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Identifying drivers of urban landuse changes in the wenchuan earthquake- affected area by using night-time light data

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Journal of Mountain Science 2024年第4期21卷 1140-1159页

作者： HUANG Tao DING Mingtao GENG Dongxian GAO Zemin ZHENG Hao School of Civil Engineering and Architecture Southwest University of Science and TechnologyMianyang 621010China Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering Southwest Jiaotong UniversityChengdu 611756China Analysis and Test Center of Sichuan Province Chengdu 610023China

To learn the process of urban land evolution before and after an earthquake is vital to formulate the urban reconstruction control policies and recovery measures in the earthquake-stricken areas.However,spatiotemporal evolution and its driving factors of urban land in earthquake-prone areas remains limited due to the scarcity of ground observation data.This research,leveraging night-time light remote sensing imagery and land cover data,conducted a comprehensive analysis of the long-term evolution characteristics of urban land in earthquake-prone areas.It introduced methodologies for assessing the socio-economic impact and the primary natural environmental factors driving urban land evolution in these regions.To validate the proposed methods,the 2008 wenchuan earthquake-affected area in China was selected as a representative study area.The results indicated that the average Digital Number(DN)values in socio-economically impacted areas showed a trend of rising,falling,and then rising again after the earthquake.DN values in three types of damaged areas including Type Ⅱ,Type Ⅲ,and Type Ⅳ exceeded pre-earthquake levels.The analysis of determinative factors influencing urban land evolution revealed that slope and elevation were key elements in controlling urban land expansion before the earthquake,whereas factors such as slope,elevation,lithology,and faults had a stronger influence on urban land expansion after the earthquake.It can be seen that,in view of the differences in the natural conditions of regions for post-disaster reconstruction,the local government need to actively adjust and adapt to urban spatial planning,so as to leverage the scale effect of large-scale inputs of funds,facilities,human resources and other factors after the disaster,thus enhancing resilience and recovery efficiency in response to disaster impacts.

关键词： wenchuan earthquake Night-time lights Urban land Post-earthquake reconstruction

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Airblast evolution initiated by Wangjiayan landslides in the M_(s)8.0 wenchuan earthquake and its destructive capacity analysis

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China Geology 2024年第2期7卷 237-247页

作者： Yu-feng Wang Qian-gong Cheng Qi Zhu Department of Geological Engineering Southwest Jiaotong UniversityChengdu 610031China Sichuan Highway Planning SurveyDesign and Research Institute LtdChengdu 610041China

Airblasts,as one common phenomenon accompanied by rapid movements of landslides or rock/snow avalanches,commonly result in catastrophic damages and are attracting more and more scientific attention.To quantitatively analyze the intensity of airblast initiated by landslides,the Wangjiayan landslide,occurred in the wenchuan earthquake,is selected here with the landslide propagation and airblast evolution being studied using FLUENT by introducing the Voellmy rheological law.The results reveal that:(1)For the Wangjiayan landslide,its whole travelling duration is only 12 s with its maximum velocity reaching 36 m/s at t=10 s;(2)corresponding to the landslide propagation,the maximum velocity,28 m/s,of the airblast initiated by the landslide also appears at t=10 s with its maximum pressure reaching594.8 Pa,which is equivalent to violent storm;(3)under the attack of airblast,the load suffered by buildings in the airblast zone increases to 1300 Pa at t=9.4 s and sharply decreased to-7000 Pa as the rapid decrease of the velocity of the sliding mass at t=10 s,which is seriously unfavorable for buildings and might be the key reason for the destructive collapse of buildings in the airblast zone of the Wangjiayan landslide.

关键词： Landslide Voellmy rheological law 3D FLUENT simulation Airblast Intensity Building destructive collapse wenchuan earthquake Geological hazards survey engineering

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Spatiotemporal variation of the loose deposits in Baisha River Basin after the 2008 wenchuan earthquake

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Journal of Mountain Science 2022年第9期19卷 2544-2555页

作者： LYU Jiao-rong BAO Yu-hai XIE Hang-yu LI Hong HU Yun-hua HE Xiu-bin Key Laboratory of Mountain Surface Processes and Ecological Regulation Institute of Mountain Hazards and EnvironmentChinese Academy of SciencesChengdu 610299China University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China The Third Surveying and Mapping Engineering Institute of Sichuan Province Chengdu 610500China

