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reuse rate of treated wastewater in water reuse system

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2005年第5期17卷 842-845页

作者： FAN Yao-bo YANG Wen-bo LI Gang WU Lin-lin WEI Yuan-song Department of water Pollution Control Technology Research Centre for Eco-Environmental Sciences Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100085China

A water quality model for water reuse was made by mathematics induction. The relationship among the reuse rate of treated wastewater（R）, pollutant concentration of reused water（ Cs ）, pollutant concentration of influent（ C0）, removal efficiency of pollutant in wastewater（ E）, and the standard of reuse water were discussed in this study. According to the experiment result of a toilet wastewater treatment and reuse with membrane bioreactors, R would be set at less than 40%, on which all the concerned parameters could meet with the reuse water standards. To raise R of reuse water in the toilet, an important way was to improve color removal of the wastewater.

关键词： water quality model reuse rate wastewater treatment water reuse

Implications of de Facto reuse on Future Regulatory Developments for Beaufort-Jasper water & Sewer Authority in Okatie, South Carolina, USA

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Journal of Environmental Protection 2024年第2期15卷 173-192页

作者： Tricia H. Kilgore Shubhashini Oza Jeremy Hatfield Katherine Y. Bell Department of Technology and Innovation Beaufort-Jasper Water & Sewer Authority Okatie SC USA Department of Research and Innovation Brown and Caldwell Charlotte NC USA Department of Digital Solutions Brown and Caldwell Cleveland OH USA Department of Research and Innovation Brown and Caldwell Nashville TN USA

A significant portion of the national water supply can be attributed to de facto or unplanned potable reuse, though the extent of its contribution is difficult to estimate. Fortunately, the contribution of water Resource Recovery Facility (WRRF) effluent to waters that supply drinking water treatment plants has been documented by some communities. In the United States (US), among the top 25 most impacted drinking water treatment plants by upstream WRRF, 16% of the influent flow to the drinking water treatment plant under average streamflow and up to 100% under low-flow conditions is WRRF effluent. Currently, the full extent of de facto reuse in the US may be much higher because of population growth. The scenario is no different for Beaufort-Jasper water and Sewer Authority (BJWSA) in South Carolina, US, with contributions to the Savannah River originating from numerous WRRF and other upstream dischargers. South Carolina coastal utilities such as BJSWA are considering direct and indirect potable reuse options, driven by disposal limitations and challenges. Currently, South Carolina does not have a framework, guidelines, or regulations for reuse, but discussions have started among the regulated community. In addition to understanding the extent of de facto reuse, the state will need to develop standards and best practices to enable future adoption of planned potable reuse solutions to water resources challenges. Such guidance should address human health risk management and technical considerations regarding treatment in addition to other factors, including source control, storage, fail-safe operation, monitoring, non-cost factors, and public acceptance. This study conducted a mapping assessment specific to BJWSA, sampled at four locations on Savannah River, and observed that de facto reuse is approximately 4.6% to 5.9% during low-flow months and is within the range generally observed nationwide. When coupled with evidence that planned potable reuse can improve human h

关键词： water reuse De Facto reuse Planned Potable reuse water Recycling Wastewater Derived Contaminants

Sustainable wastewater treatment and reuse in space

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2024年第12期146卷 237-240页

作者： Baiwen Ma Libing Zheng Beizhen Xie Lingshan Ma Mingsheng Jia Chengcheng Xie Chengzhi Hu Mathias Ulbricht Yuansong Wei Key Laboratory of Drinking water Science and Technology Research Center for Eco-Environmental SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100085China Department of water Pollution Control Research Center for Eco-Environmental SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100085China Lehrstuhl für Technische Chemie II Universität Duisburg-EssenEssen 45117Germany Institute of Environmental Biology and Life Support Technology School of Biological Science and Medical EngineeringBeihang UniversityBeijing 100083China Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology(CMET) Ghent UniversityCoupure Links 6539000 GhentBelgium CSD New Concept Environmental Development Yixing Co. Ltd.Yixing 214000China

Exploring the vast extraterrestrial space is an inevitable trend with continuous human *** treatment and reuse are crucial in the limited and closed space that is available in spaceships or long-term use space bases that will be established in the foreseeable *** water treatment technologies have experienced iterative development for more than 60 years since the first manned spaceflight was successfully ***,we briefly review the related wastewater characteristics and the history of water treatment in space stations,and we focus on future challenges and perspectives,aiming at providing insights for optimizing wastewater treatment technologies and closing the water cycle in future.

