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Exploration of Arabic reading, in terms of the vocalization of the text form by registering the eyes movements of pupils

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World Journal of Neuroscience 2013年第4期3卷 263-268页

作者： Djemaia Bensoltana Boualem Asselah Cognitive Neuroscience and Behavioral LBO/Faculty of Biological Sciences University of Sciences and Technology Houari Bou-mediene (USTHB) Algiers Algeria

The intrinsic factors such as the visual constraints, extrinsic such as biomechanics, interface such as the support: the writing, the linguistics, the typography, the sense of progress of the language, have their impact on the habit, and the fittest and particularly the efficiency in reading. We suspect that circuits and zones involved in horizontal orientation “right to the left” are not the same the other way around hanging the linguistic collection. Reading Arabic provided with a specific difference in vocalization proves to be a valuable model verification two major issues which arouse language perception: [lexical processing: is it instantaneous (visual memory) or delayed (memory-tampon)? ···]. And a comparison with other models of language detection mechanisms and brain areas mnemonics which is involved in making information. Results are significatively: children vocalized mode is best seen. It must extend the duration of the mode without vowels. In our opinion, our study is original, and we introduced what a valuable tool in the diagnosis of visual and cognitive strategy by the biotechnology technical based on variations in terms of reading. This opens a horizon of opportunity for the application of the method to the Arabic language to determine the differences in eye size reflecting the effects of task variables in reading and a comparative study of other languages.

关键词： Eye Movements in Reading-Learning in School Method Photoelectric Saccadic Ocular Lexical vocalization in Arabic

浅析英语中的R Dropping与L vocalization

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山东外语教学 1989年第3期10卷 14-18页

作者：曹国平

在英语语音发展史上,从15世纪至18世纪是一个上升时期,语音的演变较多较快.到了十九世纪,英语语音就处于一个相对稳定的停滞阶段,语音基本没有变化.但是20世纪的情况又有所不同,英语语音的发展再次出现了上升时期,而且在速度上还超过了... 详细信息

在英语语音发展史上,从15世纪至18世纪是一个上升时期,语音的演变较多较快.到了十九世纪,英语语音就处于一个相对稳定的停滞阶段,语音基本没有变化.但是20世纪的情况又有所不同,英语语音的发展再次出现了上升时期,而且在速度上还超过了上一次,特别是在二次世界大战以后.R Dropping出现在第一次上升期中,而L Vocalizatiou则从本世纪初出现,也就是第二次上升期中.两者在英语语音史上都起了重要的历史作用。

关键词：英语语音 L vocalization R Dropping 元音化停滞阶段双元音国际英语增音音段十九世纪

Representation of conspecific vocalizations in amygdala of awake marmosets

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National Science Review 2023年第11期10卷 8-19页

作者： Guoqiang Jia Siyi Bai Yingxu Lin Xiaohui Wang Lin Zhu Chenfei Lyu Guanglong Sun Kang An Anna Wang Roe Xinjian Li Lixia Gao Department of Neurology of the Second Affiliated Hospital and Interdisciplinary Institute of Neuroscience and Technology Zhejiang University School of Medicine Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument ScienceZhejiang University College of Information Mechanical and Electrical EngineeringShanghai Normal University MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science and Brain-Machine Integration School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine Zhejiang University Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province Zhejiang University School of Medicine

Human speech and animal vocalizations are important for social communication and animal *** in the auditory pathway are responsive to a range of sounds, from elementary sound features to complex acoustic sounds. For social communication, responses to distinct patterns of vocalization are usually highly specific to an individual conspecific call, in some species. This includes the specificity of sound patterns and embedded biological information. We conducted single-unit recordings in the amygdala of awake marmosets and presented calls used in marmoset communication, calls of other species and calls from specific marmoset individuals. We found that some neurons(47/262) in the amygdala distinguished ’Phee’ calls from vocalizations of other animals and other types of marmoset vocalizations. Interestingly, a subset of Phee-responsive neurons(22/47) also exhibited selectivity to one out of the three Phees from two different ’caller’ marmosets. Our findings suggest that, while it has traditionally been considered the key structure in the limbic system, the amygdala also represents a critical stage of socially relevant auditory perceptual processing.

