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Efficacy and Challenges of Using Springs for Early Detection of Contaminant Release from waste disposal Facilities Constructed in Karst Terranes

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Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection 2020年第9期8卷 107-125页

作者： Wanfang Zhou Mingtang Lei Zeo Environmental LLC Knoxville TN USA Institute of Karst Geology Guilin China

Early detection of groundwater contamination from waste disposal facilities is challenging in karst terranes. First, one needs to demonstrate that the groundwater system at the study site is monitorable. Both springs and wells are potential monitoring locations if they are effectively connected to the groundwater system, and they are not impacted by any other disposal facilities. Second, due to dynamic responses to recharge events, particularly discharge and chemical constituents at karst springs, multiple-parameter, long-term, and high-frequency monitoring may be required to collect background data. Sampling and analysis plans should be designed to reflect the unique characteristics of the monitoring locations. Characterization of the natural variations in water quality may require sampling efforts under different flow conditions. Third, evaluation of the potential impact of waste disposal units on the groundwater system requires an effective statistical evaluation program. Due to heterogeneity of karst aquifers, intra-locational comparison is generally preferred to inter-locational comparison. Sufficient groundwater monitoring data prior to construction of waste disposal units are required to develop the intra-locational statistical evaluation. In the case study presented in this paper, procedures to address these above-mentioned challenges were presented for two springs using seven dye tracing tests, two spring instrumentations, nine background sampling, flow-weighted concentrations, and an innovative statistical evaluation method were presented. These procedures were developed to evaluate potential contaminant release from a solid waste disposal facility constructed in a relatively isolated karst terrane. Although the specific procedures may not be duplicated, the overall technical approaches discussed in the paper may shed light on groundwater monitoring programs in other karst areas.

关键词： Karst Spring Dye Tracing Flow-Weighted Concentration waste disposal Statistical Evaluation

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Interactions of Aquaculture and waste disposal in the Coastal Zone

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Journal of Ocean University of Qingdao 2002年第1期1卷 8-12页

作者： ZHAIXuemei HawkinsS.J InstituteofEnvironmentalSciencesandEngineering OceanUniversityofQingdaoQingdao266003P.R.China MarineBiologicalAssociationoftheUK theLaboratoryCitadelHillPlymouthPL12PBUK

Throughout the world, the coastal zones of many countries are used increasingly for aquaculture in addition to other activities such as waste disposal. These activities can cause environmental problems and health problems where they overlap. The interaction between aquaculture and waste disposal, and their relationship with eutrophication are the subjects of this paper. Sewage discharge without adequate dispersion can lead to nutrient elevation and hence eutrophication which has clearly negative effects on aquaculture with the potential for toxic blooms. Blooms may be either toxic or anoxia-causing through the decay process or simply clog the gills of filter-feeding animals in some cases. With the development of aquaculture, especially intensive aquaculture, many environmental problems appeared, and have resulted in eutrophication in some areas. Eutrophication may destroy the health of whole ecosystem which is important for sustainable aquaculture. Sewage discharge may also cause serious public health problems. Filter-feeding shellfish growing in sewage-polluted waters accumulate micro-organisms, including human pathogenic bacteria and viruses, and heavy metal ion, presenting a significant health risk. Some farmed animals may also accumulate heavy metals from sewage. Bivalves growing in areas affected by toxic algae blooms may accumulate toxins (such as PSP, DSP) which can be harmful to human beings.

关键词： waste disposal aquaculture environmental problems

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Medium-Deep or Very Deep disposal of Highly Radioactive waste？

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Journal of Civil Engineering and Architecture 2013年第12期7卷 1548-1565页

作者： Roland Pusch Gunnar Ramqvist Sven Knutsson Mohammed Hatem Mohammed Department of Civil Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering Lulea University of Technology Lulea SE-971 87Sweden Eltekno AB Figeholm SE-57295 Sweden

Commonly proposed concepts, like KBS-3V, for disposal of highly radioactive waste imply construction at medium depth （400-600 m） in granitic rock, which is excellent for constructing a stable repository. VDH （very deep boreholes） represent an altemative concept with the advantage that the rock is much less permeable and that the very salt, heavy groundwater is stagnant. Both require engineered barriers in the form of canisters and waste-embedding clay but for somewhat different purposes. Canisters are the most important waste-isolating barriers for KBS-3V but are less important for VDH. The waste-embedding clay is needed for preserving the KBS-3V canisters by being tight and ductile, but plays a minor role for the VDH. The backfilled deposition tunnels in a KBS-3V repository provide very limited hindrance of radionuclides to move to the biosphere while the clay seals of VDH effectively prevent possibly released radionuclides to reach up to the biosphere. Comparison of the KBS-3V and VDH concepts indicates that the last mentioned one has several advantages but that certain issues remain to be worked on for becoming a number one candidate.