关键词： Space Wastewater treatment water recycle water reuse Challenges Perspectives

Implications of membrane fouling toward the removal of the pharmaceutical sulfamethoxazole by nanofiltration processes

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Journal of Zhejiang University-Science A(Applied Physics & Engineering) 2011年第8期12卷 575-582页

作者： Alexander SIMON William PRICE Long Duc NGHIEM School of Civil Mining and Environmental Engineering the University of Wollongong School of Chemistry the University of Wollongong

The influence of membrane fouling on the retention of the trace organic contaminant sulfamethoxazole by a nanofiltration(NF) process was *** fouling caused a severe flux decline possibly due to pore blocking and adsorption directly after the commencement of the fouling layer *** membrane-foulant interactions were absent for colloidal fouling,which resulted in a more gradual flux *** charge played a significant role in the separation process of inorganic salts,where the retention was the highest in a caustic environment(high pH) due to more swollen membrane material caused by the higher negative charge on the *** fouling and a combination of colloidal and organic fouling led to a significant increase in the membrane negative *** influence of membrane fouling on solute retention was dependent on the fouling behaviour and the physicochemical properties of the model foulants,where the model foulants probably contributed to an increase in the retention of charged solutes due to enhanced electrostatic *** fouling caused an increase in the retention of inorganic salts and sulfamethoxazole due to pore *** contrast,colloidal fouling caused a decrease in the retention of inorganic salts due to cake-enhanced concentration ***,the presence of a colloidal fouling layer did not reduce the retention of sulfamethoxazole.A mixture of colloidal and organic matter improved the retention of inorganic salts.A similar conclusion can be inferred for sulfamethoxazole at pH 4 when the compound exists in a neutral form.

关键词： Nanofiltration(NF) Organic fouling Colloidal fouling Combined fouling Trace organics water reuse

Aerosol exposure assessment during reclaimed water utilization in China and risk evaluation in case of Legionella

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Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering 2022年第7期16卷 173-183页

作者： Menghao Chen Liangliang Shi Gang Liu Xiaojin Wu Yun Lu State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Environment Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk ControlSchool of EnvironmentTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China

Reclaimed water utilization provides an effective way to alleviate water ***,the residual pathogens in the recycled water like Legionella,could be spread into the air as aerosols through water-to-air transmission *** the aerosols by the people nearby increases their susceptibility to *** estimating the health risks associated with the potential exposure of airborne Legionella emitted from the urban use of reclaimed water in China,nationwide questionnaire was designed to investigate the exposure habits of Chinese population in different *** microbial risk assessment(QMRA)served as the suitable explanatory tool to estimate the *** results indicated that annual infection probability of populations exposed to Legionella for three scenarios,0.0764(95%CI:0.0032−0.6880)for road cleaning,1.0000(95%CI:0.1883−1.0000)for greenfield irrigation,0.9981(95%CI:0.0784−1.0000)for landscape fountain,were markedly higher than the threshold recommended by WHO(10^(−4) per person per year(pppy))according to the concentration distribution of Legionella in the reclaimed *** age-,educational background-,region-and gender-specific data in annual infection probability also showed different tendencies for some *** study provides some detailed information on the health risks from the water reuse in China and will be useful to promote the safe application of reclaimed water in water-deficient areas.

关键词： Legionella QMRA Reclaimed water Aerosol water reuse

Scenario analysis for reduction of pollutant load discharged from a watershed by recycling of treated water for irrigation

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2010年第6期22卷 878-884页

作者： Eisaku Shiratani Yoshiyuki Munakata Ikuo Yoshinaga Tomijiro Kubota Koji Hamada Tadayoshi Hitomi National Institute for Rural Engineering Kokusai Kogyo Co.Ltd. National Agricultural Research Centre for Kyushu Okinawa Region

A model in which a river model was layered on a distributed model （double-layered model） was developed to analyse the transport of water and pollutants （nitrogen, phosphorus, and BOD as organic matter） in watersheds and rivers. The model was applied to the watershed of Abragafuchi Lake, Japan, where serious water pollution has occurred over three decades, and the applicability of the model was demonstrated. Scenarios of recycling of sewage treated-water into agriculture to reduce pollutant load discharged into the lake were analysed. The results showed that irrigating paddy fields with the sewage-treated water could contribute to conserving water and reducing pollutant load, with reduction rate in BOD, nitrogen, and phosphorus ranging from 6%-36%, 16%-46%, and 18%-51%, respectively. Particularly, the results indicated that, irrigating paddy fields with the treated water during non-cropping periods and the accompanying reduction in withdrawn water from the river were more effective in reducing pollutant loads discharged into the lake. Further study is required on the effect of recycled water on crop cultivation and soil conditions for safe implementation.