Extensive landslides were triggered by the wenchuan earthquake(in China)on 12 May 2008,causing a tremendous amount of loose material suspended on the hillslopes,likely to be eroded and transported by rain.It is of great significance to study the long-term variation of the quantity and spatiotemporal distribution of loose deposits after a great earthquake in order to understand the restoration process,to assess the risk of future soil erosion,including geological hazards,and to further develop ecological governance strategy.In this study,information about the multi-temporal loose deposits on the ranges of the Baisha River Basin,an alpine valley near the epicenter,was extracted by objectoriented remote sensing interpretation,and analysis on their spatiotemporal variation showed that the earthquake in 2008 resulted in loose deposits covering an additional area of 81.09 km2,with a volume estimated at 0.357 billion m3.Within five years after the earthquake,the vegetation had recovered rapidly,and the extent of the deposits was significantly less.From 5 to 13 years after the earthquake,the vegetation continued to recover but at a slower rate and a decreasing trend in newly formed deposits was evident.The total area,volume and quantity of the loose deposits gradually stabilized.The geometric mean center of the loose deposits gradually moved back towards the upstream area after the earthquake and,by 2021,the mean center was about 4 km away from its pre-earthquake position.Taking the mean center of the loose deposits in 2008 as the center,the deposits in the downstream area shrank significantly after the earthquake,but collapses and landslides of deposits persisted in the upstream area to the west-southwest,west-northwest and northnorthwest from the mean center,indicating future source areas of new loose deposits in the basin.

关键词： wenchuan earthquake Loose deposits earthquake-triggered disaster Soil erosion Remote sensing

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A comparative study of the main factors controlling geohazards induced by 10 strong earthquakes in Western China since the wenchuan earthquake in 2008

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China Geology 2023年第1期6卷 70-84页

作者： Chao Peng Zhi-qiang Yin Xu-jiao Zhang Hai Shao Ming-fei Pang China University of Geosciences(Beijing) Beijing 100029China China Institute of Geo-Environment Monitoring China Geological SurveyMinistry of Natural ResourcesBeijing 100081China China University of Geosciences Wuhan 430074China

Determining the main controlling factors of earthquake-triggered geohazards is a prerequisite for studying earthquake geohazards and post-disaster emergency response.By studying these factors,the geomorphic and geological factors controlling the nature,condition,and distribution of earthquake-induced geohazards can be analyzed.Such insights facilitate earthquake disaster prediction and emergency response planning.The authors combined field investigations and spatial data analysis to examine geohazards induced by seismic events,examining ten earthquakes including the wenchuan,Yushu,Lushan events,to elucidate the main control factors of seismic geohazard.The authors observed that seismic geohazard occurrence is usually affected by many factors,among which active nature of the seismogenic fault,seismic peak ground acceleration(PGA),topographic slope and geomorphic height differences,and distance from the fault zone and river system are the most important.Compared with strike-slip earthquakes,thrust earthquakes induce more high-altitude and high-speed remote landslides,which can cause great harm.Slopes of 0°–40°are prone to secondary seismic geohazards,which are mainly concentrated 0–6 km from the river system.Secondary geohazards are not only related to seismogenic fault but also influenced by the associated faults in the earthquake area.The maximum seismic PGA and secondary seismic geohazard number are positively correlated,and the horizontal and vertical ground motions play leading and promoting roles in secondary geohazard formation,respectively.Through the research,the spatial distribution of seismic geohazards is predicted,providing a basis for the formulation of emergency response plans following disasters.

关键词： wenchuan earthquake Geohazards Main control factors Comparative study Geological disater survey engineering Western China

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Transient postseismic slip and aftershock triggering:A case study of the 2008 M_W7.9 wenchuan earthquake,China

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earthquake Science 2023年第6期36卷 445-457页

作者： Mengyu Xie Baoping Shi Lingyuan Meng China earthquake Networks Center Beijing 100045China College of Earth Sciences University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100049China

