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Bird assemblages in natural and urbanized habitats along elevational gradient in Nainital district （western himalaya） of Uttarakhand state, India

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Current Zoology 2011年第3期57卷 318-329页

作者： Dinesh BHATT Kamal Kant JOSHI Avian Diversity and Bioacoustics Lab Department of Zoology and Environmental Science Gurukula Kangri University Harid- war 249 404 Uttarakhand India

The Indian subcontinent is amongst the biologically better known parts of the tropics and its bird fauna has been well documented. However, avian community composition and diversity along elevational gradients and amongst habitat types remains unclear in India. We attempted to estimate bird assemblages in terms of diversity, species composition, status and abun- dance in urban and forest habitats of Nainital district of Uttarakhand （350-2450 m asl; 29N）, western himalayas. We sampled different elevational gradients and to understand the effect of urbanization and season on avian community composition. Field studies were conducted during January 2005 to January 2007. Results indicated that the forest had more complex bird community structure in terms of higher species richness （14.35 vs 8.69）, higher species diversity （Shannon＇s index 4.00 vs 3.54）, higher evenness （0.838 vs 0.811） and more rare species （17 vs 5） as compared to urban habitat. However, the abundance of 11 species was higher in urban habitats. Bird Species Richness （BSR） varied considerably among study areas （91 to 113 species）, was high- est （113 species） at mid elevation （1450-1700 m asl） and decreased （22 species） at high elevation （1900-2450 m asl）. It seems that high BSR at mid altitudes is not caused by the presence of a group of mid altitude specialists but rather that there is an over- lap in the distribution of low land and high elevation specialists at this altitude. BSR and Bird Species Diversity fluctuated across seasons but not habitat type [Current Zoology 57 （3）： 318-329,2011].

关键词： Avian biodiversity western himalaya Urbanization

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Plant Species Diversity along an Altitudinal Gradient of Bhabha Valley in western himalaya

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Journal of Mountain Science 2008年第2期5卷 157-177页

作者： Amit Chawla S.Rajkumar K.N.Singh Brij Lal R.D.Singh A.K.Thukral Bioresource Development Unit Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (CSIR) Palampur Himachal Pradesh-176 061 India Department of Botanical & Environmental Sciences Guru Nanak Dev University Amritsar-143 005 India

The present study highlights the rich species diversity of higher plants in the Bhabha Valley of western himalaya in India. The analysis of species diversity revealed that a total of 313 species of higher plants inhabit the valley with a characteristic of moist alpine shrub vegetation. The herbaceous life forms dominate and increase with increasing altitude. The major representations are from the families Asteraceae, Rosaceae, Lamiaceae and Poaceae, suggesting thereby the alpine meadow nature of the study area. The effect of altitude on species diversity displays a hump-shaped curve which may be attributed to increase in habitat diversity at the median ranges and relatively less habitat diversity at higher altitudes. The anthropogenic pressure at lower altitudes results in low plant diversity towards the bottom of the valley with most of the species being exotic in nature. Though the plant diversity is less at higher altitudinal ranges, the uniqueness is relatively high with high species replacement rates. More than 90 % of variability in the species diversity could be explained using appropriate quantitative and statistical analysis along the altitudinal gradient. The valley harbours 18 threatened and 41 endemic species, most of which occur at higher altitudinal gradients due to habitat specificity.

关键词： Plant species diversity threatened species altitudinal gradient flora Bhabha Valley western himalaya India

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Half-a-century(1971–2020)of glacier shrinkage and climatic variability in the Bhaga basin,western himalaya

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Journal of Mountain Science 2023年第3期20卷 299-324页

作者： DAS Suresh SHARMA Milap Chand MURARI Madhav Krishna NÜSSER Marcus SCHMIDT Susanne Centre for the Study of Regional Development Jawaharlal Nehru UniversityNew Delhi 110067India National Geochronology Facility Inter-University Accelerator CentreNew Delhi 110067India Department of Geography South Asia Institute(SAI)Heidelberg UniversityHeidelberg 69115Germany Heidelberg Centre for the Environment(HCE) Heidelberg UniversityHeidelberg 69120Germany

