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GIS Based Mapping and Analysis of Municipal Solid waste Collection System in Wa, Ghana

Journal of Geographic Information System 2015年第2期7卷 85-94页

作者： Hamidu Abdulai Rafaat Hussein Eddie Bevilacqua Mark Storrings Environmental Protection Agency Upper East Regional Office Bolgatanga Ghana State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry Syracuse New York USA

Collection of Municipal Solid waste (MSW) is important in every waste management program. Communal container collection systems appear most prevalent in many developing countries. However, this collection system is associated with problems such as overflow of waste containers, ground dumping at collection sites, and open/indiscriminate dumping at unauthorized places. The spatial distribution of these activities present potential contamination challenges to water resources. Spatial information on Municipal Solid waste Collection/Dump Sites (MSWCS) is essential for Municipal Solid waste Management (MSWM) decision-making, including siting and collection route planning, and dumps cleanup. Integration of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and Global Positioning Systems (GPS) present a platform to capture, map, and analyze spatial MSWM issues. This study applied GIS and GPS technologies to map MSWCS in Wa town, Ghana. Wa Municipality waste collection system efficiency was analyzed based on spatial availability of communal containers. A GIS model was developed and used to analyze proximity of MSWCS to boreholes drinking water sources. A pollution risk map was also developed to analyze the potential impact of indiscriminate dumps on hand-dug wells and surface water in Wa. The results reveal poor management in a significant number (about 67%) of MSWCS sites. Fifteen percent of mechanized boreholes failed the minimum proximity requirement (≥100 m) of the model. This study findings illustrate that MSWM in developing countries may be improved using GIS and GPS technologies. The approach used for Wa could be replicated in other towns in Ghana and other developing nations with similar MSWM problems to enhance policy and management decision-making.

关键词： GIS GPS Municipal Solid waste Communal Container Water Resources

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The Use of Organic waste as an Eco-Efficient Energy Source in Ghana

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Journal of Environmental Protection 2012年第7期3卷 553-562页

作者： Robert Ohene Adu Reiner Lohmueller Esbjerg Institute of Technology (EIT) Aalborg University Esbjerg Denmark University of Applied Sciences Emden Germany

The problem of municipal solid waste (MSW) management has been an issue of global concern in recent times and has engaged governments and local authorities in their quest to manage solid waste in a sustained manner. One proposition which has the potential of solving three problems at the same time is the use of the biodegradable component of MSW as a source of energy to augment energy supply. This research therefore assessed the use of the organic fraction of MSW as an eco-efficient energy source in Ghana. A study of Ghana’s solid waste profile was undertaken and the fraction of biodegradable component was found to be approximately 60%, with a heating value of 17 MJ/kg and a moisture content of 50%. Moreover, it was established that 0.5 kg of solid waste is generated daily by each Ghanaian, meaning that about 5610 tons of the organic fraction could be made available every day to generate energy to the national grid. It was also established that waste disposal in Ghana is largely by way of open dumping as primary collection of waste from households in Ghana is limited to high-income communities which represent only 11% of the population, whereas secondary collection from transfer points to the disposal facilities is inefficient. With representative power output of 1.66 MWh/tonne a total of 3320 GWh of energy can be produced annually from the 4 proposed plants, generating net revenue of about $111,600,000. As an optimizing step, a waste incineration scheme was suggested in which the off-gases produced from organic waste combustion could be used to produce electrical power with steam in a multi-stage heat exchanger-steam turbine configuration, and the off gases again used for pre-drying of the organic waste in a cycle. A state-of-the art waste incineration technology was used as a model and adapted to suit Ghana’s tropical conditions. MSW combustion releases less CO2 for the same power output (837 Ib/MWh) than any of the other conventional fuels do, and is therefore a

关键词： Municipal Solid waste Organic waste Biodegradable Eco-Efficient Pre-Drying waste Incineration Climate Change

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Surface Modification of waste Tire by Grafting with Styrene and Maleic Anhydride

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Open Journal of Polymer Chemistry 2012年第2期2卷 70-76页

作者： Yassin A. Aggour Ayed S. Al-Shihri Mohamed R. Bazzt Chemistry Department College of Science King Khalid University Abha Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

waste tire powder, as waste rubber WR was subjected to grafting with styrene (St) and maleic anhydride (MA). Hydrogen peroxide H2O2 was used to initiate the free radical copolymerization of St onto WR. A thermal initiation was used in case of grafting of MA onto WR. Effect of initiator and monomer concentrations together with the influence of reaction temperature and reaction time were investigated. The grafting was estimated by weight, and the grafted copolymers were characterized by FT/IR, DSC and SEM to prove the grafting. It has found that the grafting increases with increase monomer and initiator concentrations. The increase in the reaction temperature and time also causes increasing levels of the grafted St and MA.

