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The adaptive strategies of yaks to live in the Asian highlands

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Animal Nutrition 2022年第2期9卷 249-258页

作者： Xiaoping Jing Luming Ding Jianwei Zhou Xiaodan Huang Allan Degen Ruijun Long State Key Laboratory of Grassland and Agro-Ecosystems International Centre for Tibetan Plateau Ecosystem ManagementCollege of EcologyLanzhou UniversityLanzhou 730000China State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and TechnologyLanzhou UniversityLanzhou 730020China School of Public Health Lanzhou UniversityLanzhou 730000China Desert Animal Adaptations and Husbandry Wyler Department of Dryland AgricultureBlaustein Institutes for Desert ResearchBen-Gurion University of NegevBeer Sheva 8410500Israel

The yak(Bos grunniens),an indigenous herbivore raised at altitudes between 3,000 and 5,000 m above sea level,is closely linked to more than 40 ethnic communities and plays a vital role in the ecological stability,livelihood security,socio-economic development,and ethnic cultural traditions in the Asian highlands.They provide the highlanders with meat,milk,fibres,leather and dung(fuel).They are also used as pack animals to transport goods,for travel and ploughing,and are important in many religious and traditional ceremonies.The Asian highlands are known for an extremely,harsh environment,namely low air temperature and oxygen content and high ultraviolet light and winds.Pasture availability fluctuates greatly,with sparse pasture of poor quality over the long seven-month cold winter.After longterm natural and artificial selections,yaks have adapted excellently to the harsh conditions:1)by genomics,with positively selected genes involved in hypoxia response and energy metabolism;2)anatomically,including a short tongue with a weak sense of taste,and large lung and heart;3)physiologically,by insensitivity to hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction,maintaining foetal haemoglobin throughout life,and low heart rate and heat production in the cold season;4)behaviourlly,by efficient grazing and selecting forbs with high nutritional contents;5)by low nitrogen and energy requirements for maintenance and low methane emission and nitrogen excretion,namely,‘Low-Carbon’and‘Nitrogen-Saving’traits;6)by harboring unique rumen microbiota with a distinct maturation pattern,that has coevolved with host metabolism.This review aims to provide an overview of the comprehensive adaptive strategies of the yak to the severe conditions of the highlands.A better understanding of these strategies that yaks employ to adapt to the harsh environment could be used in improving their production,breeding and management,and gaining benefits in ecosystem service and a more resilient livelihood to climate change in the Asian highlands.

关键词： yak Adaptive strategy Grazing behaviour Nutrient metabolism Gastrointestinal microbiome

Cow, yak, and camel milk diets differentially modulated the systemic immunity and fecal microbiota of rats

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Science Bulletin 2017年第6期62卷 405-414页

作者： Yongping Wen Qiuwen He Jia Ding Huiyan Wang Qiangchuan Hou Yi Zheng Changkun Li Yuzhu Ma Heping Zhang Lai-Yu Kwok Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering Inner Mongolia Agricultural University Hohhot 010018 China Inner Mongolia Mengniu Dairy (Croup) Co. Ltd Hohhot 011500 China

Cow milk is most widely consumed; however,non-cattle milk has gained increasing interest because of added nutritive values. We compared the health effects of yak,cow,and camel milk in rats. By measuring several plasma immune factors,significantly more interferon-c was detected in the camel than the yak(P = 0.0020) or cow(P = 0.0062) milk group. Significantly more Ig M was detected in the yak milk than the control group(P = 0.0071). The control group had significantly less interleukin 6 than the yak(P = 0.0499)and cow(P = 0.0248) milk groups. The fecal microbiota of the 144 samples comprised mainly of the Firmicutes(76.70 ± 11.03%),Bacteroidetes(15.27 ± 7.79%),Proteobacteria(3.61 ± 4.34%),and Tenericutes(2.61 ± 2.53%) phyla. Multivariate analyses revealed a mild shift in the fecal microbiota along the milk treatment. We further identified the differential microbes across the four groups. At day 14,22 and 28 differential genera and species were identified(P = 0.0000–0.0462),while 8 and 11 differential genera and species(P = 0.0000–0.0013) were found at day 28. Some short-chain fatty acid and succinate producers increased,while certain health-concerned bacteria(Prevotella copri,Phascolarctobacterium faecium,and Bacteroides uniformis) decreased after 14 days of yak or camel milk treatment. We demonstrated that different animal milk could confer distinctive nutritive value to the host.