Glacier shrinkage is a globally occurring ***-resolution change detection based on frequent mapping and monitoring of high-altitude glaciers is necessary to precisely evaluate future water availability and to understand glacier evolution under different climatic scenarios in the Hindukush-Karakoram-himalayan(HKH)*** also holds true for the Bhaga basin of the western *** study investigates glacier and glacier lake changes in the Bhaga basin,over the last five decades based on satellite imagery including Corona KH4(1971),Landsat 7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus(ETM+;2000),Linear Imaging Self-Scanning Sensor(LISS Ⅳ;2013),and Sentinel 2(2020).Regional temperature and precipitation trends were evaluated from gridded climatic datasets(1900–2020).In the Bhaga basin 306 glaciers(>0.2 km^(2))were mapped with a total area of 360.3±4.0 km^(2),of which 55.7±0.6 km^(2)was covered with debris in *** total glacier covered area decreased by∼8.2±1.5%(0.16±0.03%yr-1)during the entire observation period 1971–2020,with noticeable heterogeneity between tributary *** the past two decades(2000–2020),the deglaciation rate has increased significantly(0.25%yr-1)compared to the previous decades(1971–2000;0.12%yr-1).Glacier lake area increased by 0.6±0.1 km^(2)(0.012 km^(2)yr-1)between 1971 and *** NCEP/NCAR climatic data reveals an increase of 0.63℃in temperature and a decrease of 6.39 mm in precipitation for the period 1948–*** comparison,APHRODITE data shows an increasing trend in temperature of 1.14℃between 1961 and 2015 and decreasing trend in precipitation of 31 mm between 1951 and *** NCEP/NCAR and APHRODITE data reveal significant temperature increase and precipitation decrease since the 1990s,which have probably augmented ice loss in the Bhaga basin during the early 21st century.

关键词： Glacier change Remote sensing APHRODITE NCEP/NCAR reanalysis Climate change western himalaya

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Climate change impact in the western himalaya:people's perception and adaptive strategies

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Journal of Mountain Science 2017年第2期14卷 403-416页

作者： Vikram S.Negi Rakesh K.Maikhuri Dalbeer Pharswan Shinny Thakur Pitamber P.Dhyani G.B.Pant National Institute of himalayan Environment and Sustainable Development Kosi-KatarmalAlmoraUttarakhandIndia G.B.Pant National Institute of himalayan Environment and Sustainable Development Garhwal UnitSrinagar(Garhwal)UttarakhandIndia

The himalaya represents a vast mountain system and globally valued for its significant role in regulation of global as well as regional climate that has direct impact on biodiversity and ecosystem services crucial for sustenance of millions of people in himalaya and adjoining areas. However, mountain regions worldwide are impacted by climate change and at the same time represent distinctive area for the assessment of climate related impacts. Climate change impacts in himalayan region have its implications on food production, natural ecosystems,retreat of glacier, water supply, human and animal health and overall human well being. The livelihood and food security of the people inhabited in region largely depend on climate sensitive sectors ***, livestock, forestry and their interlinkages with each other, and has the potential to break down food and nutritional security as well as livelihood support systems. People's perception and understanding of climate can be an important asset when it comes to adaptation to climate change impact;however it is not taken into consideration for the development of policy design and implementation of modern mitigation and adaptation strategies by governments and other civil society *** knowledge of local people and farming communities for rural landscape management and sustainable use of bioresources is gaining credence as a key strategy to cope up with the climate ***, the present study analyzes the indigenous knowledge of local people and their perceptions on climate change, and also documented adaptation approaches at local level in mountain ecosystem of western himalaya. The study could be useful to policy makers to design appropriate adaptation strategies to cope up with the impacts of climate change.

