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Effects of Different Tillage Systems on Soil Properties,Root Growth,Grain Yield,and water use efficiency of Winter Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in Arid Northwest China

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Journal of Integrative Agriculture 2012年第8期11卷 1286-1296页

作者： HUANG Gao-bao CHAI Qiang FENG Fu-xue YU Ai-zhong Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science/Faculty of Agronomy Gansu Agricultural University Lanzhou 730070 P.R. China College of Engineering Gansu Agricultural University Lanzhou 730070 P.R.China

Studies on root development, soil physical properties, grain yield, and water-use efficiency are important for identifying suitable soil management practices for sustainable crop production. A field experiment was conducted from 2006 through 2008 in arid northwestern China to determine the effects of four tillage systems on soil properties, root development, water-use efficiency, and grain yield of winter wheat （Triticum aestivum L.）. The cultivar Fan 13 was grown under four tillage systems：conventional tillage （CT） without wheat stubble, no-tillage without wheat stubble mulching （NT）, no-tillage with wheat stubble standing （NTSS）, and no-tillage with wheat stubble mulching （NTS）. The soil bulk density （BD） under CT system increased gradually from sowing to harvest, but that in NT, NTSS, and NTS systems had little change. Compared to the CT system, the NTSS and NTS systems improved total soil water storage （0-150 cm） by 6.1-9.6 and 10.5- 15.3% before sowing, and by 2.2-8.9 and 13.0-15.1% after harvest, respectively. The NTSS and NTS systems also increased mean dry root weight density （DRWD） as compared to CT system. The NTS system significantly improved water-use efficiency by 17.2-17.5% and crop yield by 15.6-16.8%, and the NTSS system improved that by 7.8-9.6 and 7.0-12.8%, respectively, compared with the CT system. Our results suggested that Chinese farmers should consider adopting conservation tillage practices in arid northwestern China because of benefits to soil bulk density, water storage, root system, and winter wheat yield.

关键词： conservation tillage soil water storage bulk density water use efficiency winter wheat (Triticum aestivumL.) root system grain yield

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Advances and Developing Tendency of water use efficiency in Plant Biology

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Agricultural Sciences in China 2009年第7期8卷 855-863页

作者： CHEN Zhao-bo TANG Jiao-wen ZHANG Fu Graduate School Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Beijing 100081 P.R. China China Rural Technology Development Center Beijing 100045 P.R.China

Biological water saving is one of the major fields of water saving agriculture in the future and has an enormous potential in agricultural production. In this paper, the necessity and urgency of developing high water use efficiency in plant biology were dissertated firstly, and the research progresses at home and abroad were reviewed as following aspects： mechanisms of drought resistance and high water use efficiency, criterions for identifying and evaluating drought resistance and water use efficiency, genetic improvement for drought resistance and water use efficiency, water saving irrigation technology based on the physiological regulation and control in crop plants. Major problems in the research field at present were put forward, and development tendency of water use efficiency in plant biology in the future were also discussed.

关键词： plant drought resistance water use efficiency identification evaluation genetic improvement

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water transport and water use efficiency differ among Populus euphratica Oliv. saplings exposed to saline water irrigation

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Journal of Arid Land 2019年第6期11卷 866-879页

作者： ZHOU Honghua CHEN Yaning ZHU Chenggang YANG Yuhai YE Zhaoxia State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and GeographyChinese Academy of SciencesUrumqi 830011China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China

Populus euphratica *** a unique woody tree that can be utilized for vegetation restoration in arid and semi-arid *** effects of saline water irrigation(0.00, 2.93, 8.78 and 17.55 g/L NaCl solutions) on water transport and water use efficiency(WUE) of *** saplings were researched for improving the survival of *** saplings and vegetation restoration in arid and semi-arid areas of Xinjiang, China in *** showed that hydraulic conductivity and vulnerability to cavitation of *** saplings were more sensitive in root xylem than in twig xylem when irrigation water salinity *** with saline water concentration less than 8.78 g/L did not affect the growth of *** saplings, under which they maintained normal water transport in twig xylem through adjustment of anatomical structure of vessels and kept higher WUE and photosynthesis in leaves through adjustment of ***, irrigation with saline water concentration up to 17.55 g/L severely inhibited the photochemical process and WUE of *** saplings, resulting in severe water-deficit in leaves and a sharp reduction in water transport in ***, it is feasible to irrigate *** forest by using saline groundwater for improving the survival of *** saplings and vegetation restoration in arid and semi-arid areas of Xinjiang, China.