关键词： Gut microbiota Milk yak Cow Camel Prevotella copri

Population genome of the newly discovered Jinchuan yak to understand its adaptive evolution in extreme environments and generation mechanism of the multirib trait

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Integrative Zoology 2021年第5期16卷 685-695页

作者： Daoliang LAN Wenhui JI Xianrong XIONG Qiqi LIANG Wenye YAO Tserang-Donko MIPAM Jincheng ZHONG Jian LI Ministry of Education of Key Laboratory of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Animal Genetic Resource and Utilization Southwest Minzu UniversityChengduChina Institute of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Southwest Minzu UniversityChengduChina Novogene Bioinformatics Institute BeijingChina

The adaptation and diversity of animals to the extreme environments of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau(QTP)are typical materials to study adaptive evolution.The recently discovered Jinchuan yak population has many individuals with multiple ribs.However,little is known about this yak’s origin,evolution,and the genetic mechanisms that formed its unique multirib trait.Here,we report a valuable population genome resource of the Jinchuan yak by resequencing the whole genome of 150 individuals.Population genetic polymorphism and structure analysis reveal that Jinchuan yak can be differentiated as a unique and original yak population among the domestic yak.Combined with geological change,the Jinchuan yak’s evolutionary origin is speculated to be about 6290 years ago,which may be related to the unique geographical environment of the eastern edge of the QTP during this period.Compared with other domestic yaks,this new population has 280 positively selected genes.The genes related to skeletal function hold a considerable and remarkable proportion,suggesting that the specific skeletal characteristics have been enhanced in the adaptive evolution of Jinchuan yak in the extreme plateau environment.The genome-wide association study has revealed that TUBA8 and TUBA4A,the genes that regulate the cytoskeleton,are potential genes associated with the multirib trait.Our findings provide a basis to further understand the generation mechanism of the adaptive evolution of this new population in high-altitude extreme environments and the multivertebrate trait of domestic animals.

关键词： adaptive evolution genetic mechanism multirib trait Qinghai-Tibet Plateau yak

理解青藏高原三江源地区放牧压力的空间异质性

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Journal of Geographical Sciences 2023年第8期33卷 1660-1680页

作者：谷昌军刘林山张镱锂魏博崔伯豪宫殿清 Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources ResearchCASBeijing 100101China College of Resources and Environment University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100049China National Disaster Reduction Center of China Ministry of Emergency ManagementBeijing 100124China

Elucidating the distribution of the grazing pressure requires an understanding of the grazing activities.In this study,we analyzed the grazing behavior of yaks in Three-RiverSource Region(TRSR)and identified the main factors influencing the distribution of grazing intensity(GI)using trajectory data and remote sensing datasets.Our results revealed that a semi-resident transhumance strategy is employed in this region.The average grazing time(GT)of four GPS collars over the year was 11.84 h/day(N6),11.01 h/day(N11),9.25 h/day(N18),and 11.61 h/day(N24).GT was generally higher in warm seasons(summer and autumn)than in cold seasons(spring and winter).The average daily moving speed was found to be closely related to the pasture size of different herders and the seasons.Geodetector analysis identified the distance to camp(DOC)as the most important single factor influencing the distribution of GI,explaining up to 52% of the GI variations.However,relying solely on this factor may not accurately depict the actual GI distribution.When pairwise factors interacted,the explanatory power of the model increased,ranging from 34.55% to 63.26%.Our study highlights the importance of considering multiple factors when predicting grazing intensity,as grazing activities tend to cluster near settlements,but other factors may also be influential.

关键词： grazing intensity GPS-tracking spatial heterogeneity yak Tibetan Plateau

Novel SNP of EPAS1 gene associated with higher hemoglobin concentration revealed the hypoxia adaptation of yak(Bos grunniens)

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Journal of Integrative Agriculture 2015年第4期14卷 741-748页

作者： WU Xiao-yun DING Xue-zhi CHU Min GUO Xian BAO Peng-jia LIANG Chun-nian YAN Ping Key Laboratory for yak Breeding Engineering of Gansu Province Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical SciencesChinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences

