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Geo-Spatial Information Science 2012年第3期15卷 187-197页

作者： P.N.DADHICH S.HANAOKA Department of International Development Engineering Graduate School of Science&EngineeringTokyo Institute of Technology2-12-1-I4-12OokayamaMeguro-kuTokyo 152-8550Japan

The rapid urban growth in developing city increases the requirement of the efficient and sustainable public transportation system.The urban growth affects the Urban form,which indicates the change in human and urban development activity.Urban form affects directly and indirectly access to the public transportation system as an assessment of potential riders and proximity to stops increase transit services users.Therefore,access is one of the important aspects for the assessment of transit service efficiency.Public transportation access can be represented by a coverage area and useful to estimate potential riders of public transportation.In this study,a Geographical Information System(GIS)-based spatial statistical analysis method is used to examine the spatial relationship of different Urban form indicators with population or riders of transit service in a coverage area and to ascertain how Urban form influences public transportation trips in this coverage area.The coverage area is delineated using a GIS-based road/street network distance approach.The spatial analysis results suggested that Urban forms have certain impact on trips in coverage area at both ward level and zone level.The statistical analysis implies that significant and positive values of spatial lag coefficient indicate a positive spatial interaction between wards and variable like total coverage area;worker density have shown positive and significant effects on trips of public transportation.

关键词： GIS spatial analysis Urban form public transportation

Impact of Urban form on Household Carbon Emission: Case Studies on Some Neighborhoods

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China City Planning Review 2013年第2期22卷 32-39页

作者： Bo QIN Ran SHAO Ke SHI Department of urban Planning and Management Renmin University of China

Based on 1,400 pieces of questionnaires collected in Beijing, this study applies LISA to identify the spatial clustering households with high and low carbon emissions, and explores the relationship between household carbon emissions and Urban forms via intensive case studies on five neighborhoods. Results indicate that all of building density, land use pattern, employment accessibility, and public transportation accessibility influence remarkably on household carbon emissions, which suggests that the rational planning of Urban form is necessary for the construction of low-carbon cities.

关键词： household carbon emission LISA Urban form high (low) carbon neighborhood Beijing

Assessing outdoor air quality vertically in an urban street canyon and its response to microclimatic factors

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2023年第2期124卷 923-932页

作者： Chunping Miao Shuai Yu Yue Zhang Yuanman Hu Xingyuan He Wei Chen CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management Institute of Applied EcologyChinese Academy of SciencesShenyang 110016China Shenyang Arboretum Chinese Academy of SciencesShenyang 110016China

The vertical distribution of air pollutants in urban street canyons is closely related to residents’health.However,the vertical air quality in urban street canyons has rarely been assessed using field observations obtained throughout the year.Therefore,this study investigated the seasonal and annual concentrations of particulate matter(PM2.5 and PM10),CO,NO_(2),SO_(2),O_(3),air quality index,and their responses to microclimatic factors at three height levels(1.5,27,and 69 m above street level)in an urban street canyon.The PM concentration was higher at 27 m than at 1.5 m in winter,whereas the situation was reversed in other seasons.It was found that photochemical pollutants such as NO_(2) and O_(3) were the primary pollutants in the urban street canyon.The days on which O3 was the primary pollutant at the height of 1.5 m accounted for 81.07% of the entire year.The days on which NO_(2) was the primary pollutant at the height of 27 and 69 m accounted for 82.49% and 72.33%of the entire year,respectively.Substantially higher concentrations of NO2 and O_(3) were found at the height of 27 m than at 69 m.In-canyon concentrations of NO_(2) and O_(3) were strongly correlated with air temperature,wind speed,and wind direction,which played important roles in photochemical reactions and pollutant dispersion.

