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Coal petrology,sedimentology and depositional environment of the Parvadeh coais in the Upper Triassic,Tabas Block of Central-East Iran

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International Journal of Coal Science & Technology 2023年第3期10卷 58-77页

作者： Ziba Zamani Hossain Rahimpour-Bonab Ralf Littke School of Geology College of ScienceUniversity of TehranTehranIran Energy and Mineral Resources(EMR) RWTH Aachen UniversityAachenGermany

Peat forming environment strongly influences the economic value of any coal seam and coal-bearing strata.Hence,pal-aeoenvironmental studies provide important information for coal resource exploration.In this context,detailed studies on selected coals from the Parvadeh Area,Iran,were conducted using sedimentology,coal petrology,X-ray diffraction(XRD),scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray analyzer(SEM-EDX),and proximate analysis.The sedi-mentary facies above and below the coal seams are mainly marine or marine-influenced facies,supporting that the coal-forming mires in the Parvadeh Area developed in a paralic environment,where the base level must be closely related to sea level.Sulfur contents are moderate to high and mark the influence of brackish/marine water,especially during transgres-sion after peat growth in a lower delta plain environment.The peat-forming mires extended on coastal/delta plain lobes.The lower delta plain/coastal plain coals are characterized by lateral continuity and substantial thickness,whereas few coals possibly representing the upper delta plain are thin and more discontinuous.The detrital nature and composition of the numerous partings and the overall high ash yield in the coal seams indicate an active tectonic area with high rates of creation of accommodation space over peat growth.Coal petrology and coal facies analysis exhibits a permanently high water table within a forest swamp and mostly rheotrophic conditions,sometimes with connection to the seawater.Accord-ing to paleoenvironmental reconstructions,it seems that coal layers may be thicker,with less sulfur(pyrite),but more clastic minerals and partings toward the western part of the area.Although these coal seams presently have low economic potential for the mining operation,partly due to great depth,this humic,high-volatile to medium-volatile bituminous coal may be suitable for exploration of coal bed methane resources.

关键词： Coal petrology Sedimentology Coal facies analysis Upper Triassic Nayband Formation Tabas Block

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Geological characteristics and models of fault-foldfracture body in deep tight sandstone of the second member of Upper Triassic Xujiahe Formation in Xinchang structural belt of Sichuan Basin,SW China

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Petroleum Exploration and Development 2023年第3期50卷 603-614页

作者： LIU Junlong LIU Zhongqun LIU Zhenfeng LIU Yali SHEN Baojian XIAO Kaihua BI Youyi WANG Xiaowen WANG Ail FAN Lingxiao LI Jitongl Sinopec Petroleum Exploration&Production Research Institute Beijing 100083China Sinopec Southwest Oil&Gas Company Chengdu 610081China

In the second member of the Upper Triassic Xujiahe Formation(T_(3)x_(2))in the Xinchang area,western Sichuan Basin,only a low percent of reserves has been recovered,and the geological model of gas reservoir sweet spot remains unclear.Based on a large number of core,field outcrop,test and logging-seismic data,the T_(3)x_(2) gas reservoir in the Xinchang area is examined.The concept of fault-fold-fracture body(FFFB)is proposed,and its types are recognized.The main factors controlling fracture development are identified,and the geological models of FFFB are established.FFFB refers to faults,folds and associated fractures reservoirs.According to the characteristics and genesis,FFFBs can be divided into three types:fault-fracture body,fold-fracture body,and fault-fold body.In the hanging wall of the fault,the closer to the fault,the more developed the effective fractures;the greater the fold amplitude and the closer to the fold hinge plane,the more developed the effective fractures.Two types of geological models of FFFB are established:fault-fold fracture,and matrix storage and permeability.The former can be divided into two subtypes:network fracture,and single structural fracture,and the later can be divided into three subtypes:bedding fracture,low permeability pore,and extremely low permeability pore.The process for evaluating favorable FFFB zones was formed to define favorable development targets and support the well deployment for purpose of high production.The study results provide a reference for the exploration and development of deep tight sandstone oil and gas reservoirs in China.