关键词： Canisters deep boreholes groundwater radioactive waste site selection super containers waste disposal

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Spatial Identification of Potential Dump disposal Sites for Effective waste Management in the Sunyani Municipality, Ghana

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Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection 2020年第11期8卷 93-111页

作者： Swidbert Höflinger Mary Antwi Ampah Amproche Amprofi Amos Tiereyangn Kabo-Bah Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering University of Energy and Natural Resources Sunyani Ghana Department of Environmental Management University of Energy and Natural Resources Sunyani Ghana

One daunting task faced by waste managers is to appropriately identify safe sites for waste disposal and this study combined expert knowledge, field observations and GIS-based modelbuilder to model and identify suitable dumpsites. Overview of the study area confirmed the random siting of dumpsites that poses threat to environmental safety. Land use and land cover classification produced an overall accuracy of 81.97% with kappa coefficient = 0.78, which was employed in the suitability search criteria. Other key derived parameters vital for safe dumpsite locations were distances to catchment > 100 m, distances to water bodies > 100 m, soil characteristics—clayey, topology (slope of 2 and 4) and geology—Granitoids. The weightings (%) obtained for the key parameters were: water = 32, connection to catchment area = 28, topology = 23, soil = 10 and geology = 7. The exclusion criteria and suitability analysis, based on assigned suitable values from the key weighted parameters in the modelbuilder, produced a map of potential waste disposal sites rating them as most suitable, suitable and less suitable for the Sunyani Municipality. The model for the site identification could be used as a guideline to provide first and quick impression on potential waste disposal sites for stakeholders in waste management. The suitable sites give an indicator for sites with the least possible environmental impact. The study however recommends that for specific locations, further in-depth research be done to suit site-specific conditions in order to improve accuracy.

关键词： waste disposal Modelbuilder Suitability Analysis Site Identification Environmental Safety Pollution

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Composting of disposal Organic wastes: Resource Recovery for Agricultural Sustainability

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过程工程学报 2006年第4期6卷 585-591页

作者： Mohammad H.Golabi Peggy Denney Clancy Iyekar College of Natural and Applied Sciences University of Guam Mangilao Guam-USA

One of the major problems of agricultural soils in the tropical regions of the Pacific is the low organic matter *** of the hot and humid environment,the soil organic matter(SOM)is minimal due to rapid *** organic material is being applied on agricultural fields as an amendment to provide nutrients and enhance the organic matter content for improving the physical and chemical properties of the cultivated *** addition land application of composted material as a fertilizer source effectively disposes of wastes that otherwise are buried in *** our soil program at the University of Guam,we are evaluating the use of organic material as an alternative to synthetic *** goal is to develop management strategies and use available resources for improving crop production while conserving resources and preserving environmental *** case study project is designed to improve soil fertility status by using composted organic wastes and assessing how the nitrogen and other essential nutrients contribute to long-term soil fertility and crop productivity without application of synthetic *** our pilot project,compost is produced from wood chips,grinded typhoon debris mixed with animal manure,fish feed,shredded paper and other organic *** compost is then applied on the field at the rates of 0,5,10 and 20 t/ha as a soil amendment on the eroded cobbly soils of southern *** is planted and monitored for growth performance and *** effect of land application of composted material on the SOM content and overall soil quality indices are being evaluated in this pilot study.

