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Fast Determination of Benzodiazepines in Human urine via Liquid-Liquid Extraction with Low Temperature Partitioning and LC-HRMS

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American Journal of Analytical Chemistry 2012年第2期3卷 118-124页

作者： Elisangela Jaqueline Magalhaes Clesia Cristina Nascentes Rodinei Augusti Maria Eliana Lopes Ribeiro de Queiroz Julio Cesar Cardoso da Silva Robson Jose de Cassia Franco Afonso Departamento de Quimica Universidade Federal de Minas GeraisBelo HorizonteBrazil Departamento de Quimica Universidade Federal de VicosaVicosaBrazil Departamento de Quimica Universidade Federal de Ouro PretoOuro PretoBrazil

A simple and high-throughput method to simultaneously determine selected benzodiazepines (i.e., diazepam, lorazepam, clonazepam, and bromazepam) in urine was developed and validated. The entire methodology consisted of the application of an innovative extraction/cleanup procedure, namely liquid-liquid extraction with low-temperature partitioning (LLE-LTP), and analysis by liquid chromatography combined with high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS). The LLE-LTP procedure was optimized via factorial design and by evaluating crucial variables, specifically the freezing mode (either slow or fast), the urine/acetonitrile volume ratio, and the sample ionic strength. The benzodiazepines were quantified using matrix-matched calibration curves where the following parameters were assessed by validation protocol: in general, linearity range of 17 - 200 μg?L–1 (r > 0.9957);limits of detection lower than 5 μg?L–1;relative standard deviations (RSD) lower than 12.5%;and accuracy ranging from 72.3 to 117%. To test this procedure’s performance, the method was applied to determine the content of diazepam in actual urine samples. The validation results obtained for the method demonstrated that the present methodology could be potentially applied in proficient laboratories as a routine approach for determining benzodiazepines compounds content in urine.

关键词： Benzodiazepines urine LC-HRMS Extraction Procedure Low-Temperature Partitioning

Utilization of urine for Cultivation of Selected Vegetable Crops in Backyard “Peeponics”

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Journal of Environmental Protection 2019年第1期10卷 22-38页

作者： Mumuni Adejumo Chukwudike Igwe Mynepalli Kameswara Chandra Sridhar Department of Environmental Health Sciences Faculty of Public Health College of Medicine University of Ibadan Ibadan Nigeria

This study evaluated the use of urine for soilless cultivation (as Peeponics) of Amaranthus viridis and Corchorus olitorius vegetables. This is a laboratory-based experiment involving optimization of amount of urine and dilution required for optimal growth of the test plants. Based on laboratory results, the experiments were scaled up. About 50 L of raw urine was collected from a male postgraduate student’s hall of residence, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria. Water from Awba Dam, a natural lake within University of Ibadan, was used as the control. Viable seeds of Amaranthus viridis and Corchorus olitorius were collected from Department of Agronomy, University of Ibadan, and germinated in a nursery for 10 days before transplanting. The raw urine was diluted with varying amount of water in the ratio 1:1 through 1:50. Nutrients in urine media (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium) and biomass indicators of plant growth (height, weight, number of leaves and leaf area) were determined using standard procedures. urine dilution ratios below 1:25 did not support the experimental plants growth within a week. Plant height (cm), stem girth (cm), number of leaves (sheets) and leaf area (cm2) of Amaranthus viridis and Corchorus olitorius cultivated on urine Dilution Ratio (UDR) 1:35 and 1:45 were higher at the end of week 3 compared to other dilutions and control. Percentage reduction of nutrients (NPK) in the media of Amaranthus viridis cultivated on UDR 1:45 was several folds higher (N = 59.9%, P = 100%, K = 55.3%) compared to that of UDR 1:35 (N = 38.5%, P = 49.1%, K = 37.6%). In the control water, the nutrients were totally removed during the experimental period. Growth of Corchorus olitorius cultivated on both UDR 1:35 and 1:45, was significantly higher at the end of week 6. A significant negative correlation was observed between Corchorus olitorius plant height and Phosphorus (r = -0.0418;p < 0.05) removal in the media. The study concluded that the use of diluted human uri

关键词： Human urine NPK Amaranthus viridis Corchorus olitorius Peeponics Backyard Gardening