In this study,we investigate how a stress variation generated by a fault that experiences transient postseismic slip(TPS)affects the rate of aftershocks.First,we show that the postseismic slip from Rubin-Ampuero model is a TPS that can occur on the main fault with a velocity-weakening frictional motion,that the resultant slip function is similar to the generalized Jeffreys-Lomnitz creep law,and that the TPS can be explained by a continuous creep process undergoing reloading.Second,we obtain an approximate solution based on the Helmstetter-Shaw seismicity model relating the rate of aftershocks to such TPS.For the wenchuan sequence,we perform a numerical fitting of the cumulative number of aftershocks using the Modified Omori Law(MOL),the Dieterich model,and the specific TPS model.The fitting curves indicate that the data can be better explained by the TPS model with a B/A ratio of approximately 1.12,where A and B are the parameters in the rate-and state-dependent friction law respectively.Moreover,the p and c that appear in the MOL can be interpreted by the B/A and the critical slip distance,respectively.Because the B/A ratio in the current model is always larger than 1,the model could become a possible candidate to explain aftershock rate commonly decay as a power law with a p-value larger than 1.Finally,the influence of the background seismicity rate r on parameters is studied;the results show that except for the apparent aftershock duration,other parameters are insensitive to r.

关键词： transient postseismic slip(TPS) Modified Omori Law(MOL) p-value rate-and state-dependent friction law wenchuan earthquake

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Pre-earthquake Ionospheric Anomalies of the wenchuan earthquake Studied with DEMETER Satellite

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Wuhan University Journal of Natural Sciences 2023年第5期28卷 441-450页

作者： LU Jingming HU Yaogai JIANG Chunhua ZHAO Zhengyu ZHANG Yuannong School of Electronic Information Wuhan UniversityWuhan 430079HubeiChina

The pre-earthquake ionospheric anomalies in wenchuan,China(21°-41°N,93°-113°E)are studied and analyzed using the summer nighttime data from 2005 to 2008 measured by DEMETER(Detection of Electro-Magnetic Emission Transmitted from earthquake Regions)satellite detectors ICE(Internet Communications Engine),IAP(In Application Programming),and ISL(Interior Switching Link).In this paper,we take the 12 May 2008 wenchuan earthquake as an example,use the spatial gridding method to construct the background field over the epicenter,analyze the background characteristics of very low frequency(VLF)electric field components,low-energy particle parameters,and plasma parameters,and define the perturbation intensity index of each parameter before the earthquake to extract each parameter anomaly in both space and time dimensions.The results show that the background values of some ionospheric parameters in the wenchuan area are related to spatial distribution.Moreover,anomalous enhancement of low-frequency electric field power spectral density,H+concentration,He+concentration and ion concentration with different intensities and anomalous weakening of ion temperature were extracted in the fifteen days before the wenchuan earthquake.After filtering the data to exclude external interference,such as solar activity,this paper concludes that there is some connection between these anomalies and the wenchuan earthquake.

关键词： wenchuan earthquake pre-earthquake ionospheric anomaly DEMETER(Detection of Electro-Magnetic Emission Transmitted from earthquake Regions)satellite

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A modified stochastic finite-fault method for estimating strong ground motion:Validation and application

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earthquake Science 2024年第1期37卷 36-50页

作者： Xinjuan He Hua Pan Institute of Geophysics China Earthquake AdministrationBeijing 100081China

We developed a modified stochastic finite-fault method for estimating strong ground motions.An adjustment to the dynamic corner frequency was introduced,which accounted for the effect of the location of the subfault relative to the hypocenter and rupture propagation direction,to account for the influence of the rupture propagation direction on the subfault dynamic corner frequency.By comparing the peak ground acceleration(PGA),pseudo-absolute response spectra acceleration(PSA,damping ratio of 5%),and duration,the results of the modified and existing methods were compared,demonstrating that our proposed adjustment to the dynamic corner frequency can accurately reflect the rupture directivity effect.We applied our modified method to simulate near-field strong motions within 150 km of the 2008 MW7.9 wenchuan earthquake rupture.Our modified method performed well over a broad period range,particularly at 0.04-4 s.The total deviations of the stochastic finite-fault method(EXSIM)and the modified EXSIM were 0.1676 and 0.1494,respectively.The modified method can effectively account for the influence of the rupture propagation direction and provide more realistic ground motion estimations for earthquake disaster mitigation.

