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water security Problem in North China: Research and Perspective

Pedosphere 2005年第5期15卷 563-575页

作者： XIA Jun LIU Meng-Yu JIA Shao-Feng Key Laboratory of water Cycle ＆Related Land Surface Processes Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100101 （China） State Key Laboratory of water Resources ＆ Hydropower Engineering Sciences Wuhan University Wuhan 430072（China） Center for Agricultural Resources Research Institute of Genetic and Developmental Biology Chinese Academy of Sciences Shijiazhuang 050021 （China）

This paper addresses the emergence of water security problems in North China with the aim of highlighting key waterresources management and water security issues for the long-term development of North China. Three key problemsrelated to water resources and security issues in North China in the 21st century are addressed, namely 1) the watercycle under environmental change, 2) agricultural water saving, and 3) water security. Development of internationalresearch related to these issues is also reviewed. The research plan developed recently by the Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS) is discussed and suggestions on research and development of water resources science in North China are *** to focus on experimental catchments and dedicated research stations, a detailed knowledge of the water cycle onNorth China farmland has been compiled. A range of techniques that include isotope tracers has been used to acquirehydrologic data. Much research has been devoted to developing distributed hydrological models at different scales. In thewell irrigation district, five different water saving irrigation regimes have been investigated, and these regimes have hadwidespread application, and reduced water use 60-150 mm while they increased water use efficiency (WUE) by 20%-30%.Furthermore, preventing water pollution is the most essential step to ensure North China’s water security.

关键词： environmental change North China water cycle water resources water security

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Early Warning Smartphone Diagnostics for water security and Analysis Using Real-Time pH Mapping

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Photonic Sensors 2015年第4期5卷 289-297页

作者： Md. Arafat HOSSAIN John CANNING Sandra AST Peter J. RUTLEDGE Abbas JAMALIPOUR interdisciplinary Photonics Laboratories (iPL) School of Chemistry The University of Sydney NSW 2006 Australia School of Chemistry The University of Sydney NSW 2006 Australia Wireless Networking Group (WING) School of Electrical and Information Engineering The University of Sydney NSW2006 Australia

Early detection of environmental disruption, unintentional or otherwise, is increasingly desired to ensure hazard minimization in many settings. Here, using a field-portable, smartphone fluorimeter to assess water quality based on the pH response of a designer probe, a map of pH of public tap water sites has been obtained. A custom designed Android application digitally processed and mapped the results utilizing the global positioning system （GPS） service of the smartphone. The map generated indicates no disruption in pH for all sites measured, and all the data are assessed to fall inside the upper limit of local government regulations, consistent with authority reported measurements. This implementation demonstrates a new security concept： network environmental forensics utilizing the potential of novel smartgrid analysis with wireless sensors for the detection of potential disruption to water quality at any point in the city. This concept is applicable across all smartgrid strategies within the next generation of the Internet of Things and can be extended on national and global scales to address a range of target analytes, both chemical and biological.

关键词： Lab-in-a-phone Intemet of Things optical sensing and sensor smartphone sensor photonic sensor fluorescence water security

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Scenario simulation of water security in China

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2004年第5期16卷 765-769页

作者： OUYANGZhi-yun ZHAOTong-qian WANGRu-song LeifSODERLUND ZHANGQiao-xian ResearchCentreforEco-EnvironmentalSciences ChineseAcademyofSciencesBeijing100085China AgrifoodResearchFinland Jokioinen31600Finland

Limited water resources, increasing demand, low use efficiency, and serious pollution result in severe water resource difficult in China. The evaluation of addressing water problems and the search for effective countermeasures that ensure sustainable water use are key to China's sustainable development. The “compound water security” consists of food security, life security, environmental security, and economic security. By establishing a conceptual model, the water security of China has been simulated in terms of four scenarios called BAU(the business-as-usual scenario), TEC(the technology and economics scenario), IVL(the institution, values, and lifestyles scenario) and TSD(toward sustainable development) in this paper. The results indicated that water crises, especially water shortages, are being experienced now and will continue to do so for a relatively long time in China and that it is possible to reach a basic balance between supply and demand of water and grain under the TSD developing pattern by a series of approaches including technological innovation, policy adjustments, and behaviour inducement.