关键词： urban air pollution Built environment Urban form urbanization

Exploring impact of street layout on urban flood risk of people and vehicles under extreme rainfall based on numerical experiments

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中国科学:技术科学英文版 2023年第9期66卷 2561-2574页

作者： MEI Chao LIU JiaHong SHI HongYuan WANG Hao WANG Jia DONG LiRong SONG TianXu ZHANG HaiJia State Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of Water Cycle in River Basin China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower ResearchBeijing 100038China Key Laboratory of River Basin Digital Twinning of Ministry of Water Resources(Preparation) Beijing 100038China Beijing Key Laboratory of urban Water Cycle and Sponge City Technology Beijing Normal UniversityBeijing 100875China

urban street layout is an important factor in the formation process, characteristics, and risk level of urban flooding;therefore, this study numerically investigates the impact of street layout on urban flood risk to people and vehicles. Four typical street-layout scenarios with areas of 3 km × 3 km are established based on a block-scale investigation. The layout types are regular grid,irregular grid, radial, and annular. urban inundation models are then constructed for these typical street layouts based on the twodimensional(2D) hydrodynamic method. Two historic, extreme rainfall events, which occurred in Beijing on July 21, 2012 and in Zhengzhou on July 20, 2021, are used as rainstorm scenarios for urban inundation modelling. The flood risks to people and vehicles are then calculated. Results show that, for an extreme rainstorm on the block scale, the street layout impacts the spatial and temporal distributions of the inundation variables, which include the water depth, flow velocity, flood volume, and inundated area. Moreover, for the same extreme-rainfall scenario, the greatest differences in the total flood volume, maximum street-water depth, and maximum street-flow velocity caused by street-layout differences are 17.22%, 60.25%, and 61.50%, respectively.Among the four street layouts considered in this study, the annular street layout exhibits the lowest degrees of inundation and flood risk. For the same extreme-rainfall scenario, the proportions of high-risk road sections for adults and children in this layout are 58.89% and 62.28% smaller than those for the layout with the largest proportion of high-risk road sections, respectively;the proportions of high-risk road sections for the Honda Accord and Audi Q7 were 55.31% and 53.04% smaller, respectively. The findings of this study may aid scientific understanding and development of “flood-sensitive” block-scale street layouts and urban planning in the context of the changing environment.

关键词： urban inundation street layout Urban form flood risk hydrodynamic simulation

Exploring the factors affecting urban ecological risk:A case from an Indian mega metropolitan region

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Geoscience Frontiers 2023年第1期14卷 286-297页

作者： Manob Das Arijit Das Ashis Mandal Department of Geography University of Gour BangaMaldaWest BengalIndia

Assessment of ecological risk(ER)is a key approach to adapting and mitigating ecological deterioration in cities of developing countries.In developing countries,the ecological landscapes such as vegetation cover,water bodies,and wetlands are highly vulnerable due to rapid urban expansion.Therefore,urban ER(UER)assessment and its drivers are crucial to guide ecological protection as well as restoration.This study aims to explore the spatiotemporal pattern of UER and the impact of urban spatial form on UER in the Kolkata Megacity Region(KMR),India.This study developed a UER index and used spatial regression models across the urban centres.The ER has been assessed at city scale as well as grid-scale(2 km x 2 km and 5 km x 5 km)from 2000 to 2020.The results showed that ER has substantially increased over the last 20 years.The urban centres with very high and high ER substantially increased,i.***.from 21.95%in 2000 to 31.70%in 2020.Kolkata and its surrounding urban centres were mostly characterized by very high and high ER.ER was influenced by spatial variables(such as land use and landscapes pattern).However,remote sensing parameters were weakly related to ER.The spatial lag model(SLM)(R^(2)=0.8686)was found to be better fit model than spatial error model(SEM)(R^(2)=0.8661)and ordinary linear regression model(OLS)(R^(2)=0.8641).Thus,the findings of the study can improve research and a comprehensive framework for urban ecological resources and provide a scientific basis for urban ecosystem planning and restoration.In addition to this,it will guarantee the sustainable utilization of urban ecosystems.

