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Effects of tap water, electrolyte solution, and spontaneous and furosemide-stimulated urinary excretion on thirst

World Journal of Experimental Medicine 2012年第1期2卷 1-6页

作者： Yu-Hong Li Nana Waldréus Joachim Zdolsek Robert G Hahn Department of Anesthesia College of Medicine Zhejiang University Department of Anesthesia Faculty of Health Sciences Linkoping University Section for Research Department of Patient Safety and Quality S?dert?lje Hospital SE-152 86 S?dert?lje Sweden

AIM: To contrast the effects of various modifications of body fluid volumes on thirst as reported by healthy volunteers. METHODS: Ten male volunteers aged between 19 and 37 years(mean 22 years) underwent four experiments each, which comprised infusion of 400-800 m L of acetated Ringer's solution and intake of 600 m L of tap water. Half of the experiments were preceded by volume depletion(median 1.7 L) with furosemide. A visual analogue scale(0-100 mm) was used to assess perceived thirst during each experiment. RESULTS: volume depletion(P volume depletion increased the median(25th-75th percentiles) thirst rating from 28 mm(21-43) to 59 mm(46-72, P volume depletion began. Ringer's solution alleviated thirst in those who were very thirsty, but tended to increase thirst in the volunteers who were not thirsty before the infusion. Similarly, hydration with tap water decreased thirst(by 24 mm, P 60 mm) while the others reported no change.

关键词： Thirst perception Body fluid Homeostasis volume depletion

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Safety of Empagliflozin in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Saudi Arabia: A Post-Authorisation Safety Study

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International Journal of Clinical Medicine 2023年第3期14卷 129-147页

作者： Saud Alsifri Abdulrahman M. Almaghamsi Ashraf S. Mahfouz Walid Shehab-Eldin Sameh Rakha Endocrinology and Diabetes Department Alhada Armed Forces Hospital Taif Saudi Arabia Endocrinology and Diabetes Department King Fahad Medical City Riyadh Saudi Arabia Diabetes Control Center GNP Hospital Jeddah Saudi Arabia Internal Medicine Department Saudi-German Hospital Aseer Khamis Mushait Saudi Arabia Medical Department Boehringer Ingelheim Riyadh Saudi Arabia

Background: Empagliflozin, a sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitor is used as a monotherapy or in combination for lowering the elevated blood glucose level in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). It is often associated with certain adverse reactions (urinary tract infection (UTI), diabetes ketoacidosis (DKA), and genital infections). Thus, the Saudi Food and Drug Administration requested a post-authorisation safety study to monitor the safety of empagliflozin during the defined observation period. Methodology: The local, comparator, non-interventional, regulatory post-marketing study using “new user” design was conducted in patients with T2DM, treated with empagliflozin (10 or 25 mg) and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors (NCT03764631). Study was conducted from 2018 to 2020, wherein each patient was followed up for 12 months after the index period. Incidence and occurrence of DKA, severe UTIs, volume depletion and dehydration were observed along with metformin, insulin and treatment complexity status and adverse events in the index and Ramadan period. All data collected were analysed using descriptive statistics. Results: Among the 1502 patients enrolled (empagliflozin [n = 751] and DPP-4 inhibitors [n = 751]), 0.1% patients (n = 1) in each group and Conclusion: Empagliflozin was well tolerated over a period of 12 months, with no safety concerns and a favourable benefit/risk ratio.

关键词： Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Diabetes Ketoacidosis Dehydration Urinary Tract Infection volume depletion Ramadan SGLT2 Inhibitor Saudi Arabia

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