关键词： water resource water security scenarios simulation China

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Mapping the fallowed area of paddy fields on Sanjiang Plain of Northeast China to assist water security assessments

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Journal of Integrative Agriculture 2020年第7期19卷 1885-1896页

作者： LUO Chong LIU Huan-jun FU Qiang GUAN Hai-xiang YE Qiang ZHANG Xin-le KONG Fan-chang School of Economics and Management Northeast Agricultural UniversityHarbin 150030P.R.China School of Pubilc Adminstration and Law Northeast Agricultural UniversityHarbin 150030P.R.China Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology Chinese Academy of SciencesChangchun 130102P.R.China

Rice growth requires a large amount of water,and planting rice will increase the contradiction between supply and demand of water *** field fllowing is important for the sustainable development of an agricultural region,but it remains a great challenge to accurately and quickly monitor the extent and area of fallowed paddy *** fields have unique physical features associated with paddy rice during the flooding and transplanting *** comparing the differences in phenology before and after paddy field fllowing,we proposed a phenology-based fallowed paddy field mapping *** used the Google Earth Engine(GEE)cloud computing platform and Landsat 8 images to extract the fllowed paddy field area on Sanjiang Plain of China in *** results indicated that the Landsat8,GEE,and phenology-based fllowed paddy field mapping algorithm can effectively support the mapping of fallowed paddy fields on Sanjiang Plain of *** on remote sensing monitoring,the total fallowed paddy field area of Sanjiang Plain is 91543 *** resultant fallowed paddy field map is of high accuracy,with a producer(user)accuracy of 83%(81%),based on validation using ground-truth *** Landsat-based map also exhibits high consistency with the agricultural statistical *** estimated that paddy field fallowing reduced irigation water by 384-521 million cubic meters on Sanjiang Plain in *** research results can support subsidization grants for fallowed paddy fields,the evaluation of fallowed paddy field effects and improvement in subsequent fallowed paddy field policy in the future.

关键词： fllowed paddy fields Landsat 8 Sanjiang Plain Google Earth Engine water security

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Intuitionistic fuzzy DEMATEL for developing causal relationship of water security

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International Journal of Intelligent Computing and Cybernetics 2023年第3期16卷 520-544页

作者： Lazim Abdullah Herrini Mohd Pouzi Noor Azzah Awang Universiti Malaysia Terengganu TerengganuMalaysia Universiti Teknologi MARA Shah AlamMalaysia

Purpose–This study aims to develop a cause-effect relationship between criteria that contribute to water security using the Intuitionistic Fuzzy-Decision-Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory(IF-DEMATEL)*** from the typical DEMATEL which utilizes crisp numbers,this modification introduces intuitionistic fuzzy numbers(IFNs)to enhance judgments in a group decision-making *** particular,the linguistic variables used in IF-DEMATEL are defined using the concept of three-tuple of ***/methodology/approach–Data with the linguistic variable“influence”were collected from a group of experts in water security via personalunstructured *** water security criteria are considered in this *** software was employed to execute the computational procedures of the IF-DEMATEL *** is anticipated that by taking into account the hesitation degree of IFNs will reflect the scenario in real life,which could lead to precise ***–Theresultsshowthat“Over-Abstraction”,“SaltwaterIntrusion”and“LimitedInfrastructures”are the cause criteria that contribute to water *** addition,the relationship map of influence shows that“water Pollution”and“Rapid Urbanization”are the most vulnerable criteria as these two criteria are most easily affected by other criteria in a unidirectional ***–It is anticipated that these findings will serve as useful references for water security management and ***/value–The present study makes a noteworthy contribution to the modification of DEMATEL where three-tuple of intuitionistic fuzzy numbers are considered in the *** present study also provides additional evidence with respect to factors that contribute to water security.

关键词： Decision making Intuitionistic fuzzy set DEMATEL water security Relationship of influence

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Climate change and water security in the northern slope of the Tianshan Mountains

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Geography and Sustainability 2022年第3期3卷 246-257页

