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Can urban forests provide acoustic refuges for birds?Investigating the influence of vegetation structure and anthropogenic noise on bird sound diversity

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Journal of Forestry Research 2024年第2期35卷 163-175页

作者： Zezhou Hao Chengyun Zhang Le Li Bing Sun Shuixing Luo Juyang Liao Qingfei Wang Ruichen Wu Xinhui Xu Christopher A.Lepczyk Nancai Pei Research Institute of Tropical Forestry Chinese Academy of ForestryGuangzhou 510520People’s Republic of China School of Electronics and Communication Engineering Guangzhou UniversityGuangzhou 510006People’s Republic of China Hunan Botanical Barden Changsha 410116People’s Republic of China Guangdong Eco-Engineering Polytechnic Guangzhou 510520People’s Republic of China College of Forestry Wildlife and EnvironmentAuburn UniversityAuburnAL 36849USA

As a crucial component of terrestrial ecosystems,urban forests play a pivotal role in protecting urban biodiversity by providing suitable habitats for acoustic spaces.Previous studies note that vegetation structure is a key factor influencing bird sounds in urban forests;hence,adjusting the frequency composition may be a strategy for birds to avoid anthropogenic noise to mask their songs.However,it is unknown whether the response mechanisms of bird vocalizations to vegetation structure remain consistent despite being impacted by anthropogenic noise.It was hypothesized that anthropogenic noise in urban forests occupies the low-frequency space of bird songs,leading to a possible reshaping of the acoustic niches of forests,and the vegetation structure of urban forests is the critical factor that shapes the acoustic space for bird vocalization.Passive acoustic monitoring in various urban forests was used to monitor natural and anthropogenic noises,and sounds were classified into three acoustic scenes(bird sounds,human sounds,and bird-human sounds)to determine interconnections between bird sounds,anthropogenic noise,and vegetation structure.Anthropogenic noise altered the acoustic niche of urban forests by intruding into the low-frequency space used by birds,and vegetation structures related to volume(trunk volume and branch volume)and density(number of branches and leaf area index)significantly impact the diversity of bird sounds.Our findings indicate that the response to low and high frequency signals to vegetation structure is distinct.By clarifying this relationship,our results contribute to understanding of how vegetation structure influences bird sounds in urban forests impacted by anthropogenic noise.

关键词： Anthropogenic noise Bird sounds urban forests Vegetation structure

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Effects of urbanization and forest type on species composition and diversity,forest characteristics,biomass carbon sink,and their associations in Changchun,Northeast China:implications for urban carbon stock improvement

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Journal of Forestry Research 2024年第2期35卷 146-162页

作者： Yuanyuan Wang Xinzhu Dai Xingling Chen Dan Zhang Guiqing Lin Yuanhang Zhou Tianyi Wang Yulong Cui Academy of Forestry Sciences of Changchun Bureau of Forestry and Landscaping of ChangchunChangchun 130117People’s Republic of China College of Landscape Architecture Changchun UniversityChangchun 130022People’s Republic of China Changchun South Lake Park Bureau of Forestry and Landscaping of ChangchunChangchun 130012People’s Republic of China

Differences in forest attributes and carbon sequestration of each organ and layer between broadleaved and conifer forests of central and outer urban areas are not well-defined,hindering the precise management of urban forests and improvement of function.To clarify the effect of two forest types with different urbanization intensities,we determined differences in vegetation composition and diversity,structural traits,and carbon stocks of 152 plots(20 m×20 m)in urban park forests in Changchun,which had the largest green quantity and carbon density effectiveness.We found that 1.1-fold thicker and healthier trees,and 1.6-to 2.0-fold higher,healthier,denser,and more various shrubs but with sparser trees and herbs occurred in the central urban forests(pforests.The conifer forests exhibited 30–70%obviously higher tree aboveground carbon sequestration(including stem and leaf)and 20%bigger trees,especially in the outer forests(pforests of both the inner and outer forests(purban area and conifer forest of the outer urban area,respectively.These findings can be used to guide precise management and accelerate the improvement of urban carbon function in Northeast China in the future.