关键词： western himalaya Climate change People's perception Traditional knowledge Adaptation

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Species Diversity and Population Status of Threatened Plants in Different Landscape Elements of the Rohtang Pass,western himalaya

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Journal of Mountain Science 2008年第1期5卷 73-83页

作者： K.N.Singh Gopichand Amit Kumar Brij Lal N.P.Todaria Biodiversity Division Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (CSIR)PalampurHimachal Pradesh176 061India Forestry department HNB Garhwal UniversitySrinagarUttarakhandIndia

This paper highlights the quantitative estimates of plant species diversity and ecosystems of the Rohtang Pass,which is one of the most preferred visiting spots by tourists in Himachal Pradesh (H.P.),India. In spite of high pressure of anthropogenic activities,the Rohtang Pass still harbours a variety of flowering plants with economic value,including various medicinal herbs. In order to observe species diversity in different landscape elements (LSEs),ground surveys were conducted in nine unique LSEs within the elevation range between 3624 m and 4332 m. Plant community structure in each LSE was studied using stratified random sampling where a total 56 quadrats of 1 m2 in size for herbs and 7 quadrats of 25 m2 for shrubs were made. Of the total 50 plant species belonging to 15 families recorded in different random quadrats,24 species were found of medicinal value. Maximum species richness (18) and value of Shannon diversity (H'=2.2648) were observed on northeast-facing slope in Picrorhiza kurrooa dominated LSE in moist area,followed by Rheum emodi LSE (species richness = 17 and H' = 2.4141) distributed on south-facing slope. Maximum values of species richness and Shannon diversity in Rheum emodi LSE were observed between 8 ～ 12 and 1.4797 ～ 2.1911,respectively. Rhododendron anthopogon dominated LSE on northwest-facing slope was found least diverse in terms of species richness where the Simpson index of dominance (D) was 0.4205. The species were equal in abundance in P. kurrooa LSE on east-facing slope and Pleurospermum candollii LSE on north-facing slope,showing the maximum similarity in terms of species distribution between the two LSEs. Low turnover of species across common LSEs gives an idea regarding their limited distribution. Five species of threatened category according to the IUCN criteria were observed in seven LSEs. The largest population of threatened medicinal plants was recorded on northeast and northwest-facing slopes where population density of Bergenia

关键词： Species diversity threatened plant landscape Rohtang Pass western himalaya

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Plant studies in Himachal Pradesh,western himalaya: a systematic review

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Journal of Mountain Science 2021年第7期18卷 1856-1873页

作者： Himanshu BARGALI Manisha MATHELA Rupali SHARMA Monika SHARMA Dani YAMING Amit KUMAR Contributed equally to this work Wildlife Institute of India Post box#18Dehradun 248002UttarakhandIndia

Owing to a predicted rise in temperature,increase in precipitation and the escalating anthropogenic stresses,the himalayan ecosystems are the most threatened non-polar regions of the *** the past,there have been racing extinctions and range shifts of several life forms in this region,particularly of the plant ***,consistent qualitative and quantitative records on botanical baseline data on a regular basis are *** current communication attempts to provide a detailed account on the current state of knowledge and research gaps in floristic studies of Himachal Pradesh,western *** on an extensive review of more than 140 studies in the form of scientific peer reviewed literature on floristics,medicinal and aromatic plants(MAPs),rare,endangered,threatened and endemic species and ethno-botany,it is revealed that the number of floristic studies in Himachal Pradesh have surged in the past years but studies pertaining to the lower plants remain ***,the remote valleys including micro-watersheds lying in the coldarid regions are relatively less studied in terms of available growing stock and population status of *** traditional ethno-botanical knowledge has been the major concern and,many threatened MAPs need to be accessed globally following IUCN ***,documentation of the conservation status of key MAPs,setting aside conservation areas around viable populations of threatened species,developing germplasm banks of the priority MAPs and monitoring the impacts of climate change has been suggested.