Effect of mechanical ventilation on urine volume and expression of aquaporins in rabbits

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Journal of Traditional Chinese Medical Sciences 2017年第3期4卷 272-279页

作者： Yan Sun Jiamin Yang Shujing Zhang Yushan Gao Yixi Jin Min Wang Lei Ni Zhenyi Wang Pengfei Kang Yan Qiu Xiaolei Liu Yuhang Li Beijing University of Chinese Medicine Beijing100029China

Objective:To explore biological mechanisms underlying the traditional Chinese medicine theory of 'lung governing the regulation of water passage' by observing effects of mechanical ventilation on urine volume and related bioactive ***:A total of 16 male rabbits were randomly divided into control and lung expansion model groups (n =8 per group),which were examined during the following four respiratory intervention stages (10 minutes each):(1) free breathing without any respiratory intervention;(2) lung expansion induced by mechanical ventilator;(3) free breathing without ventilator intervention;(4) cutting of bilateral sympathetic,vagus,and depressor nerves with mechanical *** for breathing rate,blood pressure,and urine drops were recorded with a Medlab data acquisition *** of nitric oxide (NO),antidiuretic hormone (ADH),endothelin 1 (ET-1),angiotensin Ⅱ (AngⅡ),prostaglandin E2 (PGE2),and atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) were detected in lung tissue,kidney tissue,and serum by enzyme-linked immunosorbent *** expression of aquaporins 1 and 2 (AQP1 and AQP2) was detected in kidney tissue by immunohistochemistry,while Aqp1 mRNA and Aqp2 mRNA levels in kidney tissue were detected by real-time quantitative polymerase chain *** changes in lung and kidney tissues were examined by hematoxylin and eosin ***:Compared with the control group,number of urine drops during the second and fourth stages is significantly decreased in the model group (P <.05).In addition,NO and PGE2 content in lung and kidney tissues was significantly decreased in the model group (P <.05).ANP content in model group lung and kidney tissues was significantly increased (P <.05),while ET-1 content in these tissues was significantly decreased (P <.05).AngⅡ content in kidney tissue was significantly decreased in the model group (P <.05),while serum AngⅡ content of the animals was significantly increased (P <.05).Expression of

关键词： Mechanical ventilation Lung governing the regulation of water passage urine volume Aquaporin-1 Aquaporin-2

Contribution of the urine Dipstick to Urinary Tract Infection Diagnosis among Children in Two Hospitals in Cotonou-Benin

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Open Journal of Pediatrics 2017年第4期7卷 272-281页

作者： Godonou Gratien Sagbo Fredias Sogbo Honorat Francis Lalya Joseph Agossou Yevedo Tohodjèdé Florence Alihonou Gilles Bognon Diane Ahinonhossou Afolabi Dissou Blaise Ayivi Pediatric Unit of the Hubert Koutoukou Maga University Teaching Hospital (CNHU-HKM) Cotonou Benin Bacteriology Unit of CNHU-HKM Cotonou Benin Mother & Child Department Faculty of Medicine University of Parakou Parakou Benin Hospital of Porto-Novo Porto-Novo Benin

Introduction: Urinary tract infections are a daily concern in pediatric nephrology with long-term risks for high blood pressure and renal failure. The purpose of this study was to determine the contribution of a urine dipstick (UD) to the diagnosis of urinary infections among children at the CNHU-HKM and the Lagoon Mother and Child University Teaching Hospital (CHU-MEL) of Cotonou. Patients and Methods: This study is a cohort, descriptive and analytical study focused on children with suspected urinary infections in the pediatric units of the CNHU-HKM and CHU-MEL of Cotonou from March 25 to August 25, 2015. Results: Two hundred and four children out of a total of 5125 admitted children (4%) presented with at least one clinical sign of a urinary tract infection. Children under 36 months of age were predominant (41%). The main clinical signs of urinary infections were fever (60.8%) and urinary disorders (38.2%). The urinary dipstick test was positive in 145 children (71.2%). A urinary tract infection was confirmed by urine culture in 38 children (18.6%). In cases with leucocyturia- and nitrituria-positive urine dipstick tests, the sensitivity was estimated to be 13.2%, and the specificity was 95.2%, with a negative predictive value (NPV) of 82.8%. Only when the leucocyturia test was positive, the sensitivity was 76.3%, and the specificity was 31.9%. When the leucocyturia test was negative, the specificity was estimated to be 94%, and the sensitivity was 83% in the nitrituria-positive cases and 15.8% in the nitrituria-negative cases. The main isolated pathogens were Escherichia coli (n = 21) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (n = 14). Conclusion: In our environment, a negative leucocyturia test may help exclude urinary tract infections in most cases.