关键词： urban ecological risk Kolkata metropolitan area Ecosystem services Ecological protection Urban form

Construction of a refined population analysis unit based on Urban forms and population aggregation patterns

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International Journal of Digital Earth 2022年第1期15卷 79-107页

作者： Qiushi Hu Rui Li Huayi Wu Zhaohui Liu State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying Mapping and Remote SensingWuhan UniversityWuhanPeople’s Republic of China

The population analysis unit(PAU)is the basic unit employed in studies of urban populations.The commonly used PAUs are mostly administrative divisions,regular geographic grids.However,these units are different from Urban forms,and cannot be used to consider the characteristics of population distributions and flow changes.In this study,we proposed a method for constructing a fine population analysis zone(FPAZ)based on the population aggregation pattern and Urban form elements.First,considering the spatial structure of a city and the fine-grained demands of population analysis,the basic analysis unit was divided according to the functional heterogeneity of the population activity region at the micro-scale by combining Urban form elements.Next,a population aggregation preference model was established by considering the spatial distribution characteristics of the local aggregation of the urban population flow and long-term stability characteristics depending on the dynamic changes in entrances and exits.Finally,we divided the FPAZ combined with the microstructural elements.Experimental results showed that compared with other types of PAUs,the FPAZ was more consistent with the urban morphology and was an appropriate and general spatial unit for expressing the accurate characteristics of population distributions and changes at the micro-scale.

关键词： Population analysis unit micro-scale Urban form population aggregation entrance and exit population distribution and change

Deciphering built form complexity of Chinese cities through plot recognition:A case study of Nanjing,China

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Frontiers of Architectural Research 2022年第5期11卷 795-805页

作者： Yacheng Song Ye Zhang Dongqing Han School of Architecture Southeast UniversityNanjing 210096China Department of Architecture National University of SingaporeSingapore 117556Singapore

Dramatic changes in the economic systems and land rights in the recent history of China yielded unique but complex Urban forms for many cities.The complexity of Urban form is mostly manifested as ambiguous relations between elements of the physical form and between the physical form and human behavior.Currently,these ambiguities become obstacles that increasingly hinder urban regeneration.However,despite the fast-growing research on the morphology of Chinese cities,our understanding of the complexity of their built form is still in its infancy.Taking the city of Nanjing as the case study,this study attempts to decipher the complexity of its built form by investigating its plot patterns.Six samples,dating back to different development periods,are selected and analyzed in terms of both a physical entity and a unit of property.The results show that the complexity of plots is largely attributable to the inconsistency between their spatial boundaries as physical entities and as units of property.Accordingly,the plots of all six samples are re-recognized and two generic types of plot sub-series,co-inflection and embeddedness,are developed as a prism to decipher the built form complexity.The findings contribute to the theory on the compositional hierarchy of Urban forms and may shed light on the urban regeneration of Chinese cities as well.

关键词： Urban form Complexity Plot Nanjing

Modeling Global and Local Aspects of Spatial Structure Explicitly in Land-Use Optimization: The Case of Mek'ele City, Ethiopia

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Chinese Journal of urban and Environmental Studies 2023年第2期11卷 66-96页

作者： Ashenafi MEHARI Paolo Vincenzo GENOVESE School of Architecture Tianjin University International Center of History Critics of Architecture and Restoration of Historical Heritage (ICHCR) College of Civil Engineering and Architecture Zhejiang University

urban spatial structure remains the center of quest and modeling. The decentralization concept is among the leading literature discourses that guide spatial analyses. In line with the decentralization discourse, the application of land-use optimization as a modeling method has grown significantly. Despite decentralization dominating the contemporary spatial analysis literature, no study so far explicitly declares an end to the centers(and subcenters). While centers(and subcenters) are alive, the land-use optimization has never taken this macro-morphological structure into consideration. This case study frames land-use optimization within the agglomeration and decentralization concepts based on the view that no single conceptual framework addresses spatial analysis sufficiently. On a theoretical level, the link is between coarse morphological assumption(basis of economic geography) and decentralization(basis of sustainable built environment). The paper blends these dual theories, one governing urban macro-morphological structures and the other governing decentralization literature. On a methodological modeling level, it blends centers and other discretized uses. Optimizing four objectives across the complete centralization through multiple centers of gravity to complete the decentralization of urban spatial structures applying Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II, the case study findings justify the importance of explicit modeling of the macro-morphological element. It has been observed that multicenter Urban forms perform well above both the single center and the dispersed scenarios. It is, therefore,argued that an appropriate approach to land-use optimization is modeling both the macro-spatial element and fine spatial elements. The result further indicates that local land-use planning regulations place the structure of city in a suboptimal state.

