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Mineralogical evidence of water activity in the northern lowlands of Mars based on inflight-calibrated spectra from the Zhurong rover

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Science China Earth Sciences 2023年第11期66卷 2463-2472页

作者： Honglei LIN Yangting LIN Yong WEI Sheng GOU Chi ZHANG Renhao RUAN Yongxin PAN Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics Institute of Geology and GeophysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100029China

Hydrated minerals provide direct indications of the early Martian water environment. The various clay minerals and evaporite salts found to date are mainly exposed in the ancient southern highlands of Mars. While it is believed that the area of the northern lowlands could have hosted a global ocean in the past, its surface is covered with a layer of spectrally nonabsorbing materials, and orbital hyperspectral remote sensing has found only sparse evidence for the presence of water. China's first Mars exploration mission, Tianwen-1, landed in the putative ancient shoreline zone of the northern lowlands of Mars. Its rover,Zhurong, conducted high-spatial-resolution reconnaissance to reveal the geological and environmental evolution of this *** to frequent dust storms, not only is the Martian surface covered with dust, but also the spectral calibration panels on the rover are affected by dust coverage. Data from the shortwave infrared(SWIR) spectrometer onboard the rover are also affected by other environmental factors such as instrumental temperature changes and atmospheric carbon dioxide absorption. This study recalibrated the in situ SWIR data to minimize the impact of the above factors. The recalibrated spectral data show that the reflectance of the landing area falls within the normal range of Martian soil, and confirm the presence of several important absorption peaks. The absorption characteristics indicate the presence of polyhydrated sulfates, gypsum, and hydrated silicates in the surface materials along the rover track, with sulfate content of activity of liquid water in the Zhurong rover landing area, providing mineralogical evidence supporting hypotheses related to underground water or an ancient shoreline.

关键词： Mars water activity In-situ exploration Short-wave infrared spectrum Zhurong rover

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Constraints on water activity at the Zhurong landing site in Utopia Planitia,Mars

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Earth and Planetary Physics 2023年第3期7卷 356-370页

作者： ChengZheng Yong ZiYao Fang CongCong Zhang JunFeng Zhen LiPing Qin Deep Space Exploration Laboratory/Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and Environments University of Science and Technology of ChinaHefei 230026China Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Comparative Planetology Hefei 230026China Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory for Research in Galaxies and Cosmology Department of AstronomyUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefei 230026China

Mineralogical evidence of water–rock interactions is a strong indicator of the presence of liquid water on ancient *** observations have found widely distributed hydrated minerals in the southern highlands,whereas such discoveries have been rare in the younger northern ***’s first Mars exploration mission successfully landed a rover(Zhurong)in southern Utopia Planitia,providing an opportunity to analyze the exposed rocks in the northern *** data from the short-wave infrared(SWIR)spectrometer and the laser-induced breakdown spectrometer(LIBS)onboard the Zhurong rover,we found evidence for the widespread presence of hydrated minerals(probably sulfates or silica)around the landing *** basaltic-like elemental compositions of the targeted samples further indicated that hydrated minerals are likely minor *** results from Zhurong suggest that active aqueous activities occurred during the overall cold and dry Amazonian era on ***,further evaluations are needed on the duration and scale of these activities.

关键词： Zhurong rover hydrated mineral water activity Amazonian

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Oxygen Fugacity and water activity during Thermal Peak and Retrogression of Granulites around the Sarvapuram Area, Karimnagar Granulite Terrane, Andhra Pradesh, India

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2019年第6期93卷 1900-1908页

作者： P.Chandra SINGH D.PRAKASH Department of Earth Sciences Indian Institute of TechnologyPowaiMumbai400076India Centre of Advanced Study in Geology Banaras Hindu UniversityVaranasi221005India