关键词： photosynthesis photochemical process water use efficiency hydraulic conductivity cavitation resistance

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Response of Gas Exchange and water use efficiency to Light Intensity and Temperature in Transgenic Rice Expressing PEPC and PPDK Genes

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Agricultural Sciences in China 2009年第11期8卷 1312-1320页

作者： ZHANG Bian-jiang CHEN Quan-zhan HUA Chun ZHOU Feng ZHOU Quan-chen JIAO De-mao Nanjing Xiaozhuang University Nanjing 211171 P.R. China Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences Nanjing 210014 P.R. China

Aiming to controvert whether the photosynthetic capacity of transgenic rice expressing C4 genes is enhanced, with the C3-type untransformed rice （WT） and maize （a C4 plant） as controls, the activity of C4 photosynthetic enzymes, gas exchange parameters and water use efficiency （WUE） under different light intensities and temperatures, the stable carbon isotope ratio （8-3C） value and the metabolic index of active oxygen as well as plant yield parameters were determined in transgenic rice carrying the PEPC and PPDK genes （CK） in this study. The results showed that the light-saturated photosynthetic rate of CK was intermediate between that of WT and maize, with a slight bias towards that of maize. Under a high light intensity （1 200 μmol m^-2 s^-1） and high temperature （35℃）, CK still exhibited higher photosynthetic capacity, while the Gs decreased. The WUE of CK was only slightly increased, and was similar to that of WT. The δ13C value indicated that CK functioned as a C3 plant. In addition, the tolerance to photo-oxidation and grain yield of CK was enhanced by sprayed with NaHSO3. In conclusion, CK possesses higher photosynthetic productivity under the conditions of high photon flux density （PFD）, high temperature and spraying with NaHSO3 solution, thereby providing a new technical approach and physiological basis for constructing C4-like rice.

关键词： transgenic rice photosynthetic characteristics water use efficiency stomatal conductance

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Grain yield and water use efficiency of super rice under soil water deficit and alternate wetting and drying irrigation

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Journal of Integrative Agriculture 2017年第5期16卷 1028-1043页

作者： ZHOU Qun JU Cheng-xin WANG Zhi-qin ZHANG Hao LIU Li-jun YANG Jian-chang ZHANG Jian-hua Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Co-lnnovation Crops Yangzhou UniversityYangzhou 225009P.RChina School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology P.R.China Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain The Chinese University of Hong KongHong Kong

This study investigated if super rice could better cope with soil water deficit and if it could have better yield performance and water use efficiency （WUE） under alternate wetting and drying （AWD） irrigation than check rice. Two super rice cultivars and two elite check rice cultivars were grown in pots with three soil moisture levels, well watered （WW）, moderate water deficit （MWD） and severe water deficit （SWD）. Two cultivars, each for super rice and check rice, were grown in field with three irrigation regimes, alternate wetting and moderate drying （AWMD）, alternate wetting and severe drying （AWSD） and conventional irrigation （CI）. Compared with that under WW, grain yield was significantly decreased under MWD and SWD treatments, with less reduction for super rice than for check rice. Super rice had higher percentage of productive tillers, deeper root distribution, higher root oxidation activity, and greater aboveground biomass production at mid and late growth stages than check rice, especially under WMD and WSD. Compared with CI,AWMD increased, whereasAWSD decreased grain yield, with more increase or less decrease for super rice than for check rice. Both MWD and SWD treatments and eitherAWMD orAWSD regime significantly increased WUE compared with WW treatment or CI regime, with more increase for super rice than for check rice. The results suggest that super rice has a stronger ability to cope with soil water deficit and holds greater promising to increase both grain yield and WUE by adoption of moderate AWD irrigation.

关键词： super rice soil water deficit alternate wetting and drying (AWD) grain yield water use efficiency

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Evaluation of root traits and water use efficiency of different cotton genotypes in the presence or absence of a soil-hardpan

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The Crop Journal 2021年第4期9卷 945-953页

作者： Ricardo St Aime Grace Rhodes Michael Jones BTodd Campbell Sruthi Narayanan Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences Clemson UniversityClemsonSC 29634USA Medical University of South Carolina SC 29425USA Pee Dee Research and Education Center Clemson UniversityFlorenceSC 29506USA USDA-ARS Coastal Plain SoilWater and Plant Conservation ResearchFlorenceSC 29501USA

