGM showed the highest(81.08%)and lowest(73.54%)nitrogen biological values,respectively,despite the standard ileal digestible AA levels being equal for all diets.These results indicate that the release kinetics of dietary AA had great effect on nitrogen deposition.To optimize nitrogen deposition,AA release kinetics and composition should be taken into consideration when formulating diets for growing pigs.

关键词： amino acid Growing pig Nitrogen deposition Release kinetics Synchronization

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Natural variations of OsAUX5,a target gene of OsWRKY78,control the neutral essential amino acid content in rice grains

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Molecular Plant 2023年第2期16卷 322-336页

作者： Yuheng Shi Yuanyuan Zhang Yangyang Sun Ziyang Xie Yu Luo Qiyuan Long Jiahui Feng Xueqing Liu Bi Wang Dujun He Junxia Ren Peizhen Guo Junwei Xing Liqiang He Alisdair RFernie Wei Chen Xianqing Liu Yuehua Luo Cheng Jin Jie Luo Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed LaboratorySanya 572025China College of Tropical Crops Hainan UniversityHaikou 570228China Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology 14476 Potsdam-GolmGermany National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research(Wuhan) Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan 430070China

Grain essential amino acid(EAA)levels contribute to rice nutritional quality.However,the molecular mechanisms underlying EAA accumulation and natural variation in rice grains remain unclear.Here we report the identification of a previously unrecognized auxin influx carrier subfamily gene,OsAUX5,which encodes an amino acid transporter that functions in uptake of multiple amino acids.We identified an elite haplotype of Pro::OsAUX5^(Hap2) that enhances grain EAA accumulation without an apparent negative effect on agronomic traits.Natural variations of OsAUX5 occur in the cis elements of its promoter,which are differentially activated because of the different binding affinity between OsWRKY78 and the W-box,contributing to grain EAA variation among rice varieties.The two distinct haplotypes were shown to have originated from different Oryza rufipogon progenitors,which contributed to the divergence between japonica and indica.Introduction of the indica-type Pro::OsAUX5^(Hap2) genotype into japonica could significantly increase EAA levels,indicating that indica-type Pro::OsAUX5^(Hap2) can be utilized to increase grain EAAs of japonica varieties.Collectively,our study uncovers an WRKY78–OsAUX5-based regulatory mechanism controlling grain EAA accumulation and provides a potential target for breeding EAA-rich rice.

关键词： amino acid natural variation transcriptional regulation Oryza sativa

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amino acids in piglet diarrhea: Effects, mechanisms and insights

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Animal Nutrition 2024年第1期16卷 267-274页

作者： Xihong Zhou Jing Liang Xia Xiong Yulong Yin Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region Institute of Subtropical Agriculture The Chinese Academy of Sciences College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences

Piglet diarrhea is among one of the most serious health problems faced by the pig industry, resulting in significant economic losses. Diarrheal disease in piglets has a multifactorial etiology that is affected by physiology, environment, and management strategy. Diarrhea is the most apparent symptom of intestinal dysfunction. As a key class of essential nutrients in the piglet diet, amino acids confer a variety of beneficial effects on piglets in addition to being used as a substrate for protein synthesis, including maintaining appropriate intestinal integrity, permeability and epithelial renewal, and alleviating morphological damage and inflammatory and oxidative stress. Thus, provision of appropriate levels of amino acids could alleviate piglet diarrhea. Most amino acid effects are mediated by metabolites, gut microbes, and related signaling pathways. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of dietary amino acid effects on gut health and diarrhea incidence in piglets, and reveal the mechanisms involved. We also provide ideas for using amino acid blends and emphasize the importance of amino acid balance in the diet to prevent diarrhea in piglets.

关键词： Piglet amino acid Diarrhea Gut microbe Immune

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