关键词： fault-fold-fracture body fracture control factor genetic characteristics geological model deep layer tight sandstone Xinchang structural belt Upper Triassic Xujiahe Formation Sichuan Basin

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Microfracture Characterization in Sandstone Reservoirs:A Case Study from the Upper Triassic of Syria's Euphrates Graben

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Journal of Earth Science 2022年第4期33卷 901-915页

作者： Ibrahem Yousef Vladimir Morozov Vladislav Sudakov Ilyas Idrisov Institute of Geology and Petroleum Technologies Kazan Federal UniversityKazan 420111Russia

The Euphrates Graben is located in eastern Syria.The Upper Triassic Mulussa F Formation sandstones serve as the primary reservoir intervals in the majority of the graben fields.The study’s findings were based on core studies:petrographic examination of thin sections,scanning electron microscope(SEM),imaging of backscatter scanning electron microscope(BSE),X-ray microprobe examinations,and carbon-oxygen stable isotope analysis of microfracture-filling cements.Three of the most common types of microfracture found in the investigated sandstones are intragranular or intracrystalline microfractures,grain boundary or grain-edge microfractures,and transgranular(crossing grains)microfractures.Sandstone microfractures that are open and free of secondary mineralization improve sandstone storage and permeability.However,microfractures that are cemented and filled with secondary mineralization reduce storage and permeability.Common siderite and pyrite cements were identified within the microfractures and the nearby sandstone matrix.Larger anhedral or euhedral siderites are thought to form during shallow burial diagenesis,whereas poikilotopic siderites are thought to form during deep burial diagenesis.Poikilotopic pyrite is believed to be a diagenetic cement,which is attributed to the reduction of iron oxides present in the sediments in the presence of hydrocarbons.Microfractures reflect tectonic,overpressure,and diagenetic origins.Microfractures of tectonic origin are associated with folding and thrust activities over the Euphrates Graben area,and they were formed at the beginning of the Upper Triassic with siderite and pyrite cement equilibration temperatures of approximately 100–105℃,and they continued forming from the middle to the end of the Upper Triassic with cement equilibration temperatures of approximately 90–100℃in conjunction with the first phase of the Euphrates Graben.Microfractures related to diagenetic and overpressure processes are tension microfractures and were formed in compression settings during the Uppe

关键词： microfracture sandstone Upper Triassic Mulussa F Euphrates Graben Syria

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Petrography and Geochemistry of the Upper Triassic Sandstones from the Western Ordos Basin, NW China: Provenance and Tectonic Implications

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2019年第6期93卷 1835-1849页

作者： ZHAO Xiaochen LIU Chiyang XIAO Bo ZHAO Yan CHEN Yingtao College of Geology and Environment Xi’an University of Science and TechnologyXi’an 710054China State Key Laboratory of Continental Dynamics Department of GeologyNorthwest UniversityXi’an 710069China Fifth Oil Production Plant of Changqing Oilfield Xi’an 710200China Chang’an University Xi’an 710064China

Petrographic and geochemical characteristics of the Upper Triassic sandstones in the western Ordos Basin were studied to provide insight into weathering characteristics,provenance,and tectonic implications.Petrographic features show that the sandstones are characterized by low-medium compositional maturity and textural maturity.The CIA and CIW values reveal weak and moderate weathering history in the source area.The geochemical characteristics together with palaeocurrent data show that the northwestern sediments were mainly derived from the Alxa Block with a typical recycled nature,while the provenance of the western and southwestern sediments were mainly from the Qinling-Qilian Orogenic Belt.The tectonic setting discrimination diagrams signify that the parent rocks of sandstones in the western and southern Ordos Basin were mainly developed from continental island arc,which is closely related to the evolution of the QinlingQilian Orogenic Belt.However,the sandstones in the northwestern Ordos Basin show complex features,which may be resulted from a typical recycling process.Overall evidence from petrography,geochemistry and sedimentology,together with previous researches suggest the Kongtongshan and Helanshan areas were the southwestern and northwestern boundary of the Ordos Basin,respectively,and there was no clear boundary between the Hexi Corridor Belt and Ordos Basin,where a large,uniform sediment dispersal system developed during the Late triassic.