Cotton(Gossypium spp.) is an important fiber and oil crop grown worldwide. water and nutrient stresses are major issues affecting cotton production globally. Root traits are critical in improving water and nutrient uptake and maintaining plant productivity under optimal as well as drought ***, root traits have rarely been utilized in cotton breeding programs, a major reason being the lack of information regarding genetic variability for root traits. The objective of this research was to evaluate ten selected cotton genotypes for root traits and water use efficiency. The tested genotypes included germplasm lines(PD 1 and PD 695) and cultivars that are currently grown in the southeastern USA(PHY 499 WRF, PHY 444 WRF, PHY 430 W3 FE, DP 1646 B2 XF, DP 1538 B2 XF, DP 1851 B3 XF, NG5007 B2 XF, and ST 5020 GLT). Experiments were conducted under controlled environmental conditions in 2018 and 2019. A hardpan treatment was included in the second year to evaluate the effect of a soil hardpan on root traits and water use efficiency. Genotype PHY 499 WRF ranked at the top and NG5007 B2 XF ranked at the bottom for root morphological traits(total and fine root length, surface area,and volume) and root weight. PHY 499 WRF was also one of the best biomass producers and had high water use efficiency. PHY 444 WRF, PHY 430 W3 FE, and PD-1 were the other best genotypes in terms of root traits and water use efficiency. All genotypes had higher values for root traits and water use efficiency under hardpan conditions. This trend indicates a horizontal proliferation of root systems when they incur a stress imposed by a hardpan. The genotypic differences identified in this research for root traits and water use efficiency would be valuable for selecting genotypes for cotton breeding programs.

关键词： Cotton Root traits water use efficiency Hardpan Genetic variability

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Effects of water-Collecting and -Retaining Techniques on Photosynthetic Rates, Yield, and water use efficiency of Millet Grown in a Semiarid Region

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Journal of Integrative Agriculture 2012年第7期11卷 1119-1128页

作者： WEN Xiao-xia ZHANG De-qi LIAO Yun-cheng JIA Zhi-kuan JI Shu-qin College of Agronomy Northwest A&F University Yangling 712100 P.R.China Wheat Research Centre Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences Zhengzhou 450002 P.R. China

Field experiments were conducted in 2003 and 2004 to study the effects of plastic ridges and furrow film mulching （plastic film on sowing, as well as plastic film on flat soil and hole sowing） and chemicals （a drought resistant agent and a water- retaining agent） on growth, photosynthetic rate, yield, and water use efficiency （WUE） of spring millet （Setaria italica L.）. The experimental results showed that water-collecting and -retaining techniques can effectively increase soil moisture content, the leaf photosynthetic rate and crop growth. Due to increased soil moisture under the plastic-covered ridge and furrow water-collecting in July and August, dry matter and plant height had a increase at the booting stage （late growth advantage）. However, the plastic-covered flat soil and hole sowing reduced soil evaporation during early growth, the increase of dry matter and plant height appeared at the seedling stage （early growth advantage）. Plastic-covered ridge and furrow sowing supplemented with chemical reagents had significant positive effects on water collection and soil moisture retention. Improvement of soil moisture resulted into the increase of the photosynthetic rate, dry matter accumulation yield and WUE. The water-collecting and -retaining techniques can improve WUE and enhance crop yield. Correlation analysis demonstrated that the photosynthetic rate under the water-collecting and -retaining techniques was significantly associated with the soil moisture, but had no significant relationship with leaf chlorophyll content. Plastic- covered ridge and furrow sowing supplemented with chemical reagents increased the yield and WUE by 114% and 8.16 kg ha-1 mm-1, respectively, compared with the control; while without the chemical reagents the yield and WUE were 95% and 7.42 kg ha-1 mm-1 higher, respectively, than those of the control.

关键词： water use efficiency Loess Plateau of China plastic film mulch drought-resistant agent water-retaining agent

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Paludification reduces black spruce growth rate but does not alter tree water use efficiency in Canadian boreal forested peatlands

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Forest Ecosystems 2021年第2期8卷 373-386页

作者： Joannie Beaulne Étienne Boucher Michelle Garneau Gabriel Magnan Geotop Research Center Université du Québec à MontréalMontréalQuébec H3C 3P8Canada Department of Geography Université du Québec à MontréalMontréalQuébec H3C 3P8Canada GRIL-UQAM Université du Québec à MontréalQuébec H3C 3P8Canada Centre d'études nordiques Université LavalMontréalQuébec G1V 0A6Canada

Background:Black spruce(Picea mariana(Mill.)BSP)-forested peatlands are widespread ecosystems in boreal North America in which peat accumulation,known as the paludification process,has been shown to induce forest growth *** continuously evolving environmental conditions(e.g.,water table rise,increasing peat thickness)in paludified forests may require tree growth mechanism adjustments over *** this study,we investigate tree ecophysiological mechanisms along a paludification gradient in a boreal forested peatland of eastern Canada by combining peat-based and tree-ring *** and oxygen stable isotopes in tree rings are used to document changes in carbon assimilation rates,stomatal conductance,and water use *** addition,paleohydrological analyses are performed to evaluate the dynamical ecophysiological adjustments of black spruce trees to site-specific water table ***:Increasing peat accumulation considerably impacts forest growth,but no significant differences in tree water use efficiency(iWUE)are found between the study ***-ring isotopic analysis indicates no iWUE decrease over the last 100 years,but rather an important increase at each site up to the 1980 s,before iWUE ***,inferred basal area increments do not reflect such ***,iWUE variations do not reflect tree ecophysiological adjustments required by changes in growing *** water table variations induce no changes in ecophysiological mechanisms,but a synchronous shift in iWUE is observed at all sites in the mid-1980 ***:Our study shows that paludification induces black spruce growth decline without altering tree water use efficiency in boreal forested *** findings highlight that failing to account for paludification-related carbon use and allocation could result in the overestimation of aboveground biomass production in paludified *** research on carbon allocation strategies is of utmos