关键词： Species diversity Forest characteristics Biomass carbon sink Forest-type effect urbanization effect urban forests

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Comparison of satellite images with different spatial resolutions to estimate stand structural diversity in urban forests

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Journal of Forestry Research 2017年第4期28卷 805-814页

作者： Ulas Yunus Ozkan Ibrahim Ozdemir Tufan Demirel Serhun Saglam Ahmet Yesil Department of Forest Management Faculty of ForestryIstanbul University Wildlife Ecology and Management Faculty of ForestrySuleyman Demirel University

The structural diversity in urban forests is highly important to protect biodiversity. In particular, fruit trees and bush species, cavity-bearing trees and coarse, woody debris provide habitats for animals to feed, nest and hide. Improper silvicultural practices, intensive recreational use and illegal harvesting lead to a decline in the structural diversity in forests within larger metropolitan cities. It is important to monitor the structural diversity at definite time intervals using effective technologies with a view to instituting the necessary conservation measures. The use of satellite images seems to be appropriate to this end. Here we aimed to identify the associations between the textural features derived from the satellite images with different spatial resolutions and the structural diversity indices in urban forest stands (Shannon-Wiener index, complexity index, dominance index and density of wildlife trees). RapidEye images with a spatial resolution of 5?m × 5?m, ASTER images with a spatial resolution of 15?m × 15?m and Landsat-8 ETM satellite images with a spatial resolution of 30?m × 30?m were used in this study. The first-order (standard deviation of gray levels) and second order (GLCM entropy, GLCM contrast and GLCM correlation) textural features were calculated from the satellite images. When associations between textural features in the images and the structural diversity indices were assessed using the Pearson correlation coefficient, very high associations were found between the image textural features and the diversity indices. The highest association was found between the standard deviation of gray levels (SDGLRAP) derived from RVIRAP of RapidEye image and the Shannon-Wiener index (H h) calculated on the basis of tree height (R 2?=?0.64). The findings revealed that RapidEye satellite images with a spatial resolution of 5?m × 5?m are most suitable for estimating the structural diversity in urban forests.

关键词： Biodiversity Satellite image Structural diversity Texture measures urban forests

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Soil nitrogen transformations varied with plant community under Nanchang urban forests in mid-subtropical zone of China

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Journal of Forestry Research 2011年第4期22卷 569-576页

作者： REN Wen CHEN Fu-sheng HU Xiao-fei YU Ming-quan FENG Xue College of Life Sciences Nanehang University Nanchang 330031 China College of Life Sciences Jiangxi Science ＆ Technology Normal University Nanchang 330038 P. R. China

Soil N transformations using the polyvinyl chloride （PVC） closed-top tube in situ incubation method were studied in Nanchang urban forests of the mid-subtropical region of China in different months of 2007. Four plots of 20 m × 20 m were established in four different plant communities that represented typical successional stages of forest development including shrubs, coniferous forest, mixed forest and broad- leaved forest. Average concentrations of soil NH4^＋-N from January to December were not different among the four plant communities. The concentrations of soil NO3^--N and mineral N, and the annual rotes of ammonification, nitrification and net N-mineralization under the early successional shrub community and coniferous forest were generally lower than that of the late successional mixed and broad-leaved forests （p〈0.05）. Similar differences among the plant communities were also shown in the relative nitrification index （NH4^＋-N/NO3^--N） and relative nitrification intensity （nitrification rate/net N-mineralization rate）. The annual net N-mineralization rate was increased from younger to older plant communities, from 15.1 and 41.4 kg.ha^-1.a^-1 under the shrubs and coniferous forest communities to 98.0 and 112.9 kg.ha^-1.a^-1 under the mixed and broad-leaved forests, respectively. Moreover, the high annual nitrification rates （50-70 kg.ha^-1.a^-1） and its end product, NO3-N （2.4-3.8 mg·kg^-1）, under older plant communities could increase the potential risk of N loss. Additionally, the temporal patterns of the different soil N variables mentioned above varied with different plant community due to the combined affects of natural biological processes associated with forest maturation and urbanization. Our results indicated that urban forests are moving towards a state of＂N saturation＂（extremely niUification rate and NO3^--N content） as they mature.

