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Numerical and experimental study of the effects of wind turbine operation on sand-dust transport characteristics

Science China(Physics,Mechanics & Astronomy) 2024年第4期67卷 97-113页

作者： Gaosheng Ma Hong Han Ye Li Deshun Li Yan Wang Ning Fu Quan Zheng Rennian Li School of Energy and Power Engineering Lanzhou University of TechnologyLanzhou 730050China Gansu Provincial Technology Center for wind turbines Lanzhou 730050China Key Laboratory of Fluid Machinery and Systems Lanzhou 730050China Multiple Function Towing Tank Laboratory State Key Laboratory of Ocean EngineeringSchool of Naval ArchitectureOcean and Civil EngineeringShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai 200240China

Given factors such as reduced land availability for onshore wind farms,wind resource enrichment levels,and costs,there is a growing trend of establishing wind farms in deserts,the Gobi,and other arid regions.Therefore,the relationship between sanddust weather environments and wind turbine operations has garnered significant attention.To investigate the impact of wind turbine wakes on sand-dust transportation,this study employs large eddy simulation to model flow fields,coupled with an actuator line model for simulating rotating blades and a multiphase particle in cell model for simulating sand particles.The research focuses on a horizontal axis wind turbine model and examines the motion and spatiotemporal distribution characteristics of four typical sizes of sand particles in the turbine wake.The findings reveal that sand particles of varying sizes exhibit a spiral settling pattern after traversing the rotating plane of wind turbine blades,influenced by blade shedding vortex and gravity.Sand particles tend to cluster in the peripheries of the vortex cores of low vorticity in the wind turbine wake.The rotation of wind turbines generates a wake vortex structure that causes a significant clustering of sand particles at the tip vortex.As the wake distance increases,the particles that cluster at the turbine's tip gradually spread outward to approximately twice the rotor diameter and then begin to mix with the incoming flow environment.wind turbines have a noticeable impact on sand-dust transportation,hindering their movement to a significant extent.The average sand-blocking rate exhibits a trend of initially increasing and then decreasing as the wake distance increases.At its peak,the sand-blocking rate reaches an impressive 67.55%.The presence of wind turbines induces the advanced settling of sand particles,resulting in a“triangular”distribution of the deposition within the ground projection area of the wake.

关键词： wind turbine particle transportation actuator line model dry deposition particle clustering

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Influence of Trailing-Edge Wear on the Vibrational Behavior of wind turbine Blades

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Fluid Dynamics & Materials Processing 2024年第2期20卷 337-348页

作者： Yuanjun Dai Xin Wei Baohua Li Cong Wang Kunju Shi Mechanical College Shanghai Dian Ji UniversityShanghai201306China College of Energy Engineering Xinjiang Institute of EngineeringUrumqi830091China

To study the impact of the trailing-edge wear on the vibrational behavior of wind-turbine blades,unworn blades and trailing-edge worn blades have been assessed through relevant modal tests.According to these experiments,the natural frequencies of trailing-edge worn blades-1,-2,and-3 increase the most in the second to fourth order,theﬁfth order increases in the middle,and theﬁrst order increases the least.The damping ratio data indi-cate that,in general,theﬁrstﬁve-order damping ratios of trailing-edge worn blades-1 and trailing-edge worn blades-2 are reduced,and theﬁrstﬁve-order damping ratios of trailing-edge worn blades-3 are slightly improved.The mode shape diagram shows that the trailing-edge worn blades-1 and-2 have a large swing in the tip and the blade,whereas the second-and third-order vibration shapes of the trailing edge-worn blade-3 tend to be improved.Overall,all these results reveal that the blade’s mass and the wear area are the main fac-tors affecting the vibration characteristics of wind turbine blades.