关键词： composting resource recovery management soil improvement waste disposal agricultural sustainability

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Interaction between climatic, environmental, and demographic factors on cholera outbreaks in Kenya

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Infectious Diseases of Poverty 2014年第1期3卷 338-346页

作者： James D Stoltzfus Jane Y Carter Muge Akpinar-Elci Martin Matu Victoria Kimotho Mark J Giganti Daniel Langat Omur Cinar Elci School of Medicine Department of Public Health and Preventive MedicineSt.George’s University(SGU)West IndiesGrenada African Medical and Research Foundation(AMREF) NairobiKenya. Center for Global Health College of Health SciencesOld Dominion UniversityNorfolkVAUSA

Background:Cholera remains an important public health concern in developing countries including Kenya where 11,769 cases and 274 deaths were reported in 2009 according to the World Health Organization(WHO).This ecological study investigates the impact of various climatic,environmental,and demographic variables on the spatial distribution of cholera cases in ***:District-level data was gathered from Kenya’s Division of Disease Surveillance and Response,the Meteorological Department,and the National Bureau of *** data included the entire population of Kenya from 1999 to ***:Multivariate analyses showed that districts had an increased risk of cholera outbreaks when a greater proportion of the population lived more than five kilometers from a health facility(RR:1.025 per 1%increase;95%CI:1.010,1.039),bordered a body of water(RR:5.5;95%CI:2.472,12.404),experienced increased rainfall from October to December(RR:1.003 per 1 mm increase;95%CI:1.001,1.005),and experienced decreased rainfall from April to June(RR:0.996 per 1 mm increase;95%CI:0.992,0.999).There was no detectable association between cholera and population density,poverty,availability of piped water,waste disposal methods,rainfall from January to March,or rainfall from July to ***:Bordering a large body of water,lack of health facilities nearby,and changes in rainfall were significantly associated with an increased risk of cholera in Kenya.

关键词： Cholera Education Health infrastructure Population density Poverty Rainfall waste disposal Water supply

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Catalytic effects of V_(2)O_(5) on oxidative pyrolysis of spent cation exchange resin

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Journal of Zhejiang University-Science A(Applied Physics & Engineering) 2021年第2期22卷 94-105页

作者： Qi SONG Jian-hua SHEN Yong YANG Yao YANG Bin-bo JIANG Zu-wei LIAO Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Engineering Manufacture Technology Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou 310027China College of Chemical and Biological Engineering Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou 310027China Stale Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering College of Chemical and Biological EngineeringZhejiang UniversityHangzhou 310027China

Pyrolysis is a cost-effective and safe method for the disposal of radioactive spent *** this work,the catalytic effects of V_(2)O_(5) on the pyrolysis of cation exchange resin are investigated for the first *** results show that it is a better catalyst than others so far studied and achieves a lowering of final pyrolysis temperature and residual rate simultaneously when aided by physical *** maximum reductions of the final pyrolysis temperature and the residual rate are 173℃and 11.9%(in weight),*** the action of V_(2)O_(5),low-temperature(445℃)removal of partial sulfonic acid groups occurs and the pyrolysis of the resin copolymer matrix is *** is demonstrated by the analysis of pyrolysis residues at different temperatures by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS)and element *** catalytic activity of V_(2)O_(5) is determined by effects both at acid sites and oxidation-reduction centers via H2-TPR(temperature programmed reduction),V_(2)-TPD(temperature programmed desorption),CV_(2)-TPD,and *** catalytic effect of oxidation-reduction centers in V_(2)O_(5) is achieved by close contact with the sulfur bond through chemisorption under the effect of acid sites.V_(2)O_(5) is also believed to be the reason for the removal of partial sulfonic acid groups at lower temperatures(445℃).V_(2)O_(5) is an effective catalyst for spent resin pyrolysis and can be further applied in industry.

关键词： waste disposal Cation exchange resin V2O5 Catalysis Oxidative pyrolysis

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Hospital Acquired Infections in Low and Middle Income Countries: Root Cause Analysis and the Development of Infection Control Practices in Bangladesh

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Open Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2016年第1期6卷 28-39页

作者： S. M. Shahida Anisul Islam Bimalangshu R. Dey Ferdousi Islam Kartik Venkatesh Annekathryn Goodman Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Dhaka Medical College Hospital Dhaka Bangladesh Department of Anesthesiology Border Guard Hospital Dhaka Bangladesh Department of Medicine Division of Hematology Oncology Massachusetts General Hospital Boston MA USA Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Massachusetts General Hospital Boston MA USA

