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Does Space Have a Gravitational Susceptibility? A model for the ΛCDM Density Parameters in the Friedmann Equation

Journal of High Energy Physics, Gravitation and Cosmology 2021年第2期7卷 478-507页

作者： Christopher Pilot Physics Maine Maritime Academy Castine ME USA (Retired)

We propose a model for gravity based on the gravitational polarization of space. With this model, we can relate the density parameters within the Friedmann model, and show that dark matter is bound mass formed from massive dipoles set up within the vacuum surrounding ordinary matter. Aggregate matter induces a gravitational field within the surrounding space, which reinforces the original field. Dark energy, on the other hand, is the energy density associated with gravitational fields both for ordinary matter, and bound, or induced dipole matter. At high CBR temperatures, the cosmic susceptibility, induced by ordinary matter vanishes, as it is a smeared or average value for the cosmos as a whole. Even though gravitational dipoles do exist, no large-scale alignment or ordering is possible. Our model assumes that space, i.e., the vacuum, is filled with a vast assembly (sea) of positive and negative mass particles having Planck mass, called planckions, which is based on extensive work by winterberg. These original particles form a very stiff two-component superfluid, where positive and negative mass species neutralize one another already at the submicroscopic level, leading to zero net mass, zero net gravitational pressure, and zero net entropy, for the undisturbed medium. It is theorized that the gravitational dipoles form from such material positive and negative particles, and moreover, this causes an intrinsic polarization of the vacuum for the universe as a whole. We calculate that in the present epoch, the smeared or average susceptibility of the cosmos equals, , and the overall resulting polarization equals, =2.396kg/m2. Moreover, due to all the ordinary mass in the universe, made up of quarks and leptons, we calculate a net gravitational field having magnitude,

关键词： Extended Gravitational model Friedmann Equation Dark Matter Dark Energy Vacuum Energy winterberg model Gravitational Polarization model Planck Mass model

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Q-Theory: A Connection between Newton’s Law and Coulomb’s Law?

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Journal of High Energy Physics, Gravitation and Cosmology 2021年第2期7卷 632-660页

作者： Christopher Pilot Physics Maine Maritime Academy Castine ME USA (Retired)

Assuming a winterberg model for space where the vacuum consists of a very stiff two-component superfluid made up of positive and negative mass planckions, Q theory is the hypothesis, that Planck charge, qpl, was created at the same time as Planck mass. Moreover, the repulsive force that like-mass planckions experience is, in reality, due to the electrostatic force of repulsion between like charges. These forces also give rise to what appears to be a gravitational force of attraction between two like planckions, but this is an illusion. In reality, gravity is electrostatic in origin if our model is correct. We determine the spring constant associated with planckion masses, and find that, , where ζ(3) equals Apery’s constant, 1.202 …, and, n+(0)=n_(0), is the relaxed, i.e., , number density of the positive and negative mass planckions. In the present epoch, we estimate that, n+(0) equals, 7.848E54 m-3, and the relaxed distance of separation between nearest neighbor positive, or negative, planckion pairs is, l+(0)=l_(0)=5.032E-19 meters. These values were determined using box quantization for the positive and negative mass planckions, and considering transitions between energy states, much like as in the hydrogen atom. For the cosmos as a whole, given a net smeared macroscopic gravitational field of, , due to all the ordinary, and bound, matter contained within the observable universe, an average displacement from equilibrium for the planckion masses is a mere 7.566E-48 meters, within the vacuum made up of these particles. On the surface of the earth, where, g=9.81m/s2,

关键词： Extended Gravity winterberg model Planckion Mass Theory Modified Quantum Vacuum Planck Charge Newton’s Law Coulomb’s Law Dark Energy

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A New Interpretation of the Higgs Vacuum Potential Energy Based on a Planckion Composite model for the Higgs

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Journal of High Energy Physics, Gravitation and Cosmology 2023年第3期9卷 666-683页

作者： Christopher Pilot Retired Maine Maritime Academy Castine USA

We present a new interpretation of the Higgs field as a composite particle made up of a positive, with, a negative mass Planck particle. According to the winterberg hypothesis, space, i.e., the vacuum, consists of both positive and negative physical massive particles, which he called planckions, interacting through strong superfluid forces. In our composite model for the Higgs boson, there is an intrinsic length scale associated with the vacuum, different from the one introduced by winterberg, where, when the vacuum is in a perfectly balanced state, the number density of positive Planck particles equals the number density of negative Planck particles. Due to the mass compensating effect, the vacuum thus appears massless, chargeless, without pressure, energy density, or entropy. However, a situation can arise where there is an effective mass density imbalance due to the two species of Planck particle not matching in terms of populations, within their respective excited energy states. This does not require the physical addition or removal of either positive or negative Planck particles, within a given region of space, as originally thought. Ordinary matter, dark matter, and dark energy can thus be given a new interpretation as residual vacuum energies within the context of a greater vacuum, where the populations of the positive and negative energy states exactly balance. In the present epoch, it is estimated that the dark energy number density imbalance amounts to, , per cubic meter, when cosmic distance scales in excess of, 100 Mpc, are considered. Compared to a strictly balanced vacuum, where we estimate that the positive, and the negative Planck number density, is of the order, 7.85E54 particles per cubic meter, the above is a very small perturbation. This slight imbalance, we argue, would dramatically alleviate, if not altogether eliminate, the long standing cosmological constant problem.