The investigated area around Sarvapuram represents a part of the Karimnagar granulite terrane of the Eastern Dharwar Craton, India. Garnet–bearing gneiss is hosted as enclaves, pods within granite gneiss and charnockite. It is largely made up of garnet, orthopyroxene, cordierite, biotite, plagioclase, K–feldspar, sillimanite and quartz. The peak metamorphic stage is represented by the equilibrium mineral assemblage i.e. garnet, orthopyroxene, cordierite, biotite, plagioclase, sillimanite and quartz. Breakdown of the garnet as well as preservation of the orthopyroxene–cordierite symplectite, formation of cordierite with the consumption of the garnet + sillimanite + quartz represents the decompressional event. The thermobarometric calculations suggest a retrograde P–T path with a substantial decompression of c. 3.0 kbar. The water activity(XH2 O) conditions obtained with the win TWQ program for core and symplectite compositions from garnet–bearing gneiss are 0.07–0.14 and 0.11–0.16 respectively. The quantitative estimation of oxygen fugacity in garnet–bearing gneiss reveal log f O2 values ranging from-11.38 to-14.05. This high oxidation state could be one of the reasons that account for the absence of graphite in these rocks.

关键词： metamorphic conditions oxygen fugacity water activity garnet–bearing gneisses Karimnagar granulite terrane India

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Prediction of water activity for Mixed Aqueous Solutions from the Data of Their Binary Constituent Solutions

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Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering 2004年第4期12卷 470-475页

作者：刘艳升徐春明胡玉峰严骏 State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing University of Petroleum Beijing 102200 China State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing University of Petroleum Beijing 102200 China High Pressure Fluid Phase Behavior & Property Research Laboratory University of Petroleum Beijing 102200China State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing University of Petroleum Beijing 102200 China High Pressure Fluid Phase Behavior & Property Research Laboratory University of Petroleum Beijing 102200Chinahe equation of Patwardhan and Kumar for water activities of mixed electrolyte solutions is extended to aqueous solutions containing non-electrolytes. This equation and the linear isopiestic relation are used to predict water activities of 56 ternary aqueous solutions in terms of the data of their binary subsystems. Both equation of Patwardhan and Kumar and the linear isopiestic relation can provide good predictions for water activities of the present 40 electrolyte solutions and the linear isopiestic relation generally yields better predictions. The predictions of the extended equation of Patwardhan and Kumar and the linear isopiestic relation are in general quite reasonable for the present 8 ternary solutions of electrolytes and non-electrolytes and the results of the linear isopiestic relation are usually better. The predictions of these two methods generally agree well with the experimental data for the 8 non-electrolyte mixtures being studied and the linear isopiestic relation is better.

The equation of Patwardhan and Kumar for water activities of mixed electrolyte solutions is extended to aqueous solutions containing non-electrolytes. This equation and the linear isopiestic relation are used to predict water activities of 56 ternary aqueous solutions in terms of the data of their binary subsystems. Both equation of Patwardhan and Kumar and the linear isopiestic relation can provide good predictions for water activities of the present 40 electrolyte solutions, and the linear isopiestic relation generally yields better predictions. The predictions of the extended equation of Patwardhan and Kumar and the linear isopiestic relation are in general quite reasonable for the present 8 ternary solutions of electrolytes and non-electrolytes, and the results of the linear isopiestic relation are usually better. The predictions of these two methods generally agree well with the experimental data for the 8 non-electrolyte mixtures being studied, and the linear isopiestic relation is better.

关键词： prediction water activity aqueous mixed solution linear isopiestic relation the equation of Patward-han and Kumar

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Recent progress of the effect of environmental factors on Aspergillus flavus growth and aflatoxins production on foods

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Food Quality and Safety 2020年第1期4卷 21-28页

作者： Bowen Tai Jinghua Chang Yang Liu Fuguo Xing Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Institute of Food Science and TechnologyChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing College of Science Liaoning Technical UniversityFuxinP.R.China

The contamination of Aspergillus flavus and subsequent aflatoxins(AFs)has been considered as one of the most serious food safety problems due to their acute and chronic adverse effects on humans and *** review collects the available information from recent years on the effect of the major environmental factors such as water activity(a_(w)),temperature,CO_(2),and pH on the fungal growth,the expression of AFs-related genes,and AFs production by *** on *** particular,the relationship between the relative expression of key regulatory(aflR and aflS)and structural genes(aflD,aflO,aflQ,etc.)and AFs production under different environmental conditions are collected and *** information collected in this review can be used to design control strategies of *** and AFs contamination in practical applications,primarily during storage and *** data suggest that integrating various post-harvest methods with synergistic functions may be more efficient for the control of *** growth and AFs production,although the individual environmental factors alone have an impact.