关键词： Biodiversity Ethno-botany Flora Medicinal plants Threatened plants western himalaya

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Forecast future disasters using hydro-meteorological datasets in the Yamuna river basin,western himalaya:Using Markov Chain and LSTM approaches

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Artificial Intelligence in Geosciences 2024年第1期5卷 114-136页

作者： Pankaj Chauhan Muhammed Ernur Akiner Rajib Shaw Kalachand Sain Wadia Institute of himalayan Geology DehradunUttarakhand248001India Graduate School of Media and Governance Keio University5322 EndoFujisawa 252-0882KanagawaJapan Akdeniz University Vocational School of Technical SciencesDepartment of Environmental Protection TechnologiesAntalyaTurkey

This research aim to evaluate hydro-meteorological data from the Yamuna River Basin,Uttarakhand,India,utilizing Extreme Value Distribution of Frequency Analysis and the Markov Chain *** method assesses persistence and allows for combinatorial probability estimations such as initial and transitional *** hydrologic data was generated(in-situ)and received from Uttarakhand Jal Vidut Nigam Limited(UJVNL),and meteorological data was acquired from NASA’s archives MERRA-2 product.A total of sixteen years(2005-2020)of data was used to foresee daily Precipitation from 2020 to ***-2 products are utilized as observed and forecast values for daily Precipitation throughout the monsoon season,which runs from July to *** Chain and Long Short-Term Memory(LSTM)findings for 2020,2021,and 2022 were observed,and anticipated values for daily rainfall during the monsoon season between July and *** to test findings,the artificial intelligence technique cannot anticipate future regional meteorological formations;the correlation coefficient R^(2) is around *** to the randomly verified precipitation data findings,the Markov Chain model has a success rate of 79.17 *** results suggest that extended return periods should be a warning sign for drought and flood risk in the himalayan *** study gives a better knowledge of the water budget,climate change variability,and impact of global warming,ultimately leading to improved water resource management and better emergency planning to the establishment of the Early Warning System(EWS)for extreme occurrences such as cloudbursts,flash floods,landslides hazards in the complex himalayan region.

关键词： Forecast disasters western himalaya Hydro-meteorological hazards LSTM Markov chain Yamuna river basin

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Tree ring derived summer temperature variability over the past millennium in the western himalayas of northern Pakistan

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Frontiers of Earth Science 2023年第4期17卷 1026-1036页

作者： Fayaz ASAD Haifeng ZHU Tabassum YASEEN Ru HUANG Mukund Palat RAO Department of Botany Bacha Khan University CharsaddaKhyber Dakhtun Khaw 24420Pakistan State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System Resources and Environment(TPESRE)Institute of Tibetan Plateau ResearchChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100101China China Pakistan Joint Research Center on Earth Sciences CAS-HECIslamabad 45320Pakistan Centre de Recerca Ecològica i Aplicacions Forestals Barcelona 08193Spain Department of Plant Science University of California Davis(UC Davis)95616CaliforniaUSA Tree Ring Laboratory Lamont-Doherty Earth ObservatoryColumbia UniversityNY 10964USA

Long-term high resolution climate proxies are essential for understanding climate variability particularly,in regions such as the western himalayas of northern Pakistan,where few long-term climate records are *** standard dendrochronological methods,an 1132-year(882 to 2013 C.E.)tree-ring chronology of Juniperus excelsa *** was established from the western himalayas,northern Pakistan(WHNP).Tree growth was negatively and significantly(r=-0.65)correlated with the growing season(June-July)mean temperature,and positively and weakly(r=0.22)associated with *** inverse relationship of tree radial growth with temperature and positive association with precipitation demonstrated that forest growth is sensitive to high temperature related *** a reliable STD chronology and robust reconstruction model,a 928-year(1086 to 2013 C.E.)mean temperature reconstruction was developed for the WHNP using the substantial negative correlation between the summer temperature and standard tree ring-width *** to statistical validation,the reconstruction accounted for 41.6% of the climatic variation for the period of 1956-2013 *** *** extreme-warm periods occurred in 1093 C.E.(29.42℃)and extreme cold periods in 1088 C.E.(26.99℃)observed during the past 928 *** reconstruction's multi-taper method(MTM)spectral analysis reveals significant(p<0.05)2-3-year and 63.8-year *** the 2-3-year cycle occurred within the range of ENSO variation,which indicates that ENSO had an impact on the regional temperature in our studied area.

