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The role of airborne particles and environmental considerations in the transmission of SARS-CoV-2

Geoscience Frontiers 2021年第5期12卷 1-16页

作者： Longyi Shao Shuoyi Ge Tim Jones M.Santosh Luis F.O.Silva Yaxin Cao Marcos L.S.Oliveira Mengyuan Zhang Kelly BéruBé State Key Laboratory of Coal Resources and Safe Mining China University of Mining and Technology(Beijing)Beijing 100083China College of Geoscience and Surveying Engineering China University of Mining and Technology(Beijing)Beijing 100083China School of Earth and Environmental Sciences Cardiff UniversityMuseum AvenueCardiffCF103YEUK School of Earth Sciences and Resources China University of Geosciences BeijingBeijing 100083China Department of Earth Science University of AdelaideAdelaideSA 5005Australia Department of Civil and Environmental Universidad de la CostaCalle 58#55-66080002 BarranquillaAtlánticoColombia Departamento de Ingeniería Civil y Arquitectura Universidad de LimaAvenida Javier Prado Este 4600-Santiago deSurco 1503Peru School of Biosciences Cardiff UniversityMuseum AvenueCardiff CF103AXWalesUK

Corona Virus Disease 2019(COVID-19)caused by the novel coronavirus,results in an acute respiratory condition coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)and is highly infectious.The recent spread of this virus has caused a global pandemic.Currently,the transmission routes of SARS-CoV-2 are being established,especially the role of environmental transmission.Here we review the environmental transmission routes and persistence of SARS-CoV-2.Recent studies have established that the transmission of this virus may occur,amongst others,in the air,water,soil,cold-chain,biota,and surface contact.It has also been found that the survival potential of the SARS-CoV-2 virus is dependent on different environmental conditions and pollution.Potentially important pathways include aerosol and fecal matter.Particulate matter may also be a carrier for SARS-CoV-2.Since microscopic particles can be easily absorbed by humans,more attention must be focused on the dissemination of these particles.These considerations are required to evolve a theoretical platform for epidemic control and to minimize the global threat from future epidemics.

关键词： Aerosol airborne particles COVID-19 Environmental media SARS-CoV-2

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Study on Size Distributions of airborne particles by Aircraft Observation in Spring over Eastern Coastal Areas of China

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Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 2005年第3期22卷 328-336页

作者：王玮刘红杰岳欣李红陈建华汤大钢 Chinese Research Academy of Environmental SciencesBeijing 100012

The authors studied the size distributions of particles at an altitude of 2000 m by aircraft observation over eastern costal areas of China from Zhuhai, Guangdong to Dalian, Liaoning (0.47-30 μm, 57 channels, including number concentration distribution, surface area concentration distribution and mass concentration distribution). In these cities, the average daily concentrations of PM10 are very high. They are among the most heavily polluted cities in China. The main pollution sources are anthropogenic activities such as wood, coal and oil burning. The observed size distributions show a broad spectrum and unique multi-peak characteristics, indicating no significant impacts of individual sources from urban areas. These results are far different from the distribution type at ground level. It may reflect the comprehensive effect of the regional pollution characteristics. Monitoring results over big cities could to some extent reflect their pollution characteristics.

关键词： airborne particles size distribution aircraft observation coastal areas China

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Vertical profiles of aerodynamic size distribution for airborne particles over Yangtze River Delta

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Chinese Physics B 2007年第9期16卷 2818-2824页

作者：王玮鲍林发刘红杰岳欣陈建华李红任丽红汤大钢 Shiro Hatakeyama and Akinori Takami Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences Beijing 100012 China National Institute for Environmental Studies Tsukuba 305-8506 Japan

Based on the aircraft observations in the summer of 2003, we have studied the aerodynamic size distributions of airborne particles at altitudes ranging from 400 m to 2800 m over the central and southern areas of Jiangsu province located in Yangtse River Delta of China. The sizes of airborne particles are measured to be in a range of 0.47- 30 μm with 57 channels, and their number concentrations, surface area concentrations and mass concentrations are also measured. The results show that the concentrations of airborne particles are very low above an altitude of 2000 m and the size distributions present a specific multi-peak mode by using insufficient samples. Below 1000 m, however, the concentrations of particles increase obviously, and their size distribution is similar to that at the ground level. The study also indicates that the concentrations, size distributions and median diameters of airborne particles above and below the boundary layer are very different, displaying different pollution features. Meanwhile, the results also show that the pollution level of airborne particles has a descending tendency with altitude increasing.

