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Tongzhou’s Commerce in the Ming and Qing Dynasties

Frontiers of History in China-Selected Publications from Chinese Universities 2022年第1期17卷 37-66页

作者： Xu Tan School of History and Culture Lanzhou UniversityLanzhou 730000China

During the Ming and Qing dynasties,Tongzhou was not only a riverside port city for transporting grain to the capital,a key site for goods storage,but also witnessed the means of transportation of commercial goods from southern China changed from water to land,where commercial goods imported to Beijing together with those to be sold in northern China splits.Both the Ministry of Revenue(Gongbu)and Ministry of Works(Hubu)set up their customs in Tongzhou,respectively,and zhangjiawan was the subsection of the customs;the major commercial goods including grain,liquor,distiller's yeast,textiles,and groceries,were transferred through the customs of Ministry of Works.Judging from the establishment of broker house and broker tax,the volume of commodities being transported via zhangjiawan might be bigger than Tongzhou.Shanxi merchants established guild halls(liuigu^n)in both Tongzhou and zhangjiawan.They transported bulk commodities such as textiles and tea to the north of China,while Zhangjiakou and Guihuacheng were their main resale destinations.In other words,both Tongzhou and zhangjiawan were important transportation ports for the businesses of Shanxi merchants regarding their trades within the northern territory as well as the trade at Khyagt between late imperial China and tsarist Russia.

关键词： Ming and Qing dynasties Tongzhou commerce Zuoliangting zhangjiawan guild halls

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Environmental archaeology of the Dachang region in the Daning Valley,the Three Gorges reservoir region of the Yangtze River,China

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Chinese Science Bulletin 2008年第S1期53卷 140-152页

作者： ZHANG Yun 1 &ZHU Cheng 2 1 State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change,Institute of Botany,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100093, China 2 School of Geographic and Oceanographic Sciences,Nanjing University,Nanjing 210093,China State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China School of Geographic and Oceanographic Sciences Nanjing University Nanjing China

Environmental archaeology of archaeological sites on both sides of the Dachang section in the Daning River,the Three Gorges of the Yangtze River,shows that riverbed evolution has a great influence on the distribution of archaeological sites during the prehistorical and historical period,and it restricts human activity and the development of ancient culture.Field investigation,dating data,paleocurrent analysis of 100 gravels on the riverbed and archaeological excavation reveal that the riverbed of the Dachang section developed in the Shuangyantang region during the early stage,after about 30 kaBP it shifted westward gradually and reached the present place.Along with the westward shift,the focus of ancient culture changed for several times.In the Western Zhou Dynasty's period,the east riverbank of the Daning River was the main residential area.During the Han Dynasty,along with the westward shift,the living space of ancient people was no longer confined to the east riverbank and the focus of culture moved westward.Then the zhangjiawan site became the main dwelling district.In the late Han Dynasty, the villages were flooded and the ancients had to immigrate to a high place.Tombs of the Han and the Jin Dynasties outcropped on the flood plain of the east bank because their surface sediments were eroded by several flood events and the westward shift of the riverbed.

关键词： the Daning River environmental archaeology the Shuangyantang site the zhangjiawan site tombs of the Han and the Jin Dynasties

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