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On the Cosmic Evolution of the Quantum Vacuum Using Two Variable G models and winterberg’s Thesis

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Journal of High Energy Physics, Gravitation and Cosmology 2023年第4期9卷 1134-1160页

作者： Christopher Pilot Retired Professor Maine Maritime Academy Castine USA

We work within a winterberg framework where space, i.e., the vacuum, consists of a two component superfluid/super-solid made up of a vast assembly (sea) of positive and negative mass Planck particles, called planckions. These material particles interact indirectly, and have very strong restoring forces keeping them a finite distance apart from each other within their respective species. Because of their mass compensating effect, the vacuum appears massless, charge-less, without pressure, net energy density or entropy. In addition, we consider two varying G models, where G, is Newton’s constant, and G-1, increases with an increase in cosmological time. We argue that there are at least two competing models for the quantum vacuum within such a framework. The first follows a strict extension of winterberg’s model. This leads to nonsensible results, if G increases, going back in cosmological time, as the length scale inherent in such a model will not scale properly. The second model introduces a different length scale, which does scale properly, but keeps the mass of the Planck particle as, ± the Planck mass. Moreover we establish a connection between ordinary matter, dark matter, and dark energy, where all three mass densities within the Friedman equation must be interpreted as residual vacuum energies, which only surface, once aggregate matter has formed, at relatively low CMB temperatures. The symmetry of the vacuum will be shown to be broken, because of the different scaling laws, beginning with the formation of elementary particles. Much like waves on an ocean where positive and negative planckion mass densities effectively cancel each other out and form a zero vacuum energy density/zero vacuum pressure surface, these positive mass densities are very small perturbations (anomalies) about the mean. This greatly alleviates, i.e., minimizes the cosmological constant problem, a long standing problem associated with the vacuum.

关键词： winterberg model Planck Particles Positive and Negative Mass Planck Particles Planckions Quantum Vacuum Space as a Superfluid/Supersolid Extended models for Space Cosmological Constant Higgs Field as a Composite Particle Higgs Boson Inherent Length Scale for the Vacuum Dark Energy Cosmological Scaling Behavior for the Quantum Vacuum Variable G models Extended Gravity Newton’s Constant as an Order Parameter High Energy Behavior for the Vacuum

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Is the Higgs Field a Positive and Negative Mass Planckion Condensate, and Does the LHC Produce Extreme Dark Energy?

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Journal of High Energy Physics, Gravitation and Cosmology 2022年第2期8卷 432-456页

作者： Christopher Pilot Retired Maine Maritime Academy Castine ME USA

Assuming a two-component, positive and negative mass, superfluid/supersolid for space (the winterberg model), we model the Higgs field as a condensate made up of a positive and a negative mass, planckion pair. The connection is shown to be consistent (compatible) with the underlying field equations for each field, and the continuity equation is satisfied for both species of planckions, as well as for the Higgs field. An inherent length scale for space (the vacuum) emerges, which we estimate from previous work to be of the order of, l+ (0) = l- (0) = 5.032E-19 meters, for an undisturbed (unperturbed) vacuum. Thus we assume a lattice structure for space, made up of overlapping positive and negative mass wave functions, ψ+, and, ψ-, which together bind to form the Higgs field, giving it its rest mass of 125.35 Gev/c2 with a coherence length equal to its Compton wavelength. If the vacuum experiences an extreme disturbance, such as in a LHC pp collision, it is conjectured that severe dark energy results, on a localized level, with a partial disintegration of the Higgs force field in the surrounding space. The Higgs boson as a quantum excitation in this field results when the vacuum reestablishes itself, within 10-22 seconds, with positive and negative planckion mass number densities equalizing in the disturbed region. Using our fundamental equation relating the Higgs field, φ, to the planckion ψ+ and ψ- wave functions, we calculate the overall vacuum pressure (equal to vacuum energy density), as well as typical ψ+ and ψ- displacements from equilibrium within the vacuum.

关键词： winterberg model Quantum Vacuum Higgs Condensate/Composite model Two-Component Superfluid/Supersolid model for the Vacuum Positive/Negative Planckion Mass Q-Theory Non-Linear Heisenberg Spinor Theory LHC Energies Dark Energy Lattice Substructure for Space

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