关键词： vocalization non-human primate marmoset amygdala

Polyphony of domestic dog whines and vocal cues to body size

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Current Zoology 2021年第2期67卷 165-176页

作者： Olga V.SIBIRYAKOVA Ilya A.VOLODIN Elena V.VOLODINA Department of Vertebrate Zoology Faculty of BiologyLomonosov Moscow State UniversityMoscow 119234Russia Department of Behaviour and Behavioural Ecology A.N.Severtsov Institute of Ecology and EvolutionRussian Academy of SciencesMoscow 119071Russia

In domestic dogs Canis familiaris,vocal traits have been investigated for barks and growls,and the relationship between individual body size and vocal traits investigated for growls,with less corre-sponding information for *** this study,we examined the frequency and temporal traits of whines of 20 adult companion dogs(9 males,11 females),ranging in body mass from 3.5 to 70.0 kg and belonging to 16 *** whines(26-71 per individual,824 in total)were recorded in condi-tioned begging contexts modeled by dog *** had 3 independent fundamental fre-quencies:the low,the high and the ultra-high that occurred singly as monophonic calls or simul-taneously as 2-voice biphonic or 3 voice polyphonic *** the smallest to largest dog,the upper frequency limit varied from 0.24 to 2.13 kHz for the low fundamental frequency,from 2.95 to 10.46 kHz for the high fundamental frequency and from 9.99 to 23.26 kHz for the ultra-high funda-mental *** individuals,the low fundamental frequency was lower in monophonic than in biphonic whines,whereas the high fundamental frequency did not differ between those whine *** frequency variables of the low,high,and ultra-high fundamental frequencies cor-related negatively with dog body *** duration,no correlation with body mass was *** discuss potential production mechanisms and sound sources for each fundamental frequency;point to the acoustic similarity between high-frequency dog whines and rodent ultrasonic calls and hypothesize that ultra-high fundamental frequencies function to allow private,"tete-a-tete"com-munication between members of social groups.

关键词： acoustic communication Canis familiaris companion dogs high-frequency calls nonlinear phenomena vocalization

Gender identification using acoustic analysis in birds without external sexual dimorphism

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Chinese Birds 2015年第4期6卷 198-213页

作者： Ilya A.Volodin Elena V.Volodina Anna V.Klenova Vera A.Matrosova Department of Vertebrate Zoology Faculty of BiologyLomonosov Moscow State University Scientific Research Department Moscow Zoo Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology RAS

Zoo and wildlife management faces a problem with bird sexing,as many bird taxa have indiscernible gender differences in size and *** groups are geese,cranes,rails,raptors,owls,parrots,doves,auks,shearwaters and some *** accepted invasive sexing techniques based on genetics,laparoscopy,morphometric and on cloacal inspection,are all needed in bird capturing and *** and subsequent manipulations may be inapplicable for free-ranging birds,whereas distant voice-based sexing is relevant for many *** review evaluates the potential for noninvasive sexing by separate calls or duet calls,for adult birds of 69 species from 16 orders and for chicks of 11 species from 7 *** adult birds of 25 species,a single call per individual was sufficient for 100 % reliable sexing by ear or using spectrographic *** chicks,the potential for voice-based sexing seems to be very *** birds calling rarely or unpredictably,we propose a simple way of provoking vocalization using playbacks of species-specific calls that are available from sound *** conclude that sexing by voice may represent a feasible alternative to the classical sexing techniques,both in the wild and in captivity.

关键词： vocalization Monomorphic birds Call-based sexing Sexing by sound

Temporal adjustment of short calls according to a partner during vocal turn-taking in Japanese macaques

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Current Zoology 2019年第1期65卷 99-105页

作者： Noriko KATSu Kazunori Yamada Kazuo Okanoya Masayuki Nakamichi Graduate School of Arts and Sciences The University of Tokyo Meguro Tokyo Japan Graduate School of Human Sciences Osaka University Suita Osaka Japan Japan Society for the Promotion of Science Tokyo Japan

Turn-taking is a common feature in human speech, and is also seen in the communication of other primate species. However, evidenee of turn-taking in vocal exchanges within a short time frame is still scarce in non human primates. This study in vestigated whether dynamic adjustme nt during turn-taking in short calls exists in Japanese macaques Macaca fuscata. We observed exchanges of short calls such as grunts, girneys, and short, low coos during social interactions in a free-ranging group of Japanese macaques. We found that the median gap between the turns of two callers was 250 ms. Call intervals varied among individuals, suggesting that call intervals were not fixed among individuals. Solo call intervals were shorter than call intervals interrupted by responses from partn ers (i.e., excha nges) and Ion ger than those between the partner's reply and the reply to that call, indicating that the monkeys did not just repeat calls at certain intervals irrespective of the social situation. The differences in call intervals during exchanged and solo call sequences were explained by the response interval of the partner, suggesting an adjustment of call timing according to the tempo of the part ner's call utterance. These findi ngs suggest that mon keys display dyn amic temporal adjustment in a short time window, which is comparable with turn-taking in human speech.