关键词： western Ordos Basin Upper Triassic geochemistry petrography provenance analysis proto-boundary

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Hydrocarbon Generation and Expulsion of the Upper Triassic T3x5Source Rocks in the Western Sichuan Depression: Assessment for Unconventional Natural Gas

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2015年第1期89卷 175-186页

作者： GUO Yingchun SONG Yan PANG Xiongqi WANG Youwei YANG Keming LI Boyuan State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources and Prospecting China University of Petroleum Institute of Unconventional Natural Gas China University of Petroleum Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development PetroChina Southwest Branch Company China Petroleum and Chemical Corporation

Tight-sand gas in the Jurassic and shale gas within the fifth member of Xujiahe Formation （T3xs） in the Western Sichuan Basin （WSD） are currently regarded as the most prolific emerging unconventional gas plays in China. This study conducted a conventional evaluation of T3x5 source rocks in the WSD, and investigated their hydrocarbon generation and expulsion characteristics, including intensity, efficiency and amount. The results show that, the T3x5 source rocks are thick （generally 〉200 m）, and have a high total organic content （TOC）, ranging from 2.5 to 4.5 wt%. It is thus indivative of a great hydrocarbon generation potential when they underwent high thermal evolution （Ro〉1.2%） in the area. In addition, an improved method of hydrocarbon generation potential is applied, indicating that the source rocks reached a hydrocarbon expulsion threshold with vitrinite reflectance （Ro） reaching 1.06%. and that the comprehensive hydrocarbon expulsion efficiency is about 60%. The amount of hydrocarbon generation and expulsion from Tax5 source rocks is 3.14x10^10 t and 1.86x10^10 t, respectively, with a residual amount of 1.28x10^10t within them. Continuous-type tight-sand gas is predicted to have developed in the Jurassic in the Chengdu Sag of the WSD because of the good source-reservoir configuration; the Jurassic sandstone reservoirs are tight, and the gas expelled from the T3xs source rocks migrates for very short distances vertically and horizontally. The amount of gas accumulation in the Jurassic reservoirs derived from T3x5 source rocks is up to 9.3x10s t. Geological resources of shale gas are up to 1.05x10TM t. Small differences between the amounts calculated by the volumetric method and those obtained by hydrocarbon generation potential method may be due to other gas accumulations present within interbedded sands associated with gas shales.

关键词： source rocks evaluation hydrocarbon generation and expulsion tight-sand gas shale gas,resource assessment Upper Triassic Western Sichuan Depression

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Characteristics and discovery significance of the Upper Triassic–Lower Jurassic marine shale oil in Qiangtang Basin,China

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Petroleum Exploration and Development 2023年第5期50卷 1105-1119页

作者： SHEN Anjiang FU Xiaodong ZHANG Jianyong WEI Xuebin HU Anping WANG Jian XIONG Shaoyun FU Xiugen XIE Yuan LIU Siqi LI Xi WANG Xin HE Xunyun QIAO Zhanfeng ZHENG Jianfeng DUAN Junmao Key Laboratory of Carbonate Reservoirs CNPCHangzhou 310023China PetroChina Hangzhou Institute of Petroleum Geology Hangzhou 310023China Research Institute of Exploration and Development PetroChina Qinghai Oilfield CompanyDunhuang 736202China Qiangtang Basin Research Institute Southwest Petroleum UniversityChengdu 610500China Civil-military Integration Center of Geological Survey China Geological SurveyChengdu 610036China