关键词： waste Rubber Grafted Copolymerization Styrene Maleic Anhydride

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An Investigation of waste Management Practices in the Zambian Construction Industry

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Journal of Building Construction and Planning Research 2017年第1期5卷 1-13页

作者： Franco Muleya Herbert Kamalondo Department of Construction Economics and Management School of Built Environment The Copperbelt University Kitwe Zambia

This study investigated the practice and perceptions on waste management and the feasibility of establishing a site waste management plan in the Zambian Construction Industry (ZCI). In this research, Lusaka and the Copperbelt provinces were selected as study areas to represent the construction industry in Zambia. This was because the largest volume of construction work in the country is mainly concentrated in these two provinces. The research targeted contractors from Grades 1 to 3 as categorised and registered by the Zambian National Council for Construction (NCC). Consultancy firms and government institutions were also included in the target population as regulators. Data for this study were obtained through questionnaires, interviews and site surveys. The results from this research indicated that disposal was the most common method of waste management in the Zambian Construction industry as indicated by the highest ranking score with a mean index of 0.923. The research concluded that the construction industry in Zambia has poor practice of waste management through waste disposal which is not environmentally friendly. The results further indicated that it is feasible to adopt a Site waste Management Plan in the Zambian Construction industry based on the respondents’ willingness mean score of 0.94 from all the categories. Finally, the research confirmed that a Site waste Management Plan can be an effective tool to address waste management challenges in the Zambian Construction Industry based on the literature review and willingness measured from research respondents.

关键词： waste Management Sustainable Management Disposal Construction waste

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Supercritical Synthesis of Ethyl Esters via Transesterification from waste Cooking Oil Using a Co-Solvent

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Journal of Environmental Protection 2015年第9期6卷 986-994页

作者： Tapaswy Muppaneni Harvind K. Reddy Shuguang Deng Chemical Engineering Department New Mexico State University Las Cruces USA

Biofuels became more promising alternative to the fossil fuels because of the depletion of fossil resources, renewability, environmental benefits, and energy security. Ethanolysis of waste cooking oil with hexane as co-solvent was carried out for the production of fatty acid ethyl ester (FAEE). This process reduced the severity of process parameters with high purity biodiesel yield. Process variables such as co-solvent ratio, ethanol to oil molar ratio, reaction temperature and reaction time were optimized. The maximum biodiesel yield of 88% was obtained at ethanol/oil molar ratio of 40:1, co-solvent (hexane) to oil ratio of 0.2% (v/v), reaction temperature of 300°C in 20 min of reaction time. Fatty acid ethyl ester (biodiesel) samples produced from this process were measured and evaluated using GC-MS analytical instrument. Thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA) was also performed to examine the thermal stability of waste cooking oil, ethyl esters and fuel blends. Fuel properties of ethyl esters were determined and compared with the ASTM standards for biodiesel, regular diesel and ethyl esters from different feedstock.

关键词： Fatty Acid Ethyl Esters Supercritical Ethanolysis Co-Solvent waste Cooking Oil

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Removal of Chromium(III) from the waste Solution of an Indian Tannery by Amberlite IR 120 Resin

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International Journal of Nonferrous Metallurgy 2012年第3期1卷 32-41页

作者： Pratima Meshram Sushanta Kumar Sahu Banshi Dhar Pandey Vinay Kumar Tilak Raj Mankhand Department of Metallurgical Engineering IIT BHU Varanasi India Metal Extraction & Forming Division CSIR-National Metallurgical Laboratory Jamshedpur India

The extraction of chromium(III) from a model waste solution and also from a waste solution of an Indian tannery with Amberlite IR 120 resin is described, and the performance of this resin is compared with other similar resins. The parameters that were optimized include effect of mixing time, pH, loading and elution behaviours of chromium(III) for this resin. Sorption of chromium(III) on Amberlite IR 120 followed Freundlich isotherm and Langmuir isotherm model, and the maximum sorption capacity was determined to be 142.86 mg Cr(III)/g of the resin. Higher Freundlich constant (Kf) values (6.30 and 13.46 for aqueous feed of 500 and 1000 ppm Cr(III)) indicated strong chemical interaction through ion exchange mechanism of the metal ion with the resin. The kinetic data showed good fit to the Lagergren first order model for extraction of chromium(III). Desorption of chromium(III) from the loaded resin increased with the increase in concentration of eluent (5-20% H2SO4). With 20% (v/v) sulphuric acid solution 94% chromium(III) was eluted in three stages. Elution of the Cr(III) in the column experiments was however, found to be lower (82%) than that of the shake flask data. In case of Indian tannery’s waste solution, it was observed that almost total chromium was extracted in four stages with Amberlite IR 120.

