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Perceptions of emergency medicine residents on the quality of residency training in the united states and Saudi Arabia

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World Journal of Emergency Medicine 2018年第1期9卷 5-12页

作者： Ahmad Aalam Mark Zocchi Khalid Alyami Abdullah Shalabi Abdullah Bakhsh Asaad Alsufyani Abdulrahman Sabbagh Mohammed Alshahrani Jesse M.Pines Department of Emergency Medicine King Abdulaziz University Department of Emergency Medicine The George Washington University Center for Healthcare Innovation and Policy Research The George Washington University Department of Pediatrics University of Dammam Department of Emergency Medicine King Abdulaziz Medical City National Guard Hospital Department of Emergency Medicine University of Toledo Department of Emergency Medicine King Fahad Medical City

BACKGROUND: We compare educational environments(i.e. physical, emotional and intellectual experiences) of emergency medicine(EM) residents training in the united states of america(USA) and Saudi Arabia(SA).METHODS: A cross-sectional survey study was conducted using an adapted version of the validated Postgraduate Hospital Educational Environment Measure(PHEEM) survey instrument from April 2015 through June 2016 to compare educational environments in all emergency medicine residency programs in SA and three selected programs in the USA with a history of training Saudi physicians. Overall scores were compared across programs, and for subscales(autonomy, teaching, and social Support), using chi-squared, t-tests, and analysis of ***: A total of 219 surveys were returned for 260 residents across six programs(3 SA, 3 USA), with a response rate of 84%. Program-specific response rates varied from 79%–100%. All six residencies were qualitatively rated as "more positive than negative but room for improvement". Quantitative PHEEM scores for the USA programs were significantly higher: 118.7 compared to 109.9 for SA, P=0.001. In subscales, perceptions of social support were not different between the two countries(P=0.243); however, role autonomy(P<0.001) and teaching(P=0.005) were better in USA programs. There were no significant differences by post-graduate training ***: EM residents in all three emergency medicine residency programs in SA and the three USA programs studied perceive their training as high quality in general, but with room for improvements. USA residency programs scored higher in overall quality. This was driven by more favorable perceptions of role autonomy and teaching. Understanding how residents perceive their programs may help drive targeted quality improvement efforts.

关键词： Emergency medicine residents Residency training united states of america Saudi Arabia

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SOX A Comparison With the South African Status Quo

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Journal of Modern Accounting and Auditing 2012年第3期8卷 357-364页

作者： Warren J. Maroun University of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg South Africa

Auditor independence provisions enshrined in the Sarbanes-Oxley Act （SOX） were promulgated in 2002 in response to the Errron-Anderson scandal leading to a diminution of trust in the audit profession. In seeking to regulate auditor independence in the name of investor protection, SOX has been heralded as ＂ground-breaking＂ public interest reform. Ironically, when one considers the substance of these reforms and contrasts them with the situation prevailing in South Africa, a different impression results. Despite the fact that South Africa is classified as a ＂developing＂ nation and one which has only recently transitioned to democracy, many of the auditor independence principles legislated under SOX have been part of generally accepted practice in South Africa since the 1950s. Accordingly, SOX may not be the progressive example of auditor regulation that it is generally perceived to be.

关键词： auditor independence auditing regulations independent regulators Auditing Profession Act (2005),Sarbanes-Oxley Act (2002) South Africa united states of america

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The Brain-Gut Axis in Alzheimer’s Disease

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Advances in Alzheimer's Disease 2023年第3期12卷 29-37页

作者： Misha Patel Wheeler High School Marietta United States of America

There is a vast colony of microbes in the human gut that not only maintains intestinal function but also has intricate links to the brain via the “microbiota-gut-brain” (MGB) axis. The axis now has been demonstrated to have implications for the treatment of several neuro-psychological illnesses, including Alzheimer’s Disease (AD), a condition that affects a person’s ability to connect socially and communicate effectively. Previously thought to be a rare disorder, it is now thought to affect 1 in 9 individuals in the united states. Unfortunately, there is not FDA-approved drug for the primary symptoms of AD, and the current cognitive-behavioral therapy procedures for the condition are time-consuming and expensive. Scientists are currently investigating the MGB axis to identify potential treatment targets to reduce AD symptoms. This review aims to highlight the functioning of the MGB axis;research into this dysfunction may effectively demonstrate the need of innovative AD treatment approaches, ranging from probiotics and dietary changes to more contemporary techniques like fecal transplants, vagal nerve stimulation, and gene therapy. Not simply behavioral intervention therapy, but also microbes, may hold the key to curing AD.

关键词： Wheeler High School Marietta united states of america

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Undergraduate nursing education in the united states

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Journal of Medical Colleges of PLA(China) 2010年第1期25卷 44-49页

作者： Susan A. LaRocco Division of Nursing Curry CollegeMilton Massachusetts 02186 USA

Nursing education in the united states began in the 1870s with hospital training schools modeled after the Nightingale plan. Presently there are three educational paths that students may take to become a registered nurse （RN）. These are the baccalaureate degree （BS）, the associate degree （AD） and the diploma. Accelerated nursing programs are also available for people who have a baccalaureate degree in another field. Nursing education and nursing practice in the united states is regulated by each of the 50 states. The focus of nursing education is the preparation of nurses who use critical thinking skills to provide comprehensive patient-centered care to a variety of clients. It is expected that nurses will function using evidence-based practice in a culturally competent, safe manner. Nursing schools must be approved by the state in which they exist. In addition to this, most nursing schools are also accredited, a voluntary process that is done by a non-governmental association. All graduates take the same licensing exam, a computer adaptive test that is from 75 to 265 items long educated graduates were first time test takers; 85.5% passed the exam. Trends in nursing education In 2008 almost 120,000 US include a focus on evidence based practice, an emphasis on safety and quality, patient education and management of chronic conditions, genetics and genomics and the use of simulation in nursing education

关键词： Nursing education Nurse licensure united states of america

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