关键词： stochastic finite-fault method dynamic corner frequency wenchuan earthquake rupture propagation direction

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wenchuan earthquake fault and seismic disaster

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earthquake Science 2009年第2期22卷 175-179页

作者： Boming Zhao Xiwei Xu School of Civil Engineering Beijing Jiaotong University Beijing 100044 China National Center for Active Fault Studies Institute of Geology China Earthquake Administration Beijing 100029 China

Major cases of the Ms8.0 wenchuan earthquake are obtained through field investigations of the epicenter and high-intensity areas, and the relationships among earthquake faults, ground motion and earthquake disasters near fault zones are analyzed. Both strong deformation and ground rupture lead to significant damages of the buildings, indicating that it is necessary to keep safe distance away from active faults and to take other necessary measures. There are two reasons for that the buildings near the surface rupture zones have withstood in the strong earthquake, other than their seismic resistance capacities, with the first being the site condition, and the second the reduced effective stress and low rupture velocity. The forms of structural damages are complex in the fault areas, with shear failure and tensile and compressive damages. Those structures in urban areas that have used qualified materials and followed the building codes performed well in the earthquake. Survey results also indicate that structures of flexible materials may show better seismic performance.

关键词： wenchuan earthquake earthquake fault seismic disaster strong ground motion

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wenchuan earthquake ruptures located by offset-tracking procedure of ENVISAT ASAR amplitude images

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earthquake Science 2010年第3期23卷 283-287页

作者： Bin Liu Wenliang Jiang Jingfa Zhang Yi Luo Lixia Gong Institute of Engineering Mechanics China Earthquake Administration Harbin 150080 China Institute of Crustal Dynamics China Earthquake Administration Beijing 100085 China

Two rupture zones of wenchuan earthquake have been successfully located by an offset-tracking procedure of ENVISAT ASAR amplitude images.Accuracy of offset-tracking strongly depends on the quality of image coregistration.In order to remove noise caused by coregistration,a combined filter method is proposed to remove noise of estimated offsets.In addition,Kriging interpolation is applied to smooth the azimuth displacement offset map.The displacement offset maps of azimuth and range show that about 245 km and 60 km in length along Beichuan-Yingxiu fault and Guanxian-Jiangyou fault were ruptured by wenchuan earthquake,respectively.The result of offset-tracking is validated by field observations of China earthquake Administration.

关键词： wenchuan earthquake offset-tracking ENVISAT ASAR InSAR

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Ultrasonic appearance of rhabdomyolysis in patients with crush injury in the wenchuan earthquake

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Chinese Medical Journal 2009年第16期122卷 1872-1876页

作者： SU Bai-hai QIU Li FU Ping LUO Yan TAO Ye PENG Yu-lan Department of Nephrology West China Hospital Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan 610041 China Department of Ultrasound West China Hospital Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan 610041 China

Background On May 12, 2008, a major earthquake hit wenchuan County in Sichuan Province of China. The number of cases of crush injury following this event was high. Ultrasonic appearance of rhabdomyolysis （RM） caused by crush injury in the wenchuan earthquake was observed to evaluate the diagnostic value of ultrasound for detection of rhabdomyolysis. Methods We analyzed clinical and ultrasonic manifestations of 50 cases of RM and 18 cases of RM with osteofascial compartment syndrome （OCS）. All cases were caused by crush injury in the wenchuan earthquake. For these RM patients, we also evaluated the correlations between creatine kinase （CK） and the scope of the muscle lesions as observed by ultrasound. Results There were differences in clinical symptoms, physical signs and ultrasonic appearance between the two groups of patients. The ultrasonic characteristics of the RM were as follows： the striated muscle in the lesions thickened with good overall continuity, and the muscle texture was vague; the strength of the echo was uneven and the echo was cloudy or ground glass-like. Liquid dark zones appeared between muscles and were spindle-like or irregular in shape. There were no blood flow signals in the liquid dark areas. The volume of the striated muscle increased in patients with OCS; the fascia wrapping the muscle showed arched protrusions and significant displacement. The flow velocity of the distal arteries decreased and the spectrum was abnormal. The muscle lesion scope of RM group and RM and OCS group was （7.8±2.0） cm and （13.6±3.1） cm, respectively. The correlation coefficient （r） between the muscle lesion scope and the CK was 0.681 for the RM group （P 〈0.05） and 0.516 for the RM and OCS group （P 〈0.05）. Conclusions The ultrasonogram of RM has characteristic manifestations and can provide important information for clinical diagnosis and treatment of rhabdomyolysis.

关键词： wenchuan earthquake ultrasonography crush injury rhabdomyolysis osteofascial compartment syndrome

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