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Discovery of pockmarks in the zengmu basin,southern South China Sea and the implication

Journal of Oceanology and Limnology 2023年第2期41卷 757-768页

作者： Yanlin WANG Guanghong TU Junhui YU Pin YAN Yongbin JIN Changliang CHEN Jie LIU Key Laboratory of Ocean and Marginal Sea Geology South China Sea Institute of OceanologyInnovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental EngineeringChinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhou 510301China Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory(Guangzhou) Guangzhou 511458China Guangzhou Marine Geological Survey China Geological SurveyMinistry of Natural ResourcesGuangzhou 511458China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China

The zengmu basin located in the shallow water area of the southern South China Sea,is rich in oil and gas resources,within which faults and mud-diapir are developed,but it is unknown whether oil and gas migrate to the seafloor surface.The newly collected multibeam data across the zengmu basin reveal a large number of depressions,with depths of 2-4 m,widths of several tens of meters,large distribution range of 1.8-8 km along survey line,up to~50 km,and their backscatter intensity(-26 dB)is much greater than that of the surrounding area(-38 dB).Combined with the developed mud-diapir and fracture structures,and abundant oil and gas resources within this basin,these depressions are presumed to be pockmarks.Furthermore,more than 110 mono-sized small circular pockmarks,with a depth of less than 1 m and a width of 5 m,are observed in an area of less than 0.03 km2,which are not obliterated by sediment infilling with high sedimentation rate,implying an existence of unit-pockmarks that are or recently were active.In addition,seismic profiles across the zengmu basin show characterization of upward migration of hydrocarbons,expressed as mud-diapir structures,bright spots in the shallow formation with characteristics of“low frequency increase and high frequency attenuation”.The subbottom profiles show the mud-diapir structures,as well as the gas-bearing blank zones beneath the seafloor.These features suggest large gas leaking and occurrence of large amounts of carbonate nodules on the seafloor.This indicates the complex and variable substrate type in the zengmu basin,while the area was once thought to be mainly silty sand and find sand.This is the first report on the discovery of pockmarks in the zengmu basin;it will provide basic information for submarine stability and marine engineering in China’s maritime boundaries.

关键词： South China Sea zengmu basin dense pockmarks gas leaking substrate type

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Seismic Characteristics and Hydrocarbon Accumulation Associated with Mud Diapir Structures in a Superimposed basin in the Southern South China Sea Margin

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Journal of Ocean University of China 2022年第4期21卷 861-875页

作者： QIAN Xing ZHANG Li WU Shiguo SUN Zhongyu LEI Zhenyu LUO Shuaibing Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory(Guangzhou) Guangzhou 511458China MLR Key Laboratory of Marine Mineral Resources Guangzhou Marine Geological SurveyGuangzhou 510075China Laboratory of Geophysics and Georeouce Institute of Deep-Sea Science and EngineeringChina Academy of ScienceSanya 572000China South Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory(Zhuhai) Zhuhai 519000China University of China Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China

Mud diapirs are significant structures often associated with hydrocarbon migration and accumulation as well as gas hydrate formation in sedimentary basins.A total of 30 mud diapirs were observed in the northwestern zengmu basin in the southern South China Sea based on 2D multichannel seismic data.The structures are distributed along an NW-SE trend near the shelf break of the Kangxi depression in the zengmu basin.The mud diapirs were divided into the following according to their vertical shapes,intrusion heights,and effusive activities:tortoise,piercing,and nozzle types,which represent different evolutionary stages of diapirism.The mud diapirs in the study area suggest that the driving forces behind the mud diapirs considerably exceed the rock rupture limit of the overlying strata.Diapir formation can be divided into two steps:the accommodation of a large amount of mud in the zengmu basin and the movement of plastic mud induced by gravity-driven flow and regional tectonic compression.Combining seismic interpretations with analyses of the regional geology and tectonic subsidence,the current study proposes that rapid subsidence in the Kangxi depression sufficiently accommodated the vast amount of sediments deposited since the Middle Miocene,which provided favorable conditions for the growth of mud diapirs.Furthermore,the N-S directional stress field in the zengmu basin and the gravity slide northward along the southern slope of the depression further facilitated the development of mud diapirs since the late Miocene.The mud diapirs in the southern South China Sea margins were accompanied by the accumulation and release of overpressured fluid.

关键词： mud diapir genetic mechanism gravitational slide zengmu basin South China Sea

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Formation of the zengmu and Beikang basins,and West Baram Line in the southwestern South China Sea margin

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Journal of Oceanology and Limnology 2023年第2期41卷 592-611页

作者： Bing HAN Zhongxian ZHAO Xiaofang WANG Zhen SUN Fucheng LI Benduo ZHU Yongjian YAO Liqiang LIU Tianyue PENG Genyuan LONG Key Laboratory of Ocean and Marginal Sea Geology South China Sea Institute of OceanologyChinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhou 511458China Key Laboratory of Marine Mineral Resources Ministry of Natural ResourcesGuangzhou 511458China Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory(Guangzhou) Guangzhou 511458China Guangzhou Marine Geological Survey China Geological SurveyMinistry of Natural ResourcesGuangzhou 511458China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China Hainan Key Laboratory of Marine Geological Resources and Environment Haikou 570206China

The zengmu and Beikang basins,separated by the West Baram Line(WBL)in the southwestern South China Sea margin,display distinct geological and geophysical features.However,the nature of the basins and the WBL are debated.Here we explore this issue by conducting the stratigraphic and structural interpretation,faults and subsidence analysis,and lithospheric finite extension modelling using seismic data.Results show that the WBL is a trans-extensional fault zone comprising normal faults and flower structures mainly active in the Late Eocene to Early Miocene.The zengmu basin,to the southwest of the WBL,shows an overall synformal geometry,thick folded strata in the Late Eocene to Late Miocene(40.4-5.2 Ma),and pretty small normal faults at the basin edge,which imply that the zengmu basin is a foreland basin under the Luconia and Borneo collision in the Sarawak since the Eocene.Furthermore,the basin exhibits two stages of subsidence(fast in 40.4-30 Ma and slow in 30-0 Ma);but the amount of observed subsidence and heat flow are both greater than that predicted by crustal thinning.The Beikang basin,to the NE of the WBL,consists of the syn-rift faulted sub-basins(45-16.4 Ma)and the post-rift less deformed sequences(16.4-0 Ma).The heat flow(~60 mW/m2)is also consistent with that predicted based on crustal thinning,inferring that it is a rifted basin.However,the basin shows three stages of subsidence(fast in 45-30 Ma,uplift in 30-16.4 Ma,and fast in 16.4-0 Ma).In the uplift stage,the strata were partly folded in the Late Oligocene and partly eroded in the Early Miocene,which is probably caused by the flexural bulging in response to the paleo-South China Sea subduction and the subsequent Dangerous Grounds and Borneo collision in the Sabah to the east of the WBL.

关键词： tectonic subsidence foreland basin West Baram Line zengmu basin Beikang basin South China Sea

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