关键词： global change nitrogen saturation soil nitrogen mineralization Southern China urban forests

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Exotic and invasive species compromise the seed bank and seed rain dynamics in forests undergoing restoration at urban regions

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Journal of Forestry Research 2017年第5期28卷 1019-1026页

作者： Vinícius Londe Hildeberto Caldas de Sousa Alessandra R.Kozovits Graduate Program in Ecology of Tropical Biomes Department of BiodiversityEvolution and EnvironmentFederal University of Ouro Pretocampus Morro do Cruzeiro

The control of exotic and invasive species in areas undergoing recovery is a challenge for ecological restoration and this problem may be even greater in urbanized areas. This study evaluated the seed bank and seed rain of a 5-year-old riparian forest located at the metropolitan region of Belo Horizonte in southeast Brazil, and verified changes over time in the abundance and species richness and whether planted species already were providing propagules to the site. At the forest, fifteen parcels of 100?m2 were distributed randomly and soil samples were collected thrice (October 2011, March 2012 and July 2012) to evaluate the seed bank. Seed traps were installed in nine parcels to collect propagules over 1?year. Propagules were segregated and germinate at greenhouse. Species richness and abundance were estimated, and variance and similarity were quantified. In total, 86 species were recorded in the seed banks, 41.9% natives and 33.7% exotics, with the predominance of herbs (87.2%) and only 7% of trees. Species classified as weeds amounted to 52.3%. In the seed rain 642 seedlings germinated but they belonged to only 10 species, half of them were exotics. Regarding life forms, half of the species were arboreal and dominated the samples, highlighting the exotic species Melia azedarach. The species richness of the seed bank did not differ by season, unlike the seed rain which varied significantly by month. Seed bank and seed rain species had a very low floristic similarity with the list of planted species, suggesting that few planted trees had dispersed or were stocking propagules. Many non-planted species were recorded, mostly exotics and/or invasive that were probably derived from the surrounding urban matrix. These might interrupt the successional dynamics of the restoration forest and compromise the restoration process in the medium and long-terms. Our results highlight: (1) the importance of monitoring areas undergoing restoration; (2) that restoration methods and management actions directed to control

关键词： Exotic plants Monitoring indicators Restoration ecology urban forests

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Structure and species composition of tree stands on verges and slopes along a major highway in Hong Kong

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林业研究:英文版 2023年第5期34卷 1347-1358页

作者： Louis Shing Him Lee Hao Zhang Kathy Tze Kwun Ng Shun Cheong Lo Alan Siu Lun Yu Faculty of Design and Environment Technological and HigherEducation Institute of Hong KongHong KongPeople’s Republic of China Landscape Division Highways DepartmentHong KongPeople’s Republic of China Greening Landscape and Tree Management SectionDevelopment BureauHong KongPeople’s Republic of China

Arboricultural research focusing on transport land use was lacking in Hong Kong.Some highway slopes were registered in the Systematic Identification of Maintenance Responsibility of Slopes in the Territory(SIMAR),abbreviated as SIMAR slopes.We aimed to analyze patterns in the structure and species composition of the tree stock along a highway in Hong Kong and examined how a slope registration system could help explain the characteristics of urban forests.The 53 slopes and 52 verges along San Tin Highway,Hong Kong were randomly selected.The trees on each slope and verge were collectively sampled as a tree stand.Six variables,namely tree abundance,species richness,maximum tree height,Shannon-Wiener diversity,Simpson's dominance,and Pielou's evenness were measured for each stand.In addition,a limited visual tree risk assessment was performed.The 7,209 trees in 23 species were recorded.Species richness was low,ranging from one to eight species per stand.SIMAR and non-SIMAR slopes were compared.SIMAR slopes had significantly higher species richness,diversity,evenness but lower dominance,with mean difference of 1.41 species,0.17,0.17 and-0.28respectively.SIMAR slopes were associated with lower tree risk rating.When training regression models,boosting as an ensemble method arbitrarily raised the explanatory power and the predictive accuracy of some models.Slope height,length,angle and area could be significant predictors of the biodiversity-related variables.Future research can sample more habitat characteristics related to the structure and species composition of slopes and verges which were important components of urban forestry.