关键词： wind turbine modal test natural frequency damping ratio mode shape

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Ice-Induced Vibrational Response of Single-Pile Offshore wind-turbine Foundations

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Fluid Dynamics & Materials Processing 2024年第3期20卷 625-639页

作者： Zhoujie Zhu Gang Wang Qingquan Liu Guojun Wang Rui Dong Dayong Zhang Department of Renewable Energy Engineering PowerChina Huadong Engineering Corporation LimitedHangzhou311122China School of Ocean Science and Technology Dalian University of TechnologyPanjin124221China Ningbo Institute of Dalian University of Technology Ningbo315000China

Important challenges must be addressed to make wind turbines sustainable renewable energy sources.A typical problem concerns the design of the foundation.If the pile diameter is larger than that of the jacket platform,traditional mechanical models cannot be used.In this study,relying on the seabed soil data of an offshore wind farm,the m-method and the equivalent embedded method are used to address the single-pile wind turbine foundation problem for different pile diameters.An approach to determine the equivalent pile length is also proposed accordingly.The results provide evidence for the effectiveness and reliability of the model based on the equivalent embedded method.

关键词： wind turbine ice-induced vibration dynamic response equivalent embedded method

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Semi-supervised surface defect detection of wind turbine blades with YOLOv4

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Global Energy Interconnection 2024年第3期7卷 284-292页

作者： Chao Huang Minghui Chen Long Wang Department of Computer and Communication Engineering University of Science and Technology BeijingBeijing 100083P.R.China Shunde Innovation School University of Science and Technology BeijingFoshan 528399P.R.China

Timely inspection of defects on the surfaces of wind turbine blades can effectively prevent unpredictable accidents.To this end,this study proposes a semi-supervised object-detection network based on You Only Looking Once version 4(YOLOv4).A semi-supervised structure comprising a generative adversarial network(GAN)was designed to overcome the difficulty in obtaining sufficient samples and sample labeling.In a GAN,the generator is realized by an encoder-decoder network,where the backbone of the encoder is YOLOv4 and the decoder comprises inverse convolutional layers.Partial features from the generator are passed to the defect detection network.Deploying several unlabeled images can significantly improve the generalization and recognition capabilities of defect-detection models.The small-scale object detection capacity of the network can be improved by enhancing essential features in the feature map by adding the concurrent spatial and channel squeeze and excitation(scSE)attention module to the three parts of the YOLOv4 network.A balancing improvement was made to the loss function of YOLOv4 to overcome the imbalance problem of the defective species.The results for both the single-and multi-category defect datasets show that the improved model can make good use of the features of the unlabeled images.The accuracy of wind turbine blade defect detection also has a significant advantage over classical object detection algorithms,including faster R-CNN and DETR.

关键词： Defect detection Generative adversarial network scSE attention Semi-supervision wind turbine

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Flashover Probability of wind turbine Blade and Impact of Strong Electromagnetic Pulse from Lightning Strikes on wind turbine Safety

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Meteorological and Environmental Research 2024年第1期15卷 62-66页

作者： Lixin YAO Bin XIAO Jianwen ZHANG Weixiang FENG Renhong GUO Zengru YANG Chunliang ZHANG Hui YANG Hunan Branch of Guangdong wind Power Generation Co. Ltd.Changsha 410000China CGN New Energy South China Branch Shenzhen 518000China Maoming Meteorological Bureau Maoming 525000China Guangdong Yuedian Yangjiang Offshore wind Power Co. Ltd.Yangjiang 510630China Guangdong Foshan Shunde Lunjiao Jindun Lightning Protection Technology Development Co. Ltd.Foshan 528308China Guangzhou Meteorological Bureau Guangzhou 510530China

This paper systematically studies the flashover probability of wind turbine blade lightning arrester and the impact of strong electromagnetic pulses on the local and surrounding wind turbines during lightning strikes.The research results indicate that the flashover probability of direct lightning strikes by the wind turbine blade lightning arrester is almost negligible,and the strong electromagnetic pulse of wind turbine blade during lightning strikes has a serious impact on the electronic equipment of the machine,while the impact on the surrounding wind turbine is relatively small.At the same time,the calculation formula for the reflection of lightning current on the carbon brush between the wind turbine hub and the engine compartment during the flashing of the wind turbine blades is provided,and the calculation method for calculating the spatial gradient distribution of electromagnetic field intensity using Biot-Savart Law theorem is applied.The limitations of using wind turbine blades for lightning protection are pointed out,and a technical route for achieving wind turbine lightning safety is proposed,which can be used as a reference for wind turbine lightning protection technicians.