关键词： Urinary Tract Infection Urinary Dipstick Test urine Culture

Quality of Human urine Used as Fertilizer: Case of an Ecological Sanitation System in Ouagadougou Peri-Urban Areas-Burkina Faso

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Journal of Environmental Protection 2014年第6期5卷 467-474页

作者： Joseph M. Makaya Aly Savadogo Marius K. Somda Jean-Baptiste Bour Nicolas Barro Alfred S. Traoré Laboratory of Virology National Reference Center for Enteric Viruses University Hospital of Dijon Dijon France Research Center for Biological Food and Nutritional Sciences Research and Training Unit Life and Earth Sciences University of Ouagadougou Ouagadougou Burkina Faso.

The use in agriculture of excreta from urine-diversion toilets can be an alternative solution to the lack of sanitation and high costs of mineral fertilizers inherent to developing countries. The objective of this study was to evaluate the hygienic quality of urine used as fertilizer through an ecological sanitation system in Ouagadougou peri-urban areas. Chemical and microbiological analyses were performed in urine samples taken before and after thirty (30) days of storage in jerry cans exposed to sunlight. The concentrations of 7.0 g/l;3.5 and 9.6 g/l of ammonia nitrogen for mean, minimum and maximum respectively, are obtained in unstored urine samples. These concentrations did not practically vary with the storage. On average, values of other chemical parameters analyzed in stored urine were as follows: pH, 8.8;phosphorus (P), 0.3 g/l;potassium (K), 1.9 g/l;total dissolved solids (TDS), 21.0 g/l;cadmium (Cd), 154.3 μg/l;copper (Cu), 5.2 μg/l;lead (Pb), 15.2 μg/l;chromium (Cr), 6.1 μg/l;nickel (Ni), 154.0 μg/l. Escherichia coli, staphylococci, enterococci, Salmonella and spores of Clostridium perfringens were detected in unstored urine samples, with 26% of fecal contamination rate. The time of storage (30 days) under sunlight was enough for almost all bacteria removal in urine samples. Although the fertilizing value of urine was confirmed, it would be important to take account of the best practices on applying in soils, because of the high TDS contents. Also, the risk linked to micropollutants in urine-based fertilizers could be negligible in view of low quantities. The results obtained in this study prove that after 30 days of exposure to sunlight urine collected via eco-toilet becomes bacteriologically sanitized, and can therefore be used to fertilize soils. However, it is necessary to demonstrate the inactivation of other groups of enteric microorganisms in human urine during storage.

关键词： Human urine Storage Hygienic Quality Micropollutants Enteric Bacteria Fertilizer

The Role of urine Investigations in Urology Practice

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Open Journal of Orthopedics 2015年第4期5卷 90-99页

作者： Muhammad Ujudud Musa Urology Unit Department of Surgery Federal Medical Centre Katsina Katsina Nigeria

urine examination is one of the important armamentarium in the practice of urology and it is a fundamental test that is usually carried out for urology patients, it can be as simple as dipstick analysis to a complex hormonal assays. urine examination is done worldwide as an extension of physical examination which provides a lot of information about the pathology, and both physical and chemical analysis of urine are highly informative. There are several types of urine investigations, some of which include urinalysis, urine microscopy culture and sensitivity, urine microscopy for ova or cyst of parasites, urine cytology, urine tumour antigens assays, urine hormonal assays, urine toxicology, urine quantitative measurement and urine acid fast bacilli. Uses of urine examinations in urology could be diagnostic, such as renal function test, evaluation of heamaturia, stone diseases, urinary tract infections, urologic cancers and infertility or monitoring and for prognosis. Uses of urine investigations in practice of urology cannot be over emphasized as it has many revealing information of the physiology and pathology of urologic organs.