作者： Qiuhong Tang Xingcai Liu Yuanyuan Zhou Puyu Wang Zhongqin Li Zhixin Hao Suxia Liu Gang Zhao Bingqi Zhu Xinlin He Fadong Li Guang Yang Li He Haoxin Deng Zongxia Wang Xiang Ao Zhi Wang Paul P.J.Gaffney Lifeng Luo Key Laboratory of water Cycle and Related Land Surface Processes Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources ResearchChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100101China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China State Key Laboratory of Cryosphere Science/Tianshan Glaciological Station Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and ResourcesChinese Academy of SciencesLanzhou 730000China Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources ResearchChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100101China College of water Conservancy and Architectural Engineering Shihezi UniversityShihezi 832000China Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources ResearchBeijing 100101China College of water Conservancy and Civil Engineering Inner Mongolia Agricultural UniversityHohhot 010018China Hydrology Bureau of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Urumqi 83000China Department of Geography Environmentand Spatial SciencesMichigan State UniversityMI 48824United States

water security is under threat worldwide from climate change. A warming climate would accelerate evaporationand cryosphere melting, leading to reduced water availability and unpredictable water supply. However, thewater crisis in the Northern Slope of Tianshan Mountains(NSTM) faces dual challenges because water demandsforfast-growing urban areas have put heavy pressure on water resources. The mountain-oasis-desert system featuresglacier-fed rivers that sustain intensive water use in the oasis and end in the desert as fragile terminal *** complex balance between water conservation and economic development is subtle. This paper investigateschanges in hydroclimatic variables and water security-related issues on the NSTM. The spatiotemporal variationsin glaciers, climatic variables, rivers, lakes and reservoirs, groundwater, surface water, human water use, andstreamflow were analyzed for the past four decades. The results show that temperature in the NSTM exhibitedan apparent upward trend with a more significant warming rate in the higher altitude regions. Glacier massloss and shrinkage was strong. The average annual streamflow increased from 1980-1989 to 2006–2011 at mosthydrological stations. The monthly dynamics of surface water area showed notable variability at both inter-annual and seasonal scales, revealing the impacts of both natural and anthropogenic drivers on surface wateravailability in the region. The terrestrial water storage anomaly showed a decreasing trend, which might berelated to groundwater pumping for irrigation. Human water use for agriculture and industry grew with theincrease in cultivated land area and gross domestic product (GDP). The increased agricultural water use wasstrongly associated with the expansion of oases. It is unclear whether water availability would remain high underfuture climatic and hydrological uncertainties, posing challenges to water management. In the context of rapidurban growth and climate change, balancing water f

关键词： Tianshan Mountains Climate change water security water resources Human water use

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Sustainability Assessment of the Groundwater Quality in the Khoyrasole Block, Birbhum District, West Bengal to Achieve Rural water security

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Journal of Environmental & Earth Sciences 2020年第2期2卷 36-46页

作者： S.K.Nag Shreya Das Department of Geological Sciences Jadavpur UniversityKolkata-700032India

In order to attain the water security goal, specifically in highly developingareas, delineation of pure and sustainable water resources is of utmostpriority. In the present study, a preliminary investigation of the groundwaterchemistry was carried out. This was followed by assessing the suitabilityof groundwater to be used as an alternative and reliable resource for publicuse in the Khoyrasole block, Birbhum district, India. Altogether 15(fifteen)samples of groundwater, were collected from bore wells spread well overthe Khoyrasole block have been considered. After completing the chemicalanalysis of the groundwater samples, the study revealed the quality ofgroundwater. The spatial distribution of groundwater quality parameterssuch as pH, Total Dissolved solids (TDS), Hardness, Calcium, Magnesium,Sodium, Potassium, Iron, Chloride, Carbonate, Bicarbonate, Sulphate,Nitrate and Fluoride have also been studied. High to very high levels ofiron and fluoride have been observed to be present in 67% and53% of thesamples respectively. Based upon the calculated parameters like SAR,MAR, PI and Chloro Alkaline Indices, groundwater of Khoyrasole blockis majorly suitable for the purpose of agriculture and irrigation. Plotting ofionic scatter plots and geochemical facies also indicate the water samplesto be of “fresh water” category, with no dominant cation or anion playing aselectively dominant role in influencing the groundwater chemistry in thestudy area.

关键词： water security Groundwater assessment Groundwater quality India

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water security Needs What Ought to Be Done to Increase the Future water security as a Fundamental Base for Social, Economic and Political Stability—The Case of Jordan

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Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection 2022年第10期10卷 1-17页