关键词： wind turbine Flashover probability of blade lightning arrester Spatial gradient of electromagnetic field intensity Technical route

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wind turbine Efficiency Under Altitude Consideration Using an Improved Particle Swarm Framework

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Computers, Materials & Continua 2022年第12期73卷 4981-4994页

作者： Haykel Marouani Fahad Awjah Almehmadi Rihem Farkh Habib Dhahri Department of Applied Mechanical Engineering College of Applied EngineeringMuzahimiyah BranchKing Saud UniversityP.O.BOX 800Riyadh11421Saudi Arabia Department of Applied Electrical Engineering College of Applied EngineeringMuzahimiyah BranchKing Saud UniversityP.O.BOX 800Riyadh11421Saudi Arabia Department of Information Science College of Applied Computer SciencesMuzahimiyah BranchKing Saud UniversityP.O.BOX 800Riyadh11421Saudi Arabia

In this work,the concepts of particle swarm optimization-based method,named non-Gaussian improved particle swarm optimization for minimizing the cost of energy(COE)of wind turbines(WTs)on high-altitude sites are introduced.Since the COE depends on site specification constants and initialized parameters of wind turbine,the focus was on the design optimization of rotor radius,hub height and rated power.Based on literature,the COE is converted to the Saudi Arabia context.Thus,the constrained wind turbine optimization problem is developed.Then,non-Gaussian improved particle swarm optimization is provided and compared with the conventional particle swarm optimization for solving the optimization design in wind turbine efficiency under different altitudes ranging from 2500 to 4000 m.The results show that as altitude rises,the optimal rotor radius grows,but the optimal hub height and rated power drop,resulting in an increase in COE.Further,the non-Gaussian method display a faster convergence compared to the classical particle swarm optimization.These findings will be useful as a reference for wind turbine design at high altitudes.Thus,it could be employed to optimize the initialized parameter of wind turbine for the planned and largest wind farm in Saudi Arabia in Dumat Al-Jandal selected site.

关键词： wind turbine high altitude energy cost particle swarm optimization Levy distribution

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wind turbine Spindle Operating State Recognition and Early Warning Driven by SCADA Data

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Energy Engineering 2023年第5期120卷 1223-1237页

作者： Yuhan Liu Yuqiao Zheng Zhuang Ma Cang Wu School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Lanzhou University of TechnologyLanzhou730050China

An operating condition recognition approach of wind turbine spindle is proposed based on supervisory control and data acquisition(SCADA)normal data drive.Firstly,the SCADA raw data of wind turbine under full working conditions are cleaned and feature extracted.Then the spindle speed is employed as the output parameter,and the single and combined normal behavior model of the wind turbine spindle is constructed sequentially with the preprocessed data,with the evaluation indexes selected as the optimal model.Finally,calculating the spindle operation status index according to the slidingwindowprinciple,ascertaining the threshold value for identifying the abnormal spindle operation status by the hypothesis of small probability event,analyzing the 2.5 MW wind turbine SCADA data froma domestic wind field as a sample,The results show that the fault warning time of the early warningmodel is 5.7 h ahead of the actual fault occurrence time,as well as the identification and early warning of abnormal wind turbine spindle operationwithout abnormal data or a priori knowledge of related faults.