Endothelial PAS domain protein 1 gene （EPAS1） is a key transcription factor that activates the expression of oxygen-regu- lated genes. In this study, in order to better understand the effects of EPAS1 gene on hematologic parameters in yak, we firstly quantified the tissue expression patterns for EPASl mRNA of yak, identified polymorphism in this gene and evaluated its association with hematologic parameters. Expression of EPAS1 mRNA was detected in all eight tissues （heart, liver, lung, spleen, pancreas, kidney, muscles and ovary）. The expressions of EPAS1 in lung and pancreas were extremely higher than other tissues examined. Three novel single nucleotide polymorphisms （SNPs）（g.83052 C〉T, g.83065 G〉A and g.83067 C〉A） within the EPAS1 were identified and genotyped in Pali （PL）, Gannan （GN） and Tianzhu White （TZW） yak breeds. Significant higher frequencies of the AA and GA genotypes and A allele of the g.83065 G〉A were observed in the PL and GN breeds than that in the TZW breed （P〈0.01）. Association analysis of the PL breed indicated that the g.83065 G〉A polymorphism was significantly associated with hemoglobin （HGB） concentration in yaks （P〈0.05）. Individuals with genotype AA had significantly higher HGB concentration （P〈0.05） than those with genotype GA and GG. All these results will help our further understanding of biological functional of yak EPAS1 gene in responding to hypoxia and also indicate EPAS1 might contribute to the hypoxia adaptation of the yak.

关键词： EPAS1 gene m RNA expression polymorphism hypoxia adaptation yak

Identification of yak lactate dehydrogenase B gene variants by gene cloning

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Science China(Life Sciences) 2008年第5期51卷 430-434页

作者： ZHENG YuCai1, ZHAO XingBo2, ZHOU Jing1, PIAO Ying1, JIN SuYu1, HE QingHua1, HONG Jian1, LI Ning2 & WU ChangXin2 1 College of Life Science and Technology, Southwest University for Nationalities, Chengdu 610041, China 2 State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China College of Life Science and Technology Southwest University for Nationalities Chengdu China State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding College of Animal Science and Technology China Agricultural University Beijing China

Native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed that two types of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) existed in yaks. Based on the electrophoresis characteristics of LDH isoenzymes, yak LDH variants were speculated to be the gene mutation on H subunit encoded by B gene. According to the mobility in electrophoresis, the fast-band LDH type was named LDH-Hf and the slow-band LDH type LDH-Hs. In order to reveal the gene alteration in yak LDH variants, total RNA was extracted from heart tissues of yaks with different LDH variants, and cDNAs of the two variants were reverse transcripted. Two variants of B genes were cloned by RT-PCR. Sequence analysis revealed that four nucleotides differed between LDH-Bf and LDH-Bs, which resulted in two amino acids alteration. By Deepview software analysis of the conformation of yak LDH1 variants and H subunit, these four nucleotides altered two amino acids that generated new hydrogen bonds to change the hydrogen bonds network, and further caused subtle conformational changes between the two LDH variants.

关键词： yak lactate dehydrogenase genetic variants gene cloning molecular modeling

Effect of Swim-Up and Percoll Treatment on Sperm Quality and In vitro Embryo Development in yak

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Journal of Integrative Agriculture 2013年第12期12卷 2235-2242页

作者： LIU Ben CUI Yan YU Si-jiu Academic of Veterinary Medicine Gansu Agricultural University Technology and Research Center of Gansu Province for Embryonic Engineering of Bovine and Sheep & Goat

This study was designed to determine the effect of different sperm preparation treatments on yak sperm quality and in vitro embryo development.Frozen-thawed semen samples were treated using swim-up or percoll gradient centrifugation methods.Sperm concentration,progressive motility,recovery of motile sperm,membrane integrity,acrosome and chromatin integrity were scored and compared in recovered samples and controls.In addition,the effects of two sperm separation treatments on embryos capable of cleavage and in vitro development to the blastocyst stage were evaluated.Swim-up separated sperm showed a higher motility,while the concentration of spermatozoa recovered and percent recovery of motile sperm were higher with percoll gradient centrifugation separation.According to the optical and electron microscopies,swim-up produced higher percentage of sperm with intact plasma membrane and acrosome than percoll gradient centrifugation separation.However,there was no difference in the percentage of sperm with intact chromatin between two treatment groups.Cell numbers in the blastocysts of two groups were not different.The blastocyst rate was similar in both groups,whereas cleavage rate was higher when swim-up was used.