关键词： tree rings Juniperus excelsa dendrochronology reconstruction western himalaya

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Assessing impact of climate change on forest cover type shifts in western himalayan Eco-region

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Journal of Forestry Research 2012年第1期23卷 75-80页

作者： P.K.Joshi Asha Rawat Sheena Narula Vinay Sinha Department of Natural Resources TERI UniversityNew Delhi 110070India

Climate is a critical factor affecting forest ecosystems and their capacity to produce goods and services. Effects of climate change on forests depend on ecosystem-specific factors including dimensions of climate （temperature, precipitation, drought, wind etc.）. Available infor- mation is not sufficient to support a quantitative assessment of the eco- logical, social and economic consequences. The present study assessed shifts in forest cover types of western himalayan Eco-region （700-4 500 m）. 100 randomly selected samples （75 for training and 25 for testing the model）, genetic algorithm of rule set parameters and climatic envelopes were used to assess the distribution of five prominent forest cover types （Temperate evergreen, Tropical semi-evergreen, Temperate conifer, Sub- tropical conifer, and Tropical moist deciduous forests）. Modelling was conducted for four different scenarios, current scenario, changed precipi- tation （8% increase）, changed temperature （1.07℃ increase）, and both changed temperature and precipitation. On increasing precipitation a downward shift in the temperate evergreen and tropical semi-evergreen was observed, while sub-tropical conifer and tropical moist-deciduous forests showed a slight upward shift and temperate conifer showed ＇no shift. On increasing temperatm＇e, an upward shift in all forest types was observed except sub-tropical conifer forests without significant changes. When both temperature and precipitation were changed, the actual dis- tribution was maintained and slight upward shift was observed in all the forest types except sub-tropical conifer. It is important to understand the likely impacts of the projected climate change on the forest ecosystems, so that better management and conservation strategies can be adopted for the biodiversity and forest dependent community. Knowledge of impact mechanisms also enables identification and mitigation of some of the conditions that increase vulnerability to climate change in the fore

关键词： Climate change forest cover types shift western himalaya genetic algorithm

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Role of Different Moisture Sources in Driving the western himalayan Past-glacier Advances

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Journal of Atmospheric Science Research 2023年第3期6卷 1-19页

作者： Prachita Arora Sheikh Nawaz Ali Anupam Sharma Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeosciences Lucknow226007India Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research Ghaziabad201002India

The fragmented pattern and the rapidly declining preservation of older glacial features/evidences limits the precision,with which glacial chronologies can be *** challenge is exacerbated by the scarcity of datable material and limitations of dating ***,the preserved glacial landforms have been fairly utilized to establish glacial chronologies from different sectors of the Indian *** existing himalayan glacial chrono-stratigraphies have revealed that in a single valley,past glacial advances rarely surpass four ***,local and regional glacial chronologies must be synthesized to understand glacial dynamics and potential forcing *** research presents an overview of glacier responses to climate variations revealed by glacial chrono-stratigraphies in the western Indian himalayan region over the Quaternary(late).The synthesis demonstrated that,although the glacial advances were sporadic,glaciers in western himalayas generally advanced during the Marine isotope stage(MIS)-3/4,MIS-2,late glacial,Younger Dryas(YD)and Holocene *** Holocene has witnessed multiple glacial advances and the scatter is *** previous glacial research revealed that himalayan glaciers were out of phase with the global last glacial maximum(gLGM),weak Indian Summer Monsoon(ISM)has been implicated(ISM was reduced by roughly 20%).Recent research,however,has shown that gLGM glaciation responded to the global cooling associated with the enhanced mid-latitude westerlies(MLW).Further,the magnitude of gLGM glacier advance varied along and across the himalayas particularly the transitional valleys located between the ISM and MLW *** is also evident that both the ISM and MLW have governed the late Quaternary glacial advances in the western himalayan ***,the responses of glaciers to ISM changes are more *** insights gained from this synthesis will help us understand the dynamics of glacier response to climate

关键词： Glacial chrono-stratigraphy Dating technique limits Climate drivers western himalaya India

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