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Evacuating a First Nation Due to wildfire smoke:The Case of Dene Tha’ First Nation

International Journal of Disaster Risk Science 2020年第3期11卷 274-286页

作者： Kyla D.Mottershead Tara K.McGee Amy Christianson Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences University of AlbertaEdmontonAB T6G 2E3Canada Canadian Forest Service Northern Forestry CentreEdmontonAB T6H 3S5Canada

Almost every year,First Nations are evacuated in Canada because of wildfire proximity and *** of wildfires,and remote locations,unique sociocultural characteristics,and limited emergency management resources present challenges for evacuation organizers and *** study explores how Dene Tha’First Nation evacuated their Tachécommunity in July 2012 due to wildfire smoke and how the evacuation process affected *** were completed with 31 evacuation organizers and residents to examine the factors that helped and hindered the evacuation *** of information about the nearby wildfire,smoke,and evacuation of the nearby small community of Zama City,combined with a generic evacuation plan,delayed and posed challenges during the evacuation of this Dene Tha’*** leadership and its role in community organizing,keeping families together,providing the social support they needed,and using familiar host communities,demonstrated and contributed to the community’s resilience during the *** to improve evacuations and emergency management in the community and other First Nations in Canada are identified and discussed.

关键词： Community resilience Evacuation planning First Nations Indigenous peoples wildfire smoke

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Theoretical Investigations on Mapping Mean Distributions of Particulate Matter,Inert,Reactive,and Secondary Pollutants from wildfires by Unmanned Air Vehicles(UAVs)

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Open Journal of Air Pollution 2015年第3期4卷 149-174页

作者： Nicole Molders Mary K.Butwin James M.Madden Huy N.Q.Tran Kenneth Sassen Gerhard Kramm Geophysical Institute University of Alaska FairbanksFairbanksUSA Department of Atmospheric Sciences College of Natural Science and MathematicsUniversity of Alaska FairbanksFairbanksUSA Bingham Entrepreneurship&Energy Research Center Utah State UniversityVernalUSA 4Department of Atmospheric ScienceUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUSA 5Engineering Meteorology ConsultingFairbanksUSA

Evaluated Weather Research and Forecasting model inline with chemistry (WRF/Chem) simulations of the 2009 Crazy Mountain Complex wildfire in Interior Alaska served as a testbed for typical Alaska wildfire-smoke conditions. A virtual unmanned air vehicle (UAV) sampled temperatures, dewpoint temperatures, primary inert and reactive gases and particular matter of different sizes as well as secondary pollutants from the WRF/Chem results using different sampling patterns, altitudes and speeds to investigate the impact of the sampling design on obtained mean distributions. In this experimental design, the WRF/Chem data served as the “grand truth” to assess the mean distributions from sampling. During frontal passage, the obtained mean distributions were sensitive to the flight patterns, speeds and heights. For inert constituents mean distributions from sampling agreed with the “grand truth” within a factor of two at 1000 m. Mean distributions of gases involved in photochemistry differed among flight patterns except for ozone. The diurnal cycle of these gases’ concentrations led to overestimation (underestimation) of 20 h means in areas of high (low) concentrations as compared to the “grand truth.” The mean ozone distribution was sensitive to the speed of the virtual UAV. Particulate matter showed the strongest sensitivity to the flight patterns, especially during precipitation.

关键词： WRF/Chem wildfire smoke Unmanned Aircraft Vehicles Theoretical Flight Design CALIPSO

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