关键词： wind turbine SCADA data-driven state recognition early warning

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Power Curve Modeling for wind turbine Using Hybrid-driven Outlier Detection Method

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现代电力系统与清洁能源学报(英文) 2023年第4期11卷 1115-1125页

作者： Qi Yao Yang Hu Jizhen Liu Tianyang Zhao Xiao Qi Shanxun Sun Energy and Electricity Research Center Jinan UniversityZhuhaiChina School of Control and Computer Engineering North China Electric Power UniversityBeijingChina

wind power curve modeling is essential in the analysis and control of wind turbines(WTs),and data preprocessing is a critical step in accurate curve modeling.As traditional methods do not sufficiently consider WT models,this paper proposes a new data cleaning method for wind power curve modeling.In this method,a model-data hybrid-driven(MDHD)outlier detection method is constructed,and an adaptive update rule for major parameters in the detection algorithm is designed based on the WT model.Simultaneously,because the MDHD outlier detection method considers multiple types of operating data of WTs,anomaly detection results require further analysis.Accordingly,an expert system is developed in which a knowledgebase and an inference engine are designed based on the coupling relationships of different operating data.Finally,abnormal data are eliminated and the power curve modeling is completed.The proposed and traditional methods are compared in numerical cases,and the superiority of the proposed method is demonstrated.

关键词： wind turbine power curve modeling outlier detection data-driven expert system

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Fractional-order Sliding Mode Control of Hybrid Drive wind turbine for Improving Low-voltage Ride-through Capacity

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Journal of Modern Power Systems and Clean Energy 2023年第5期11卷 1427-1436页

作者： Ziwei Wang Wenliang Yin Lin Liu Yue Wang Cunshan Zhang Xiaoming Rui School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Shandong University of TechnologyZibo 255000China School of Electrical and Data Engineering University of Technology SydneyNSW 2007Australia School of Energy Power and Mechanical Engineering North China Electric Power UniversityBeijing 102206China

A hybrid drive wind turbine equipped with a speed regulating differential mechanism can generate electricity at the grid frequency by an electrically excited synchronous generator without requiring fully or partially rated converters. This mechanism has extensively been studied in recent years. To enhance the transient operation performance and low-voltage ridethrough capacity of the proposed hybrid drive wind turbine, we aim to synthesize an advanced control scheme for the flexible regulation of synchronous generator excitation based on fractional-order sliding mode theory. Moreover, an extended state observer is constructed to cooperate with the designed controller and jointly compensate for parametric uncertainties and external disturbances. A dedicated simulation model of a 1.5 MW hybrid drive wind turbine is established and verified through an experimental platform. The results show satisfactory model performance with the maximum and average speed errors of 1.67% and 1.05%, respectively. Moreover, comparative case studies are carried out considering parametric uncertainties and different wind conditions and grid faults, by which the superiority of the proposed controller for improving system ongrid operation performance is verified.

关键词： Sliding mode controller(SMC) extended state observer(ESO) low-voltage ride-through(LVRT) synchronous generator(SG) speed regulation wind power wind turbine

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Numerical simulation of rime ice accretion on a threedimensional wind turbine blade using a Lagrangian approach

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Frontiers of Structural and Civil Engineering 2023年第12期17卷 1895-1906页

作者： Tiange ZHANG Xuanyi ZHOU Zhenbiao LIU State Key Laboratory of Disaster Reduction in Civil Engineering Tongji UniversityShanghai 200092China State Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Science and Technology Trina SolarChangzhou 213031China

The accreted ice on wind turbine blades significantly deteriorates the blade aerodynamic performance and consequently the power production.The existing numerical simulations of blade icing have mostly been performed with the Eulerian approach for two-dimensional(2D)blade profiles,neglecting the possible three-dimensional(3D)rotating effect.This paper conducts a numerical simulation of rime ice accretion on a 3D wind turbine blade using the Lagrangian approach.The simulation results are validated through previously published experimental data.The icing characteristics along the blade radial direction are then investigated in detail.Significant radial airflow along the blade is observed,which demonstrates the necessity of 3D simulation.In addition,more droplets are found to impinge on the blade surface near the tip region,thereby producing severer ice accretion there.The accreted ice increases almost linearly along the blade radial direction in terms of both ice mass and maximum ice thickness.

关键词： ice accretion wind turbine numerical simulation Lagrangian approach

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