关键词： airborne particles aerodynamic size distribution aircraft observation Yangtse River Delta

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A Wide Range Aerosol Spectrometer for Environmental Monitoring of airborne particles from 5.5nm to 32μm

A Wide Range Aerosol Spectrometer for Environmental Monitori...

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2010年海峡两岸环境与能源研讨会

作者： Juergen Spielvogel Markus Pesch Hans Grimm GRIMM Aerosol Technik GmbH & Co.KG Dorfstrasse 9 D-83404 AinringBayernGermany

Ambient airborne particles are a varied and changing mixture of natural particles(e.g. sea-salt aerosols,dust),man-made particles(e.***.diesel exhaust particles) and particles formed by gas reactions within the atmosphere(e.***.ammonium nitrate).Their size ranges from a few nanometers to tens of micrometers.Numerous recent scientific and epidemiological studies found a significant relationship between ambient airborne particles and the respiratory and cardiovascular diseases.Besides human health effects,ambient airborne particles also have a large effect on the climate change.Both factors have attracted many people’s interest in the environmental monitoring of airborne particles.

关键词： airborne particles Environmental monitoring Particle size distribution Wide range aerosol spectrometer

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Steady-state model for predicting size-resolved gas-particle partitioning of semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) in indoor environments

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Building Simulation 2023年第3期16卷 443-460页

作者： Jianping Cao Yu Han Yujie Zhu Xingyu Duan Luyang Wang Haibao Huang School of Environmental Science and Engineering Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou 510006China Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology Guangzhou 510006China Department of Building Science Tsinghua UniversityBeijing 100084China

Semi-volatile organic compounds(SVOCs)are ubiquitous and important pollutants in indoor environments.The strong partition between gas phase and suspended particles has significant effects on the transport,human exposure via inhalation,and control strategies of indoor SVOCs.Several models have been developed to simulate the gas–particle partitioning of indoor SVOCs,including a steady-state model by expanding the steady-state model suitable for the outdoor environment to indoor environments.However,the effects of two important indoor environment-specific parameters,i.e.,the particle size distribution(PSD)and the air-change rate(ACH),were not considered in the existing steady-state model,leading to the inaccurate predictions among buildings.To solve this problem,this study developed a novel steady-state model to more comprehensively simulate the gas-particle partitioning of indoor SVOCs by incorporating the effects of PSD and ACH.Better agreement between the predictions of the novel model and the results collected via both field tests and laboratory tests(retrieved from two different studies)supported the effectiveness of the improvements in the novel model.Sensitivity analysis further supported the necessity of involving PSD and ACH.Further implications of the novel model were also discussed.This study should be helpful for deepening the understanding and accurate simulation of the gas-particle partitioning,as well as the transport and human exposure via inhalation,of indoor SVOCs.

关键词： indoor air quality airborne particles particle size distribution ventilation mass transfer analysis

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The effect of the ventilation retrofit in a school on CO2,airborne particles,and energy consumptions

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建筑节能(中英文) 2019年第6期 21-21页

作者： L.Stabile G.Buonanno A.Frattolillo M.Dell'Isola 侯恩哲

The energy retrofit of existing buildings is a key strategy to reduce the energy costs of the building sector.Amongst the retrofit solutions,the adoption of mechanical ventilation systems represents a necessary approach for buildings w ith high crow ding index,such as schools.The air quality in schools is a main issue since children spend a significant fraction of the year in such microenvironments. To date,the scientific literature has carried out several studies concerning the air quality in naturally ventilated schools worldwide,nonetheless most of the studies performed a general evaluation of the air quality just using the CO2as a comprehensive indicator. This is an oversimplified approach since the indoor air quality is affected by several pollutants,including airborne particles,whose behavior cannot be predicted by the CO2one.The aim of the research is the evaluation of the effect of the ventilation retrofit in a classroom on different indoor air quality parameters and energy consumption. To this end a mechanical ventilation system w ith a heat recovery unit w as installed in a testclassroom and tests w ith CO2-based demand controlled ventilation w ere performed. CO2levels and indoor-to-outdoor particle concentrations w ere measured and compared to the pre-retrofit ventilation conditions（ i. e. manual airing procedures）.Results showed that mechanical ventilation systems have simultaneous positive effects on the different pollutants investigated as well as on ventilation heat losses: indeed,lower indoor-to-outdoor concentration ratios,with respect to the airing approach,were detected simultaneously for CO2,sub-micron particles and PM10.