关键词： Highway greenery Roadside tree management Tree risk assessment Monospecific urban forest Slope geophysical environment urban forests

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urban-induced changes in tree leaf litter accelerate decomposition

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Ecological Processes 2015年第1期4卷 1-16页

作者： Jens Dorendorf Anja Wilken Annette Eschenbach Kai Jensen Applied Plant Ecology Biocenter Klein FlottbekUniversität HamburgOhnhorstraße 1822609 HamburgGermany Institute for Soil Science CENUniversität HamburgAllende-Platz 220146 HamburgGermany.

Introduction:The role of urban areas in the global carbon cycle has so far not been studied conclusively.Locally,urbanization might affect decomposition within urban boundaries.So far,only few studies have examined the effects of the level of urbanization on decomposition.This study addresses the influence of the level of urbanization on decomposition processes.It explores whether potential influences are exerted through leaf litter quality alterations or through direct effects of decomposition site’s level of urbanization.Leaf litter of five different tree species was sampled at urban and periurban sites.Decomposition of this litter was analyzed in three different experiments:a climate chamber incubation,a reciprocal litterbag transplant at urban and periurban sites,and a common garden litterbag transplant.Results:Decomposition site’s level of urbanization did not show a significant effect.However,in all species,when significant differences were observed,leaf litter of urban origin decomposed significantly faster than leaf litter of periurban origin.This effect was observed in all three experiments.In the reciprocal litter transplant experiment,62%±3%mass loss in litter of urban origin compared to 53%±3%in litter of periurban origin was observed.The difference was not as pronounced in the other two experiments,with 94%±1%mass loss of litter originating in urban habitats compared to 92%±1%mass loss of litter originating in periurban habitats in the common garden experiment and 225±13 mg CO2 released from litter originating in urban habitats compared to 200±13 mg CO2 released from litter originating in periurban habitats in the climate chamber incubation.Conclusions:We conclude that the level of urbanization affects decomposition indirectly through alterations in leaf litter quality even over short urban to periurban distances.

关键词： Litterbags urban gradients Carbon cycling Mass loss Respiration urban ecology urban forests Paired studies Suburban urban–rural contrast

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urban Forest Digital Cadastre

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Journal of Civil Engineering and Architecture 2021年第6期15卷 330-341页

作者： Nicola Noe Federico Massi School of Architecture urban Planning Construction Engineering Politecnico Milano 1863Piazza Leonardo da Vinci32Milan 20133Italy Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali Universitàdegli Studi di MilanoVia Celoria 2Milan 20133Italy

urban forests being part of the Natural Capital,they provide goods and services for humans,the ecosystem services that are necessary for their survival.Over recent years,the importance of ecosystem services within urban landscapes has grown steadily.Determining the amount and the value of the ecosystem services provided by the urban Forest is the main goal of the“Digital Green Cadastre”(DGC),a project in progress of survey,classification and mapping of the urban,agricultural and natural green assets.The DGC records the types of green cover and soil characteristics and utilizes the calculation of the total leaf area for the quantitative analysis of the botanical heritage,environmental performance and ecosystem benefits,such as water runoff management,air pollutant removal and urban heat island reduction.The case study of Abbiategrasso-a small town in Italy-is reported.

关键词： Natural capital ecosystem services urban forests DGC leaf area index(LAI).

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