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Determination of convergence of underground gas storage caverns using non-invasive methodology based on land surface subsidence measurement

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Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering 2023年第8期15卷 1944-1950页

作者： Rafal Misa Anton Sroka Mateusz Dudek Krzysztof Tajdus Stefan Meyer Instytut Mechaniki Górotworu PAN ul.Reymonta 2730-059KrakówPoland Salzgewinnungsgesellschaft Westfalen mbH&Co.KG(SGW) AhausGermany

undergroundgas storage caverns aremonitoredfor environmental safety in termsof equipmentandpotential emissions,particularly methane emissions from the underground and above-ground parts of the storage facility.Periodical measurements of land surface deformations and costly echometric measurements of convergence of individual storage facilities are carried out.The aims of environmental monitoring are:(1)to eliminate potential hazards in the shortest time,(2)assess the overall impact of intensive operation of storage facilities on the environment,(3)developmonitoringmethods relevant to environmental protection,and(4)take actions in case of failure.The paper presents a solution to the problem of determination of the convergence of underground caverns in a salt rock mass based on the results of land surface subsidence measurements carried out using the Gauss-Markov equalization algorithm.Themethod makes it possible for ongoing control of cavern volume convergence after each subsidence measurement on the ground surface and determining the actual impact of the use frequency(injection-mediumconsumption)on the convergence in time.The presentedmethodology is universal and verified on caverns located in a salt rockmass.The Gauss-Markov inversion model is the first used in this area,hence its application is significant.

关键词： underground storage Salt cavern Convergence Subsidence Surface deformation

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A temperature gradient test system for investigating thermo-mechanical responses of containment materials of underground storage facilities

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Rock Mechanics Bulletin 2023年第2期2卷 76-83页

作者： Wei Wu Dazhao Lu Alessandro Romagnoli School of Civil and Environmental Engineering Nanyang Technological UniversitySingapore School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Nanyang Technological UniversitySingapore

underground energy storage is a promising option for the global ambition of moving towards carbon neutrality.To achieve safe and reliable energy storage in underground caverns,it is essential to understand the contributions of thermal and mechanical loads to the deformation of containment materials(e.g.,concrete and geomaterials)and to forecast potential risks related to unexpected failure of these materials.A temperature gradient test system is developed to investigate the thermo-mechanical responses of containment materials under simulated temperature gradient and earth pressure conditions.The test system has advantages of establishing a temperature gradient of over 400C/m across a large-scale specimen and examining the resulting strain based on the digital image correlation analysis.This study sheds light on 3 typical applications of the test system to examine the thermal and mechanical responses of intact limestone,flawed limestone,and fractured concrete.The results demonstrate that the mechanical load mainly controls the strain evolution of the intact limestone,while the thermal load strongly affects the strain evolution around the circular hole.The failure pattern of concrete primarily influences the mechanically induced strain,and the thermally induced strain is insensitive to the concrete failure.This test system can be modified and upgraded to study various research topics related to underground energy storage.

关键词： Laboratory experiment Temperature gradient Thermo-mechanical coupling underground storage

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Norwegian oil and gas storage in rock caverns-Technology based on experience from hydropower development

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Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering 2021年第2期13卷 479-486页

作者： Bjørn Nilsen Department of Geoscience and Petroleum Norwegian University of Science and Technology(NTNU)TrondheimNorway

underground storage in rock caverns is widely used in Norway for many different petroleum products,such as crude oil,fuel,propane and butane.Basically,the caverns for such storages are unlined,i.***.containment is ensured without using any steel lining or membrane.The main basis for the storage technology originates from the extensive hydropower development in Norway.As part of this activity,about 4500 km of tunnels and shafts have been excavated,and around 200 large powerhouse caverns have been constructed.The hydropower tunnels are mainly unlined,with hydrostatic water pressure on unlined rock of up to 1000 m.Some of the projects also include air cushion chambers with volumes of up to 1×10^(5)m^(3)and air pressure up to 7.7 MPa.Many lessons which are valuable also for underground oil and gas storage have been learnt from these projects.For a storage project to become successful,systematic,well planned design and ground investigation procedures are crucial.The main steps of the design procedure are first to define the optimum location of the project,and then to optimize orientation,shape/geometry and dimensions of caverns and tunnels.As part of the procedure,ground investigations have to be carried out at several steps integrated with the progress of design.The investigation and design procedures,and the great significance of these for the project to become successful will be discussed.Case examples of oil and gas storage in unlined rock caverns are given,illustrating the relevancy of experience from high-pressure hydropower projects for planning and design of unlined caverns for oil and gas storage.

关键词： underground storage Oil Gas Liquefied petroleum gas(LPG) Hydropower Air cushion chamber

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Mechanisms and field test of solution mining by self-resonating cavitating water jets

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Petroleum Science 2010年第3期7卷 385-389页

作者： Song Xianzhi Li Gensheng Yuan Jinping Tian Zhonglan Shen Ruichen Yuan Guangjie Huang Zhongwei State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resource and Prospecting China University of Petroleum Beijing 102249 China Drilling Engineering Research Institute CNPC Beijing 100088 China

Rapid solution mining is the key to cavern construction in salt formations. Rapid solution mining technology with self-resonating cavitating water jets is described in this paper. It can generate three main physical effects： helical flow dissolution, self-resonating cavitating jet erosion, and ultrasonic waves. A self-resonating cavitating nozzle was also designed with the principles based on theory of fluid transients and hydro-acoustics. Under ambient pressure, the experimental results show that the impulse amplitude of pressure reaches a peak at a standoff distance of 5-13 times the nozzle outlet diameter and the cutting ability of self-resonating cavitating jets is twice that of conventional jets under the same conditions. Compared with the conventional mining method, the field test indicates that rapid solution mining technology with self-resonating cavitating jets can speed the construction by more than 2 times at the pocket stage of cavern development.

关键词： Cavitating jet underground storage helical flow rapid solution salt cavern

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