作者： Elias Salameh University of Jordan Amman Jordan

This study discusses the present water security situation in Jordan and delineates the required policies and programs to reach at a more robust and resilient water security situation. Although Jordan has achieved much in securing the different components of its water sector system, some components have still to be adequately addressed and others strengthened. Increasing the available water resources, which is practically only possible by desalinating sea water at Aqaba under sole Jordanian sovereignty, is found to be the most important and vital issue in improving the country’s water security situation. It improves the security issues of providing dearly needed additional water, releases the overexploited aquifers and saves them from depletion and quality deterioration, allows introducing new industries to Jordan, de-sharpens the conflict on the shared water resources with Jordan’s neighboring countries and is expected to render these conflicts to a problem of royalty on water resources and not as it is at present a social, economic, human, environmental and political conflict. Desalination will also make Jordan more resilient to climate change. Infrastructure security must be strengthened in Jordan both against natural hazards and against intended sabotage and damage. water quality protection from pollution and deterioration has still to be adequately addressed requiring strengthening of laws and regulations and their application. The already delineated surface and groundwater protection zones have to be strictly adhered when licensing human activities in addition to implementing cybersecurity best practices. In addition, technology-dependent management tools have to be strongly advanced using integrated water resources management to ensure sustainable resource management, detection and repair of physical water losses and illegal water tapings, pricing water at its opportunity cost, irrigation modernization, strict environmental impacts assessment and application w

关键词： water security Quality Over-Exploited Aquifers water Supply

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A Study on Spatial Variation of water security Risks for the Zhangjiakou Region

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Journal of Resources and Ecology 2021年第1期12卷 91-98页

作者： LU Chunxia DENG Ou LI Yiqiu Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100101China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China School of Geography&Environmental Sciences Guizhou Normal UniversityGuiyang 550001China

Zhangjiakou region is situated in an agro-pastoral ecotone with a fragile ecosystem. While it has limited surface water resources available and serious groundwater over-exploitation, the city is located in the water conservation zone for the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei coordinated development area, so its water security is crucial for the entire Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region. Therefore, it is of vital significance to determine the zoning management of water resources and decision-making according to the magnitude of water resource security risks. This study built an indicator system for water security risk assessment in line with the principles of scientific validity, comparability, operability, and data availability, and this system gives weights to these indicators using the AHP approach. County-level multi-source data for the study area, based on water resource zones, were collected by using mathematical statistics and 3 S technology. With normalized data and a weighting method the water security risks were calculated. The results showed large spatial variations of water security risks in Zhangjiakou on the scales of geomorphic and administrative units as well as river basins. High-risk areas are extensive in the Bashang Plateau, and extremely high risk values are found in the Baxia areas. On the watershed scale, high-risk areas are mainly distributed in the inland river basins and the Yongding River basin. The risk values of the Luanhe River, Chaobai River and Daqing River basins in the Zhangjiakou region tend to decrease from north to south. For the northern and western areas of the Bashang Plateau, the factor of "vulnerability of the disaster-prone environment" contributes the most to the water security risk level. Agricultural water use constrains industrial and ecological water use, but in the context of inadequate water resource endowments, the urban population concentration and industrial development are the main causes of water shortages and water pollution so t

关键词： water security risk assessment spatial variation Zhangjiakou region

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Application of Traditional Ecological Knowledge in Food and water security in the Semi-Arid Turkana County, Kenya

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Open Journal of Ecology 2020年第6期10卷 321-340页

作者： Cecilia Mwango Ratemo George Morara Ogendi Guangwei Huang Rhoda N. Ondieki Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies Sophia University Tokyo Japan Department of Environmental Science Egerton University Njoro Kenya Dryland Research Training and Ecotourism Centre Chemeron Kenya

Weather extremes negatively affect socioeconomic developments in arid and semi-arid areas (ASALs) and increase vulnerability of residents to food and water insecurity. Thus, communities adapt to such extremes of weather using Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK) and/or Modern Technologies. Modern farming technologies and land resource developments in ASALs have in past ignored TEK, and in most cases led to undesired outcomes. It’s against this backdrop that this study was conceived to assess TEK among the Turkana people, its application and contribution to food and water security. The research adopted a cross-sectional social survey in collecting data from Central Turkana Sub-County residents. The study revealed that the Turkana people possess vast knowledge related to their environment;that this TEK plays a significant role in food production, preservation and in natural resource management. For instance, in 82% of the respondents use TEK in enhancing livestock production through the selection of livestock species that are suitable and drought tolerant;over 70% of them use TEK in reducing risk associated with livestock losses due to prolonged droughts. Further, TEK influenced the development and conservation of the water resources (r = 0.631;p security. TEK should be incorporated into the decision-making processes involving development projects within the ASALs.

关键词： Arid and Semi-Arid Lands Climate Variability Droughts Food security Traditional Ecological Knowledge water security

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