Mesozoic marine shale oil was found in the Qiangtang Basin by a large number of hydrocarbon geological surveys and shallow drilling sampling.Based on systematic observation and experimental analysis of outcrop and core samples,the deposition and development conditions and characteristics of marine shale are revealed,the geochemical and reservoir characteristics of marine shale are evaluated,and the layers of marine shale oil in the Mesozoic are determined.The following geological understandings are obtained.First,there are two sets of marine organic-rich shales,the Lower Jurassic Quse Formation and the Upper Triassic Bagong Formation,in the Qiangtang Basin.They are mainly composed of laminated shale with massive mudstone.The laminated organic-rich shale of the Quse Formation is located in the lower part of the stratum,with a thickness of 50–75 m,and mainly distributed in southern Qiangtang Basin and the central-west of northern Qiangtang Basin.The laminated organic-rich shale of the Bagong Formation is located in the middle of the stratum,with a thickness of 250–350 m,and distributed in both northern and southern Qiangtang Basin.Second,the two sets of laminated organic-rich shales develop foliation,and various types of micropores and microfractures.The average content of brittle minerals is 70%,implying a high fracturability.The average porosity is 5.89%,indicating good reservoir physical properties to the level of moderate–good shale oil reservoirs.Third,the organic-rich shale of the Quse Formation contains organic matters of types II1 and II2,with the average TOC of 8.34%,the average content of chloroform bitumen'A'of 0.66%,the average residual hydrocarbon generation potential(S1+S2)of 29.93 mg/g,and the Ro value of 0.9%–1.3%,meeting the standard of high-quality source rock.The organic-rich shale of the Bagong Formation contains mixed organic matters,with the TOC of 0.65%–3.10%and the Ro value of 1.17%–1.59%,meeting the standard of moderate source rock.Fourth,four shallow wells(depth of 50–250 m)with oil shows

关键词： marine shale oil Bagong Formation Upper Triassic Quse Formation Lower Jurassic Biluocuo area Shiyougou area Qiangtang Basin

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Microfracture characterization in sandstone reservoirs: a case study from the Upper Triassic of Syria's Euphrates Graben

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Journal of Earth Science 2021年

作者： Yousef Ibrahem Morozov，V.P Sudakov，V Institute of Geology and Petroleum Technologies， Kazan Federal University

The Euphrates Graben is located in Syria’s eastern part. The sandstones of the Upper Triassic Mulussa F Formation serve as the principal reservoir intervals in most of the graben fields. Core studies， petrographic examination of thin sections， scanning electron microscope (SEM)， imaging of backscatter scanning electron microscope (BSE)， X-Ray microprobe examinations and carbon-oxygen stable isotope analysis of microfractures-filling cements all contributed to the study’s findings. Intragranular or intracrystalline microfractures， grain boundary or grain-edge microfractures， and transgranular (crossing grain) microfractures are three of the most common types of microfracture found in the investigated sandstones. When microfractures are open and free of secondary mineralization， they improve sandstone storage and permeability; but， when cemented and filled with secondary mineralization， they diminish storage and permeability. Within the microfractures and the nearby sandstone matrix， common siderite and pyrite cements were identified. The larger anhedral/euhedral siderites are thought to form in the shallow burial diagenesis， while the poikilotopic siderites are thought to originate in the deep burial diagenesis. The poikilotopic pyrite is believed to be a diagenetic cement which is attributed to the reduction of iron oxides present in the sediments in presence of hydrocarbons. Microfractures reflect tectonic， overpressure， and diagenetic origins. Microfractures of tectonic origin are associated with the folding and thrust activities over the Euphrates Graben area， they were determined to be formed at the beginning of the Upper Triassic with siderite and pyrite cements equilibration temperature approximately 100 up to 105℃， they continued forming at the middle to the end of the Upper Triassic with cements equilibration temperature approximately 90 up to 100℃ in conjunction with the first phase of the Euphrates Graben rifting that happened at the end of the Upper Triassic and beginning of the Early Cretaceous. Micro

关键词： Microfractures Sandstone Reservoirs Upper Triassic Mulussa F Euphrates Graben Syria

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A new species of Leptocycas (Zamiaceae) from the Upper Triassic sediments of Liaoning Province,China

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Journal of Systematics and Evolution 2010年第4期48卷 286-301页

作者： 1,2,3Jian-Wei ZHANG 2Jian-Xin YAO 1Jia-Rui CHEN 1Cheng-Sen LI 1(State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany,Institute of Botany,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100093,China) 2(State Key Laboratory of Stratigraphy and Paleontology,Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing 100037,China) 3(Graduate University,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100049,China) (State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100093 China) (State Key Laboratory of Stratigraphy and Paleontology Institute of Geology Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences Beijing 100037 China) (Graduate University Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China)