关键词： Mechanical ventilation systems Indoor air quality Retrofit Schools airborne particles CO2

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An assessment of the concentrations of particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the aftermath of a chemical store fire incident

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2004年第5期16卷 751-754页

作者： M. Radzi Bin Abas Nasr Yousef M. J. Omar M. Jamil Maah Department of Chemistry University of Malaya 50603 Kuala Lumpur MalaysiaDepartment of Chemistry University of Malaya 50603 Kuala Lumpur MalaysiaDepartment of Chemistry University of Malaya 50603 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia

PM 10 airborne particles and soot deposit collected after a fire incident at a chemical store were analyzed in order to determine the concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs). The samples were extracted with 1∶1 hexane-dichloromethane by ultrasonic agitation. The extracts were then subjected to gas chromatography-mass spectrometric(GC-MS) analysis. The total PAHs concentrations in airborne particles and soot deposit were found to be 3.27±1.55 ng/m 3 and 12.81±24.37 μg/g, respectively. Based on the molecular distributions of PAHs and the interpretation of their diagnostic ratios such as PHEN/(PHEN + ANTH), FLT/(FLT + PYR) and BeP/(BeP + BaP), PAHs in both airborne particles and soot deposit may be inferred to be from the same source. The difference in the value of IP/(IP + BgP) for these samples indicated that benzo[g,h,i]perylene and coronene tend to be attached to finer particles and reside in the air for longer periods. Comparison between the molecular distributions of PAHs and their diagnostic ratios observed in the current study with those reported for urban atmospheric and roadside soil particles revealed that they are of different sources.

关键词： airborne particles soot deposit PAHs

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Seasonal variation and source apportionment of organic and inorganic compounds in PM_(2.5) and PM_(10) particulates in Beijing,China

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2013年第4期25卷 741-750页

作者： Xingru Li Yuesi Wang Xueqing Guo Yingfeng Wang Department of Chemistry Analytical and Testing CenterCapital Normal University State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry Institute of Atmospheric PhysicsChinese Academy of Sciences

The distribution and source of the solvent-extractable organic and inorganic components in PM2.5 （aerodynamics equivalent diameter below 2.5 microns）, and PM10 （aerodynamics equivalent diameter below 10 microns） fractions of airborne particles were studied weekly from September 2006 to August 2007 in Beijing. The extracted organic and inorganic compounds identified in both particle size ranges consisted of n-alkanes, PAHs （polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons）, fatty acids and water soluble ions. The potential emission sources of these organic compounds were reconciled by combining the values of n-alkane carbon preference index （CPI）, %waxCn, selected diagnostic ratios of PAHs and principal component analysis in both size ranges. The mean cumulative concentrations of n-alkanes reached 1128.65 ng/m3 in Beijing, 74% of which （i.e., 831.7 ng/m3） was in the PM2.5 fraction, PAHs reached 136.45 ng/m3 （113.44 ng/m3 or 83% in PM2.5）, and fatty acids reached 436.99 ng/m3 （324.41 ng/m3 or 74% in PM2.5）, which resulted in overall enrichment in the fine particles. The average concentrations of SO42-, NO3-, and NH4＋ were 21.3 ± 15.2, 6.1 ±1.8, 12.5 ± 6.1 μg/m3 in PM2.5, and 25.8±15.5, 8.9± 2.6, 16.9±9.5 μg/m3 in PM10, respectively. These three secondary ions primarily existed as ammonium sulfate （（NH4）2SO4）, ammonium bisulfate （NH4HSO4） and ammonium nitrate （NH4NO3）. The characteristic ratios of PAHs revealed that the primary sources of PAHs were coal combustion, followed by gasoline combustion. The ratios of stearic/palmitic acid indicated the major contribution of vehicle emissions to fatty acids in airborne particles. The major alkane sources were biogenic sources and fossil fuel combustion. The major sources of PAHs were vehicular emission and coal combustion.

关键词： airborne particles organic compounds size distribution source

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