关键词： Chromium(III) Ion exchange Amberlite IR 120 Tannery waste Solution

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Medical waste Management in China: A Case Study of Xinxiang

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Journal of Environmental Protection 2014年第10期5卷 803-810页

作者： Li Nie Zhong Qiao Huan Wu 1China Agricultural University Beijing China 2Xinxiang Medical University Xinxiang China China Agricultural University Beijing China Xinxiang Medical University Xinxiang China

Due to medical waste’s infection and hazard, it can cause potential environmental and public health risks, so medical waste management is of great importance especially in developing countries. The objective of the study was to analyze and assess current status of medical waste management in the light of semi-structured interview in medical institutions and the medical waste disposal centre. As a medium-sized city of China and its respective nature, Xinxiang was selected as the case study. In order to significantly improve eco-efficiency of medical waste management (MWM) and minimize the environmental risks, this paper identified key factors determining the implementation of MWM on the basis of the local realities and situations of medical waste, and then an integrated MWM system was developed. Such the regulations should be improved;MWM database platform should be strengthened;unified coordination ability of the MWM should be developed;and a suitable rural recycling network should be set up.

关键词： Medical waste Management Integrated System Medical Institutions Medical waste Disposal Center Regulations

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Kinetics and Thermodynamics of Adsorption Methylene Blue onto Tea waste/CuFe2O4Composite

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American Journal of Analytical Chemistry 2013年第7期4卷 1-7页

作者： Saeedeh Hashemian Majeed Karimi Ardakani Hamila Salehifar Chemistry Department Islamic Azad University Yazd Branch Yazd Iran

Tea waste/CuFe2O4 (TW/C) composite was prepared by co-precipitation method. The TW and TW/C samples are characterized by FTIR, XRD, SEM and N2 physical adsorption. The results showed that specific surface area of 350 and 570 m2·g?1 for TW and TW/C, respectively. The average pore size of TW/C is ca. 100 nm. Adsorption of methylen blue onto TW/C composite has been studied. Measurements are performed at various contact time, pH and adsorbent dosage. The adsorption kinetics of methylen blue (MB) could be described by the pseudo-second order kinetic model. The adsorption isotherms are described by means of Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. It was found that the Freundlich model fit better than the Langmuir model. The thermodynamic constants of the adsorption were calculated to predict the nature of adsorption. The values of thermodynamic parameters indicate that a spontaneous and endothermic process was occurred.

关键词： Adsorption CuFe2O4 Composite Kinetic Methylen Blue (MB) Tea waste Thermodynamic

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Compressive Strength and Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Studies on waste Glass Admixtured Cement

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New Journal of Glass and Ceramics 2011年第3期1卷 119-124页

作者： Ramasamy Gopalakrishnan Dharshnamoorthy Govindarajan 不详

The present work reports the effect of waste glass (WG) on the properties of Portland cement through Electron Para- magnetic Resonance (EPR) study. Cement pastes containing 0, 10, and 30% replacement of waste glass with cement and in a water to cement ratio of 0.4 have been prepared. The g factors of Fe(III) and Mn(II) impurities at different hydration ages have been calculated. The decreased gFe values and simultaneous increase in gMn values with increase in replacement % of WG are explained due to retardation of cement hydration.

关键词： EPR Cement waste Glass Setting Time Compressive Strength G-Factor

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Characterization of Ciprofloxacin resistant Extended Spectrum β-Lactamase (ESBL) producing Escherichia spp. from clinical waste water in Bangladesh

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Advances in Bioscience and Biotechnology 2013年第7期4卷 15-23页

作者： Nihad Adnan Munawar Sultana Ovinu Kibria Islam Shuvro Prokash Nandi M. Anwar Hossain Department of Microbiology University of Dhaka Dhaka Bangladesh

Clinical waste Water (CWW) possesses the risks of spreading antibiotic resistant bacteria in the environment. In Bangladesh, liquid discharge is directly released into the municipal sewage system and pollutes the surroundings water bodies/rivers. Liquid samples were collected from the three CWW discharge sites connected to DMCH (Dhaka Medical College Hospital) and from one control group non-connected to DMCH. About 32, 30 and 26 times higher ciprofloxacin, cefixime and multi-drug resistant bacterial count were found in CWW over control samples. Among the isolates, two Escherichia spp. isolates, denoted 26N and 28N, were found to be resistant against fluoroquinolone (MBC of Ciprofloxacin > 1024 μg/ml), cephalosporin, glycopeptide, monobactam, penicillin, tetracycline, rifampicin, macrolides, sulfonamide and nitrofuran classes of drugs and were also ESBL positive through phenotypic assay. Plasmid curing experiment detected possible plasmid mediated resistance of fluoroquinolone, cephalosporin, tetracycline, lincosamide and nitrofuran classes of antibiotics. Phylogenetically, isolate 26N and 28N were characterized as Escherichia coli and Escherichia fergusonii. These MDR and ESBL positive bacteria are potent to disseminate resistant determinants in the surrounding environments.

关键词： Clinical waste Water Escherichia Multidrug Resistance ESBL Ciprofloxacin

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