关键词： Aspergillus flavus aflatoxin water activity temperature CO_(2)

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Effects of sucrose crystallization and moisture migration on the structural changes of a coated intermediate moisture food

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Frontiers of Chemical Science and Engineering 2009年第4期3卷 346-350页

作者： Tiancheng LI Peng ZHOU Theodore P.LABUZA State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology Jiangnan UniversityWuxi 214122China School of Food Science and Technology Jiangnan UniversityWuxi 214122China Department of Food Science and Nutrition University of MinnesotaSaint PaulMN 55108USA

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether moisture migration and sugar crystallization play an important role in the changes of IMF matrix *** migration of water was monitored with changes of water activity in different physical domains of samples during storage,while the crystallization of sucrose was determined with X-ray powder diffraction(XRD).The formation of both a hard inner-layer and agglomerated particles in the inner matrix was observed during *** results suggested that both moisture loss and sucrose crystallization were mainly responsible for the formation of the crusty intermediate inner layer,and the agglomerated matrix particles were the result of sucrose crystallization.

关键词： sugar crystallization moisture migration intermediate moisture foods texture water activity

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Growth characteristics and pathogenic consequences of predominant entomopathogenic Yukon soil fungi Mortierella alpina and Penicillium expansum,and effectiveness of Met52®,against larvae of the winter tick,Dermacentor albipictus

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Studies in Fungi 2019年第1期4卷 101-110页

作者： Yoder JA Krieger M Oakley M Trotter J Schmelzer P Niksic A Rodell BM Klever LA Department of Biology Wittenberg UniversitySpringfieldOH45501USA Champagne and Aishihik First Nations Haines JunctionYTY0B 1L0CAN Oakley Veterinary Services HainesAK99827USA

water activity-temperature relationships are reported for Yukon soil-isolated strains of Mortierella alpina and Penicillium expansum that are natural enemies to larvae(infestation stage)of the winter tick Dermacentor *** fungal strains are psychrotrophs,characterized by low thermal growth ranges,consistent with their occurrence in Yukon *** contrast to ***,*** is more temperature sensitive,has a higher requirement,and is more virulent to tick *** and Biological Control Officers should note that for tick population control these *** and *** strains grow and sporulate well under moderate temperature and humid *** experiments used Met52®Bioinsecticide as a positive control,and this is the first study that demonstrates the effectiveness of this commercial product against winter tick larvae.

关键词： Alaska biological control Canada elk tick horse tick moose tick temperature water activity

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water sorption isotherms of globe artichoke leaves

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Agricultural Sciences 2013年第9期4卷 63-69页

作者： Luis Mayor Alejandro Calvo Ramon Moreira Pedro Fito Esperanza Garcia-Castello Instituto Universitario de Ingeniería de Alimentos para el Desarrollo Universitat Politécnica de ValènciaCamino de Vera s/n46022 ValenciaSpain Departamento de Enxenaría Química Universidade de Santiago de CompostelaRúa Lope Gómez de Marzoa s/nE-15782 Santiago de CompostelaSpain

One third of the artichoke production is used in industrial processes, where up to 70% - 85% of the initial raw material is transformed into solid wastes. For an adequate management of these wastes, it is necessary to know their water sorption properties, because physical, chemical andbiological changes which occur during theirstorage depend on water-solid interactions. The objectives of this work are to experimentally determine equilibrium sorption (adsorption anddesorption) data of artichoke wastes at different temperatures (25°C - 55°C), as well as correlate and predict water sorption isotherms using bibliographic models. Equilibrium moisture content ranged 0 - 0.6 kg water/kg dry solid (water activity 0.05 - 0.9). water sorption isotherms were classified between Types II and III. Hysteresis phenomenon was not observed, neither was the dependence of the equilibrium data with temperature. BET, GAB, Oswin and Peleg correlation models were satisfactorily fitted to experimental data. A predictive model based on composition and physical state of artichoke waste components was also successfully used to reproduce experimental data.