关键词： turn-taking rhythm vocalization primate

Advertisement Call Variability in the Black-spined Toad Bufo melanostictus (Anura: Bufonidae) during the Breeding Season in Lishui, Zhejiang, China

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Asian Herpetological Research 2012年第2期3卷 157-162页

作者： Li WEI Lihua ZHAO Xiaohao MA Xiaoli FAN Xiaomei MA Zhihua LIN School of Life and Environmental Sciences Hangzhou Normal University College of Ecology Lishui University

Advertisement calls play an important role in influencing female mate choice and are regarded as one of the key characters responsible for reproductive isolation and speciation events in frogs and toads. The black-spined toad, Bufo melanostictus, is one of the most common amphibians in Southeast Asia and is frequently observed in human habitations throughout its distributional range. The advertisement calls of the toad have not been well described. Here, we report the advertisement calls of this species from Lishui, Zhejiang, China during its breeding season. The advertisement calls of B. melanostictus are composed of single notes with a single harmonic frequency emitted sporadically. The call parameters recorded in this study were highly variable across recording times and with different body sizes. Dominant frequency was negatively correlated with body size. Comparing the calls of the B. melanostictus population from Lishui with the populations from five other localities(Bangkok, Thailand; Coorg, India; Burma, Myanmar; Bali, Indonesia; Halimun-Salak National Park, Indonesia), we found that call structure was similar among five different populations with no harmonics, while the Halimun-Salak National Park population contained two clear harmonics. Dominant frequency was similar between Bali(1.56 kHz) and Coorg(1.6 kHz) populations, while it was highly variable among other populations. Besides call duration, call interval and pulse/call rate may also be significantly different among the comparing populations. Pooling the available data, we observed some similarities and differences in call parameters among the six populations.

关键词： Anura vocalization Bufo melanostictus acoustic parameters advertisement call artificial pond

Qualitative Differences in Pup-Retrieval Strategies in a Maternal Separation Paradigm

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Journal of Behavioral and Brain Science 2013年第8期3卷 603-616页

作者： Loudin Daoura Ingrid Nylander Erika Roman Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences Neuropharmacology Addiction & Behaviour Uppsala University Uppsala Sweden

The rodent maternal separation (MS) paradigm is frequently used to investigate the impact of early-life conditions in the offspring. One critical issue is whether the effects seen in the offspring are a result of maternal contact deprivation and/or altered pup-directed maternal behavior. To address this question we used an innovative approach with a qualitative analysis of pup-retrieval strategies in a test situation related to risk for the pups. The dams were separated from their litters for 0 (MS0) or 360 (MS360) min, respectively. The pups were placed in a risk area in the multivariate concentric square field? test at two test occasions and the pup-retrieval strategies were recorded. No significant evident differences between MS0 and MS360 dams were found. However, there were clearly two different strategies, either removing the pups out of potential danger or into safety, and these strategies were represented in both MS groups. As compared to the MS0 dams, the MS360 dams did not change their strategies and left more pups in the risk area in both pup-retrieval tests. This implies different pup-retrieval strategies depending on early-life conditions.

关键词： Pregnancy Gestation Virgin Handling Maternal Deprivation Multivariate Concentric Square Field Behavior Wistar Rats Stress Maternal Behavior Ultrasonic vocalization

避免不良阅读习惯，扩大视距——浅议提高英语阅读速度的方法

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渭南师范学院学报 2005年第S1期20卷 59-59页

作者：杜晓军渭南师范学院外国语言文学系陕西渭南714000

文章浅议了英语阅读中两种不良的阅读习惯，并提出一种提高阅读速度的良好习惯Broadening Eye Span．

关键词： vocalization Inner speech eye span