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New early Eocene vertebrate assemblage from western India reveals a mixed fauna of European and Gondwana affinities

Geoscience Frontiers 2016年第6期7卷 969-1001页

作者： Thierry Smith Kishor Kumar Rajendra S.Rana Annelise Folie Floreal Sole Corentin Noiret Thomas Steeman Ashok Sahni Kenneth D.Rose Directorate Earth and History of Life Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences29 rue VautierB-1000BrusselsBelgium Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology 33 General Mahadeo Singh RoadDehradun248001UttarakhandIndia Department of Geology H.N.B.Garhwal UniversitySrinagar246175UttarakhandIndia Scientific Heritage Survey Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences29 rue VautierB-1000BrusselsBelgium Department of Geology University of Namur61 rue de BruxellesB-5000NamurBelgium Research Unit Palaeontology Ghent UniversityKrijgslaan 28158B-9000GhentBelgium Centre of Advanced Study in Geology Panjab UniversityChandigarh160014India Center for Functional Anatomy and Evolution Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMD21205USA

The ypresian cambay shale formation at Vastan and Mangrol lignite mines in Gujarat, western India, has yielded a rich vertebrate fauna with numerous taxa of European affinities. Here we report a new, approximately contemporary vertebrate assemblage from two fossiliferous layers in the nearby mine of Tadkeshwar. These layers have yielded a similar mammal fauna with the co-occurrence of the perissodactyl-like cambaytheriid cambaytherium thewissi, the adapoid primates Marcgodinotius indicus and cf. Asiadapis cambayensis, and the hyaenodontid lndohyaenodon raoi. The presence of these species in both Vastan and Tadkeshwar mines and at different levels suggests that the deposits between the two major lignite seams represent a single land mammal age. Apart from the aforementioned species there is a new, smaller species of cambaytherium, and a new genus and species of esthonychid tillodont. This fauna also contains the first large early Eocene vertebrates from India, including an unidentified Coryphodon-like pantodont, a dyrosaurid crocodyliform and a new giant madtsoiid snake. Among the Tadkeshwar vertebrates several taxa are of Gondwana affinities, such as Pelomedusoides turtles, dyr- osaurids, and large madtsoiids, attesting that the early Eocene was a crucial period in India during which Laurasian taxa of European affinities co-existed with relict taxa from Gondwana before the India-Asia collision. Our results suggest that terrestrial faunas could have dispersed to or from Europe during episodes of contact between the Indian subcontinent and different island blocks along the northern margin of the Neotethys, such as the Kohistan Ladakh island-arc system. Gondwana taxa might represent remnants of ghost lineages shared with Madagascar, which reached the Indian subcontinent during the late Cretaceous; alternatively they might have come from North Africa and passed along the southern margin of the Neotethys to reach the Indian subcontinent. These dispersals would have been

关键词： vertebrates snakes mammals primates cambay shale formation ypresian

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