关键词： yak swim-up percoll gradient centrifugation embryo development

Potential antibacterial activity of berberine against multi drug resistant enterovirulent Escherichia coli isolated from yaks(Poephagus grunniens) with haemorrhagic diarrhoea

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Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine 2013年第4期6卷 315-319页

作者： Samiran Bandyopadhyay Pabitra H Patra Achintya Mahanti Dipak K Mondal Premanshu Dandapat Subhasis Bandyopadhyay Indranil Samanta Chandan Lodh Asit K Bera Debasish Bhattacharyya Mihir Sarkar Kishore K Baruah Indian Veterinary Research Institute Eastern Regional Station37Belgachia RoadKolkata-37 National Research Centre on yak ICARDirang-790101West KamengArunachal Pradesh West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences 37 Belgachia RoadKolkata-37 Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology College of Veterinary Sciences and AHR.K.NagarAgartala-799008Tripura West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences37 Belgachia RoadKolkata-37

Objective:To evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy of berberine,a plant alkaloid.Methods:Five multi-drug resistant（MDR） STEC/EPEC and five MDR ETEC isolates from yaks with haemorrhagic diarrhoea were selected for the study.Antibacterial activity of berberine was evaluated by broth dilution and disc diffusion methods.The binding kinetics of berberine to DNA and protein was also enumerated.Results:For both categories of enterovirulent Escherichia coli（E.roli） isolates, berberine displayed the antibaclerial effect in a dose dependent manner.The MIC50 of berberine chloride for STEC/EPEC isolates varied from 2.07μM to 3.6μM with a mean of（2.95±0.33）μM where as for ETEC strains it varied from 1.75 to 1.96μM with a mean of（1.87±0.03）μM. Berberine bind more tightly with double helix DNA with Bmax and Kd of（24.68±2.62） and（357.8±57.8）,respectively.Berberine reacted with protein in comparatively loose manner with Bmax and Kd of（18.9±3.83） and <286.2±113.6),respectively.Conclusions:The results indicate clearly that berberine may serve as a good antibacterial against multi drug resistant E.coli.

关键词： Berberine Multidrug resistant enterovirulent Escherichia coli Haemorrhagic diarrhoea Antibacterial activity yak

Comparison of rumen archaeal diversity in adult and elderly yaks(Bos grunniens)using 16S rRNA gene high-throughput sequencing

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Journal of Integrative Agriculture 2017年第5期16卷 1130-1137页

作者： WANG Li-zhi WANG Zhi-sheng XUE Bai WU De PENG Quan-hui Animal Nutrition Institute Sichuan Agricultural UniversityYa'an 625014P.R.China

This study was conducted to investigate the phylogenetic diversity of archaea in the rumen of adult and elderly yaks. Six domesticated female yaks, 3 adult yaks （（5.3±0.6） years old）, and 3 elderly yaks （（10.7±0.6） years old）, were used for the rumen contents collection. Illumina MiSeq high-throughput sequencing technology was applied to examine the archaeal composition of rumen contents. A total of 92 901 high-quality archaeal sequences were analyzed, and these were assigned to 2 033 operational taxonomic units （OTUs）. Among these, 974 OTUs were unique to adult yaks while 846 OTUs were unique to elderly yaks; 213 OTUs were shared by both groups. At the phylum level, more than 99% of the obtained OTUs belonged to the Euryarchaeota phylum. At the genus level, the archaea could be divided into 7 archaeal genera. The 7 genera （i.e., Methanobrevibacter, Methanobacterium, Methanosphaera, Thermogymnomonas, Methanomicrobiu, Meth- animicrococcus and the unclassified genus） were shared by all yaks, and their total abundance accounted for 99% of the rumen archaea. The most abundant archaea in elderly and adult yaks were Methanobrevibacterand Thermogymnomonas, respectively. The abundance of Methanobacteria （class）, Methanobacteriales （order）, Methanobacteriaceae （family）, and Methanobrevibacter （genus） in elderly yaks was significantly higher than in adult yaks. In contrast, the abundance of Ther-mogymnomonas in elderly yaks was 34% lower than in adult yaks, though the difference was not statistically significant. The difference in abundance of other archaea was not significant between the two groups. These results suggested that the structure of archaea in the rumen of yaks changed with age. This is the first study to compare the phytogenetic differences of rumen archaeal structure and composition using the yak model.

关键词： yak archaea rumen diversity high-throughput sequencing