Nosocomial or hospital acquired infections are a major challenge for low and middle income countries (LMICs) which have limited healthcare resources. Risk factors include the lack of appropriate hospital facilities such as isolation units, bed space, and sinks;inadequate waste management, contaminated equipment, inappropriate use of antibiotics and transmission of infection from the hands of healthcare workers and family caretakers due to inadequate hand washing. Nosocomial infections increase the costs of healthcare due to added antimicrobial treatment and prolonged hospitalization. Since the prevalence of nosocomial infections is generally higher in developing countries with limited resources, the socio-economic burden is even more severe in these countries. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the risks of hospital acquired infections and summarizes current recommendations for the development of hospital infrastructure and the institution of protocols to reduce these infections in LMICs such as Bangladesh.

关键词： Hospital Acquired Infections Nosocomial Infections Low and Middle Income Countries Hand Washing waste disposal

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Current Situation Analysis and Suggestions for Solid waste Management Practices among Households in Freetown

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Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection 2024年第3期12卷 95-109页

作者： Patrick Fayia Kanty Mohamed Yateh Yongji Zhang College of Environmental Science and Engineering Tongji University Shanghai China State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse College of Environmental Science Engineering Tongji University Shanghai China

Freetown which is the capital city of Sierra Leone is facing challenges with population growth, urbanization, and industrialization, leading to an increase in municipal solid waste (MSW) generation. The study aims to evaluate MSW generation, composition, and disposal methods, as well as the impact of collection fees, policy implementation, and women’s participation in municipal solid waste management (MSWM). The study used both qualitative and quantitative methods for data collection and analysis. The study administered 393 structured questionnaires in three selected sections to collect data on variables such as family size, education, level of knowledge, etc. The study used door-to-door data collection to determine the rate of solid waste generation, composition, and disposal in 66 households from two of the selected sections and 34 households from the other section to evaluate the current situation of MSWM practices among households in Freetown. The study used a descriptive statistic to analyze the data collected using Origin-Pro9 and MS Excel software. The findings showed that with a 4.2% urban growth rate, Freetown had a population of 1,467,543 in 2023, generating 851 tons of MSW per day, with organic waste accounting for 78% of the total MSW generated. Plastic waste generation also increased from 7.6% in 2020 to 13% in 2023. The study emphasizes the need to sustain the MSWM system by prioritizing solid waste collection fees, policy enforcement, and women’s participation in the MSWM sector. It further suggests and provides recommendations for developing an efficient and sustainable MSWM system in Sierra Leone, including knowledge transfer from countries like China and the US.

关键词： Freetown Municipal Solid waste Management waste Composition waste disposal waste Generation

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ELASTOPLASTIC ANALYSIS OF THICK-WALLCYLINDER CONSIDERING THE MATERIAL'S DILATANCY CHARACTER

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Journal of China University of Mining and Technology 1995年第1期5卷 66-73页

作者：江崎哲郎张铭竹下昭博三谷泰浩 FacultyofEng KyushuUniversityJapan ShimizuCorporation Japan

Impermeable bentonite or its mixtures have been proposed as candidate materials to be used in the geotechnical disposal of radioactive nuclear waste. These materials are filled in the space between a canister containing radioactive nuclear waste and an underground chamber to absorb the radionuclide emitting from the canister and simultaneously retard its migration accompanying the perrneation of underground water to prevent the surrounding environment from po1lution. On the basis of the established elastoplastic strain-hardening mechanical model considering the material’s dilatancy character,the authors carry out the stress-strain analysis of a thick-wa1l cylinder in a plane strain state subJected to a pressure difference between internal and external pressures. The analysis may be expected to be a theoretical basis for developing a coupled shear and permeability test apparatus for conducting a permeability test along a sheared plane in a specimen. The apparatus will be used to study the effects of shear strain on the variation of geotechnical materials’ permeability coefficient in order to evaluate the influence of shear strain caused by nonuniform deformation and/or earthquake on the long-term safety of the disposal system of radioactive nuclear waste. The theoretlcal analysls methods in this paper can be directly spread to the analysis of the deformation and stability of tunnels or roadways driven in soft soils or high moisture-bearing soft rocks.

关键词： dilatancy thick-wall cylinder elastoplastic analysis waste disposal bentonite mixture

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