关键词： urine Investigations Urology Practice

Characterization of Digestates from Anaerobic Co-Digestion of Manioc Effluent, Human urine and Cow Dung

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Journal of Water Resource and Protection 2019年第6期11卷 777-788页

作者： Kpata-Konan Nazo Edith Kouamé Yao Francis Kouamé Kouamé Martin Konan Koffi Felix Department of Agroforestry/University Jean Lorougnon Gué dé Daloa C&#244 te d’Ivoire Department of Environment/University Jean Lorougnon Gué dé Daloa C&#244 te d’Ivoire

This study focused on the characterization of digestates resulting from anaerobic digestion of manioc effluents from attiéké factories. Two types of digestate were characterized, one consisting of manioc effluent + urine and another composed of manioc effluent + urine + cow dung. As a result, these residues of bio-digestion rich in nutrients (NPK) can be used as agricultural fertilizer. Moreover, the determination of some microorganisms and heavy metals digestates allowed to better appreciate its fertilizing quality. These parameters remained in accordance with the quality standards of a digestate prescribed. These results show that digestates from anaerobic co-digestion of manioc effluents, urine and cow dung can be used without fear as an agricultural biofertilizer.

关键词： Manioc Effluent Human urine Cow Dung Anaerobic Co-Digestion Digestate

Effects of Oral Administration of Camel Milk and urine on Gut Microbiota: Biochemical and Microbiological Profiling in Rats

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American Journal of Molecular Biology 2018年第1期8卷 1-12页

作者： Samah O. Noor Manal S. Alenini Biology Department Faculty of Science King Abdulaziz University Jeddah KSA

Human intestinal tract contained a diverse number of microbial communities which performed a significant role in human health. The presence of gut microbiota was affected mainly by diet. Camel milk is the source of nutrition and provides all the essential nutrients for growth. It has great significance in the treatment of liver, spleen, and anemic infections. Camel urine has also many medical advantages. In this study we examined the effect of camel milk and urine and a mixture of both (milk + urine) on the growth of Gut microbiota using an in vivo animal model. Fresh fecal samples were collected before and after administration of the tested materials. After that, the microbial analysis was conducted via culturing, denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and metabolic analysis via high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The result indicated that the numbers of bacterial groups were increased after the first dose. Coliform group have significant increase when given a mix of milk and urine compared to control group with P urine or a mix of both increased the growth of Gut microbiota.

关键词： Camal Milk urine Gut Microbioa HPLC DGGE

Prevalence and Antibiotic Resistance Pattern of <i>Escherichia coli</i>and <i>Klebsiella pneumoniae</i>in urine Tract Infections at the La Paz Medical Center, Malabo, Equatorial Guinea

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Open Journal of Medical Microbiology 2015年第4期5卷 177-183页

作者： Aleksey Shatalov Laboratory of La Paz Medical Center Malabo Equatorial Guinea

The study was conducted to isolate and determine the antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumonia from urine samples over a 2-year period (August 2013-September 2015) at the La Paz Medical Center, Malabo. A retrospective analysis of 785 urine culture samples over a 2-year period August 2013-September 2015 was carried out according to the routine protocol of urinalysis. Bacterial etiological agents were isolated from 155 (19.7%) samples with highest prevalence of Escherichia coli (55.5%) followed by Klebsiella pneumonia (23.2%), Proteus mirabilis (4.5%), Pseudomonas species (3.2%), Enterobacter species (2.6%), Enterococcus faecalis (2.6%) and others species (8.4%). The E. coli and K. pneumonia represent 78.7% of all isolated bacterial strains. The E. coli and K. pneumoniae isolates possess highly resistant to ampicillin, Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole, Doxycycline, Amoxicicline/Clavulanic acid. Whereas K. pneumonia demonstrated also to be highly resistant to Gentamycin, Cefuroxime and Ceftriaxon, low level of resistance to Piperacilin/Tazobactam, Amikacin and the lowest to Imipenem. The alarming level of MDR strains to the first choice antibiotics treatment was observed.

关键词： urine Tract Infections Antibiotic Resistance Klebsiella pneumonia Escherichia coli