关键词： Food Waste Modeling Moisture water activity

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Mathematical Modeling for Isotherms of Mango Pulp Powder,Obtained by Atomization

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Journal of Encapsulation and Adsorption Sciences 2014年第1期4卷 8-14页

作者： Erica Milôde Freitas Felipe Rocha Sueli Rodrigues Marcos Rodrigues Amorim Afonso José Maria Correia da Costa Federal Institute of Education Science and Technology of Rio Grande do NorteFortalezaBrazil Federal University of Ceará FortalezaBrazil

Mango, as the other fruits, is a perishable food that can be easily deteriorated and presents high levels of post-harvest loss. Therefore, dehydration is an important alternative to use the production excess. In this context, this work aimed at evaluating the hygroscopic behavior of the integral mango pulp powder, obtained by atomization, by means of adsorption isotherm. After applying BET’s, GAB’s, Henderson’s and Oswin’s mathematical models, it was possible to identify that the equations for two models were perfectly adjusted to the experimental results of mango pulp powder. Henderson’s model was the best adjusted experimental curve and showed the lowest average error (E) and the highest determination coefficient (R2) at all temperatures studied.

关键词： Spray-Dryer water activity Hygroscopicity Mathematical Models

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Mineral Phase Transformation and water Fluid Evolution of Khondalite Series in the Border Area of Shanxi and Inner Mongolia,China

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Continental Dynamics 1999年第1期 62-69页

作者： LIU Fulai Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100037, China

Typical Precambrian khondalite series is widely exposed in the border area of Shanxi and Inner Mongolia, and is composed primarily of sillimanite garnet biotite gneiss (SS), garnet pyroxene biotite gneiss (GS) and attendant migmatitic gneiss. According to the characteristics of multistage reaction texture and mineral phase transformation, the mineral assemblage of the khondalite series can be divided into three generations: ① peak stage (M 1) mineral assemblage, involving hydrous biotite, is composed of Sil+Gt+Bi+Kf±Pl+Qz in the SS and Gt+Opx+Bi+Kf+Pl+Qz in the GS, formed at T=750℃-850 ℃ and P=0.80-0.95 GPa. water activity (a H 2O ) of this stage was about 0.25-0.37 (0.28±) in the SS and 0.38-0.53 (0.45±) in the GS; ② in the post peak retrograde near isothermal decompression stage (M 2), the khondalite series of the study region is characterized by dehydration reaction of biotite, partial melting of felsic minerals and decompression texture of garnet. Sillimanite garnet migmatitic gneiss (SMS) and garnet pyroxene migmatitic gneiss (GMS) were formed at this stage. The attendant anhydrous mineral assemblages are Sil+Gt+Crd+Kf±Pl+Qz in the SMS and Gt+Opx+Crd+Kf+Pl+Qz in the GMS, formed at T= 730 ℃ - 820 ℃ and P=0.50-0.65 GPa. However, the water activity (a H 2O ) of this stage was reduced to 0.08-0.12 ( 0.09± ) in the SMS and 0.13 -0.18 (0.15±) in the GMS, and ③ in the later cooling stage (M 3) of metamorphism, fine grained hydrous vermicular symplectite Bi+Kf replaced anhydrous garnet at T=500 ℃-560 ℃and P=0.32-0.44 GPa, indicating that the water activity (a H 2O ) of M 3 increased again. Research results suggest that the border conditions of mineral evolution and (dehydration) metamorphic reactions are not only controlled by PT conditions, but also genetically related to water activity evolution in the khondalite series of the study region.

关键词： Metamorphic reaction water activity khondalite series Shanxi and Inner Mongolia

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