关键词： Black spruce growth Boreal biome Carbon allocation Ecophysiological mechanisms Forested peatland Paludification Stable isotope water use efficiency

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The Yield and water use efficiency to First Cutting Date of Siberian Wildrye in North China

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Agricultural Sciences in China 2011年第11期10卷 1716-1722页

作者： LI Zi-zhong ZHANG Wei-hua GONG Yuan-shi Department of Soil and water Sciences China Agricultural University Beijing 100193 P.R.China

A field experiment study was conducted in Bashang Plateau in North China in 2008 to determine the effect of three first cutting dates on the growth and water use efficiency （WUE） of Siberian wildrye （Elymus sibiricus L.） in the agropastoral ecotone of North China （APENC）. The experiment was conducted in a split plot design with three replications with water supply regime as the main plot treatment and first cutting date as the subplot treatment. Two water supply regimes were used, which included rain-fed treatment as control （CK） and a single irrigation and straw mulch treatment （W）. Three first cutting date treatments were conducted at early heading stage on July 1 （E）, at late heading stage on July 12 （L）, and at flowering stage on July 27 （F）, respectively. The results showed that the forage yield and WUE were the lowest at early heading stage harvest, while the highest at flowering stage either in CK or W treatment. Under combined CK and W treatments, average forage yields of the F subplots were 2 900 and 6 703 kg ha-~, and the values of WUE were 0.82 and 2.28 kg m-3, respectively. Under the CK treatment, forage yields of the E and L subplots were 43.8 and 41.9% lower than the F subplots, and their values of WUE were 46.2 and 50.3% lower than F, respectively. Under the W treatment, the forage yields of the E and L subplots were 74.9 and 61.6% lower, and their values of WUE were 78.1 and 63.3% lower, respectively, as compared with F subplots. Therefore, earlier first cutting did not increase the regrowth of Siberian wildrye and improve the mismatch between rainy season and the period of high growth potential of the grass in the semiarid APENC.

关键词： siberian wildrye first cutting date forage yield water use efficiency North China

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Improving water use efficiency of Wheat Crop Varieties in the North China Plain: Review and Analysis

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Journal of Integrative Agriculture 2013年第7期12卷 1243-1250页

作者： MEI Xu-rong ZHONG Xiu-li Vadez Vincent LIU Xiao-ying Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/State Engineering Laboratory of Efficient Water Use and Disaster Mitigation for Crops/Key Laboratory for Dryland Agriculture Ministry of Agriculture International Crop Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT)

The North China Plain （NCP）, one of the most important agricultural regions in China, is facing a major water-resource crisis evoked by excessive exploitation of groundwater. To reduce water use while maintaining high crop production level, improving variety water use efficiency （WUE） is an urgent need, especially because other water-saving measures such as water delivery, irrigation, and agricultural practices have already achieved most possible progresses. Evaluation of variety WUE can be performed accurately at the individual plant level （WUEp）. Reviewing the studies on physiological factors affecting WUE p performed up to date, stomatal conductance was considered to be an important trait associating closely with WUE p . The trait showed a large degree of varietal variability under well-watered conditions. Crop varieties differ highly in sensitivity of stomata to soil and air drying, with some varieties strongly reducing their stomatal conductance in contrast with those lightly regulating their stomata. As a result, difference among varieties in WUE p was enlarged under water deficit conditions in contrast with those under well-watered conditions. The relationship between stomatal conductance and yield depends on water availability of whole growing period in local areas. Usually, large stomatal conductance results in a high yield under good irrigation system, whereas a low stomatal conductance can lead to yield benefit under limited stored soil moisture conditions. In the NCP, winter wheat is the largest consumer of irrigation water, improvement strategies for high WUE aiming at wheat crops are in urgent need. We suggest, for the well-irrigated areas with excessive exploitation of groundwater, the wheat breeding program need to combine medium stomatal conductance （0.35 mmol H2O m-2 s-1 or so）, high carboxylation efficiency, and high harvest index. Areas with partial/full access to irrigation, or infrequent drought, should target wheat varieties with high stomatal

关键词： water use efficiency yield stomatal conductance water deficit

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