关键词： watershed management paddy field sewage treatment water reuse

Technical measures to achieve a cleaner production mode for recycled paper mills

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Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering 2010年第4期4卷 466-474页

作者： Chao HE Zhaolin GU Shucheng YANG Jidong LIANG Weina DAI Yanling HE School of Mechanical Engineering Xi’an Jiaotong UniversityXi’an 710049China School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering Xi’an Jiaotong UniversityXi’an 710049China Department of Environmental Science and Engineering Xi’an Jiaotong UniversityXi’an 710028China

China’s paper production reached 79.8×10^(6) t in 2008 and ranked number one in the *** of its high consumption of water,energy and materials and its serious pollution,the present processes are not likely to be *** alternative,the closed water Loop-Papermaking Integration(WLPI)method,is put forward in this *** WLPI method can be realized in a recycled paper mill by adding technologies and using recycled *** industrial case studies have shown that a large quantity of water,energy and materials can be saved,and the quantity of waste sludge and wastewater discharge was minimized by using the WLPI *** design of the water reuse system,control of calcium hardness,water recycling and minimal waste sludge are *** technology plays an important role in the WLPI method to lower cost,energy use and *** the brown paper and coated white board production,zeroeffluent discharge can be *** water consumption is only 1-2m^(3)·t^(-1).For the paper mills with deinking and bleaching processes,about 10 m^(3)·t^(-1) of fresh water and a similar amount of effluent discharge are *** saving using anaerobic technology is 70%when recycled water is used in comparison with the conventional activated sludge *** sludge can be decreased to about 5%of the initial process due to reuse of the waste sludge and the lower bio-sludge production of the anaerobic process.

关键词： water reuse zero discharge anaerobic treatment recycled paper cleaner production

Climate change and its consequences for water and wastewater management

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Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering 2009年第1期3卷 2-11页

作者： Peter A.WILDERER Institute of Advanced Studies on Sustainability Amalienstr7580799 MunichGermany

Life,in combination with solar radiation and abiotic processes,is most probably the reason why liquid water has existed on Earth for over billions of years,and the global mean temperature has remained in a lifeenabling *** to limit or even reverse global warming must be derived from the knowledge of the Earth’s complex life-support *** this context,the balance between liquid and gaseous water plays a crucial role,and water management becomes an important field of innovation and action,globally,on the scale of watersheds but also on the very local *** use,reuse,and temporary storage of water in urban settings must be considered to limit over-extraction of water from natural resources,and to maintain the life supporting function of *** the same time,public health requirements,cost efficiency,and reliability demands are to be met.

关键词： ecosystem management tools self-regulation urbanization water-climate relationship water reuse

In silico assessment of household level closed water cycles:Towards extreme decentralization

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Environmental Science and Ecotechnology 2022年第2期10卷 1-11页

作者： Arjen Van de Walle Elena Torfs Dorien Gaublomme Korneel Rabaey Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology Ghent UniversityCoupure Links 6539000GhentBelgium Center for Advanced Process Technology for Urban Resource Recovery(CAPTURE) Coupure Links 6539000GhentBelgium BIOMATH Department of Data Analysis and Mathematical ModellingGhent UniversityCoupure links 6539000GhentBelgium

water management in most of the developed world is currently practiced in a highly centralized manner,leading to major infrastructure and energy costs to transport *** decrease the impacts of water scarcity and climate change,the decentralization of water can increase local *** extremis,decentralization can involve building or house level water supply and ***,we constructed a MATLAB/Simulink model for two decentralized water management configurations at the household level,assuming the socio-environmental setting of Flanders,*** from the potable water grid and sewer system was pursued through rainwater harvesting,reuse of wastewater streams fitfor-purpose,and discharge via *** mass balance for water was calculated over the system boundaries showing high potential for independence from the grid with a reasonable treatment train and storage ***,the risk of contaminant accumulation within the circular system was assessed,showing a key limitation on decentralized system performance necessitating a system *** to 59%of system rainwater usage was due to the replacement of this *** treatment units with high(95%)contaminant rejection efficiencies eliminated contaminant accumulation *** raw model output was quantitatively assessed by constructing four newly proposed key performance indicators(KPIs),quantifying system independence,circularity,drought tolerance and local water body recharge,which allowed for facilitated system comparison and communication to stakeholders.A sensitivity analysis was performed in which the effect of input parameter variability and uncertainty on system performance was *** sensitivity analysis showed the importance of water recovery and contaminant removal efficiencies of the applied treatment technologies on system performance when contaminant accumulation in the system forms an *** systems not severely affected by pollutant accumulation,para

关键词： Extreme decentralization Household-scale water reuse Simulations