A new cycad,Leptocycas yangcaogouensis sp.nov.,was found in sediments from the Late triassic in western Liaoning,China.The pinnately compound leaves(Pseudoctenis type)are screwed in a crown on the stem top.The leaflets are linear,with parallel veins and decurrent bases on the rachis.The leaf bases are persistent.The cataphylls intermix with the leaves.The female cone is ovoid in shape.The characteristics of the new plant are more similar to those of Leptocycas gracilis,a triassic cycad from North America,but the new species differs from L.gracilis in the size of its stem(7–8 vs.3–5 cm in diameter,respectively),leaves(length×width 100×16 vs.30×7 cm,respectively)and leaf density along the stem(4–6 vs.1–2 bases/1 cm length,respectively).Both L.gracilis and L.yangcaogouensis,having leaves of the Pseudoctenis type,show a closer relationship to the extant Dioon of Zamiaceae.The present study provides evidence for the origin of the genus Dioon,which may have come from Leptocycas plants of the triassic.It would be assumed that the extent cycads in Zamiaceae originate from the pteridosperms in the Late Paleozoic and have evolved through the stage of L.gracilis and L.yangcaogouensis in Late triassic,and reaching the extant Dioon.

关键词： China Cycadales Leptocycas Upper Triassic Zamiaceae

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Genesis of the low-permeability reservoir bed of Upper Triassic Xujiahe Formation in Xinchang gas field,western Sichuan Depression

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Petroleum Science 2008年第3期5卷 230-237页

作者： Xu Zhangyou Zhang Xiaoyu Wu Shenghe Zhao Yan School of Resources and Information Technology China University of Petroleum Beijing 102249 China State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources and Prospecting China University of Petroleum Beijing 102249 China

The genesis of a reservoir is a result of the combined action of deposition, diagenesis, tectonic reworking, and interaction of rock and fluid and the evolutionary environment. We discuss the genetic and evolution mechanism of a low-permeability reservoir bed of the Xujiahe Formation in the western Sichuan Depression on the basis of the study of diagenesis, diagenetic reservoir facies and the diagenetic evolution sequence. The research indicated that this reservoir bed can be divided into five types of diagenetic reservoir facies, namely strong dissolution, chlorite-lined intergranular pores, compaction and pressure solution, carbonate cementation and secondary quartz increase. There are, however, just two diagenetic reservoir facies which provide low-permeability reservoir beds, namely strong dissolution and chlorite-lined intergranular pores. We also analyzed their diagenetic evolution sequences and the origin of the low-permeability reservoir bed. Besides, it was also indicated that the composition and structure of sandstones, types of sedimentary microfacies, diagenesis history as well as the tectonic reworking in later periods are the main factors controlling the formation of the low-permeability reservoir bed. The above- mentioned factors establish the foundation for the forecasting the distribution of high quality reservoir beds.

关键词： Low-permeability reservoir diagenetic reservoir facies Xujiahe Formation Upper Triassic Xinchang gas field western Sichuan Depression

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Alkaline diagenesis and its genetic mechanism in the triassic coal measure strata in the Western Sichuan Foreland Basin,China

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Petroleum Science 2009年第4期6卷 354-365页

作者： Jiang Zaixing Qiu Longwei Chen Guiju College of Energy China University of GeosciencesBeijing 100083China College of Earth Resources and Information China University of PetroleumShandong 257062China Sinopec Exploration and Production Research Institute Beijing 100083China

The reservoir of the Upper Triassic Xujiahe Formation (T3x) in the Western Sichuan Foreland Basin is a set of terrigenous clastic rocks in an environment of coal measure sediments. Diagenesis greatly controls the physical properties of the reservoir through different responses of minerals to acidic and alkaline diagenetic environment. The dissolution of unstable components such as feldspar, rock fragments, carbonate cement, and clay minerals is the major source of secondary pores under acidic diagenesis, while the dissolution of quartz increases the reservoir space in the fault-fold zone of Longmen Mountain and Leikoupo paleo-hills. The dissolution of quartz is a result of cross-formation flow of fluid in the Himalaya epoch and the invasion of alkaline formation water from the triassic Leikoupo and Jialingjiang formations through fault and fracture systems. In the vertical succession, acidic dissolution occurs at a shallow depth of less than 2,180 m, and alkaline dissolution occurs at a greater depth of more than 2,280 m. The reservoir space is formed by the influence of both acidic and alkaline dissolution in the depth interval of 2,180–2,280 m.

关键词： Sichuan Basin Upper Triassic alkaline diagenesis porosity genetic mechanism

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