关键词： Land-use optimization Urban form multicenter city decentralization coarse spatial scale fine spatial scale

A comparative study on four major cities in Northeastern Thailand using urban land density function

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Geo-Spatial Information Science 2018年第2期21卷 93-101页

作者： Chaiyapon Keeratikasikorn Department of Computer Science Khon Kaen UniversityKhon KaenThailand

urban land density is an important factor to understand how cities expand.An“Inverse S-shape Rule”was implemented for the first time to analyze urban land density in Northeastern Thailand using the four cities Khon Kaen,Udon Thani,Nakhon Phanom,and Nong Khai as study sites.Land density function was tested using different data classification techniques from previous studies.Each city was investigated over two different time periods between 2002 and 2015.Declining pattern characteristics of metropolitan area density outward from city centers can be quantified by fitting the parameters to urban land density functions.An inverse S-shape function was identified as the best data fit.The four selected cities showed conventional density variation for decline in urban land area from city centers to outlying areas.Overall trend indicated that cities became more compact over time since the density differences between the urban core and urban fringe were greater with increasing infilling growth within the urban boundary.All four cities increased in size over time;however,the increasing amount of built-up land in the surrounding rural areas did not follow the same trend in each case.Some functional parameters required careful interpretation because of the linear shape of the city as in the case of Nakhon Phanom.Using highly detailed urban data resulted in lower densities of urban areas compared to the conventional pixel-based classification,and this affected the overall shape of the inverse S-shape function.The fitted parameters and their changing trends indicated that the urban land density function was useful for understanding Urban form and urban sprawl in Thailand.Results can be used to develop a specific framework for other cities with similar attributes in the future.

关键词： urban land density Inverse S-shape Rule Urban form urban sprawl concentric ring partition Northeastern Thailand

Building Height Trends and Their Influencing Factors under China’s Rapid urbanization:A Case Study of Guangzhou,1960–2017

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Chinese Geographical Science 2020年第6期30卷 993-1004页

作者： SUN Wu LI Tao School of Geography South China Normal UniversityGuangzhou 510631China Northwest Land and Resource Research Center Shaanxi Normal UniversityXi'an 710119China

Understanding the spatiotemporal patterns of three-dimensional Urban forms,especially building height,can have important implications for improving urban air quality and mitigating the urban heat island effect by optimizing urban planning and management policies.This study investigated building height evolution and its influencing factors over approximately half a century(1960–2017)in Guangzhou,China.The results indicated that the logarithmic declines in height,quantity,and area of urban buildings followed Zapf’s law,which restricts the three-dimensional shape of the Urban form.The urban building height decreased from the center to the periphery of the city and decreased with decreasing altitude and increasing distance from main roads.These characteristics constituted the three main spatial differentiation rules of building height in the central district of Guangzhou,and all exhibited a logarithmic decrease,which gradually strengthened over time.The development of a double-layered height structure of low-rise and high-rise buildings between 1990 and 2017 was a notable manifestation of the increase in vertical urban height over time.The three factors of city center,altitude,and accessibility,which represent centrality,low relief,proximity to water,and proximity to road networks,highlighted the roles of traffic accessibility and commercial attraction in building height evolution.The importance of location macroscopically depends on the combined effect of the geographical pattern,urban planning,and market forces of cities located on a plain near hill or by a river.The principle of profit orientation restricted spatiotemporal building height patterns.

关键词： building height Urban form altitude road formative mechanism Guangzhou,China