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Sustainable development of unconventional resources: Analysis of the transient linear flow oriented straight-line analysis technique

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Energy Reviews 2024年第1期3卷 49-75页

作者： Dan Xue Liangliang Jiang Zixiang Wei Maojie Chai Jiang Liu Peng Deng Fuhe Lin Jian Li Jiansheng Zhang Zhangxing Chen Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering University of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaCanada Guangdong University of Petrochemical and Technology MaomingChina School of Mathematics and Data Science Shaanxi University of Science and TechnologyXi'anChina Department of Energy and Power Engineering Tsinghua UniversityBeijingChina Eastern Institute for Advanced Study NingboChina China University of Petroleum(Beijing) BeijingChina

On the backdrop of dwindling conventional reserves,unconventional reservoirs have emerged as a pivotal chapter in resource *** their challenges,such as low permeability,complex fluid storage,and flow mechanisms,hydraulic fracturing technology has underpinned the development of unconventional ***,this has brought about a shift in the sequence of flow regimes,e.g.,the transient radial flow regime has been largely shortened by the lengthy transient linear flow regime due to the low permeability of unconventional ***,straight-line analysis(SLA),the simplest technique in rate transient analysis(RTA),is a fundamental and potent tool for swiftly extracting reservoir and hydraulic fracture information,estimating oil and gas reserves,and furnishing crucial initial data for subsequent historical matching ***,there is currently a dearth of review papers pertaining to a necessary guide of applying SLA in various transient linear flow(TLF)regimes and different unconventional ***,this paper commences by elucidating the classification of TLF regimes,commonly used methods for recognizing flow regimes,and the diverse SLA methods used for different TLF ***,it delves into a discussion of different modification techniques for variable rate/flowing pressure,gas phase,complex reservoir characteristics in unconventional reservoirs,and dynamic drainage area concepts ***,the application of SLA in specific domains,namely core analysis and the flowback period,is *** culminates by surveying the advancements through an integration of novel technologies to enhance estimation *** paper also highlights certain drawbacks of current SLA technology and proposes new research ***,this paper would serve as an indispensable resource,offering foundational knowledge for the application of SLA in TLF to promote the production of global unconventional resources in a c

关键词： unconventional reservoirs Straight-line analysis(SLA) Transient linear flow(TLF) Oil/gas reserves Hydraulic fracture information

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A semi-analytical rate-transient analysis model for light oil reservoirs exhibiting reservoir heterogeneity and multiphase flow

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Petroleum Science 2023年第1期20卷 309-321页

作者： Jin-Chang Li Bin Yuan Christopher R.Clarkson Jian-Quan Tian Key Laboratory of unconventional Oil&Gas Development(China University of Petroleum(East China)) Ministry of EducationQingdao266580ShandongPR China School of Petroleum Engineering China University of Petroleum(East China)Qingdao266580ShandongPR China Department of Geoscience University of CalgaryABT2L2N5Canada

Rate-transient analysis(RTA)has been widely applied to extract estimates of reservoir/hydraulic fracture ***,the majority of RTA techniques can lead to misdiagnosis of reservoir/fracture information when the reservoir exhibits reservoir heterogeneity and multiphase flow *** work proposes a practical-yet-rigorous method to decouple the effects of reservoir heterogeneity and multiphase flow during TLF,and improve the evaluation of reservoir/fracture properties.A new,general,semi-analytical model is proposed that explicitly accounts for multiphase flow,fractalbased reservoir heterogeneity,anomalous diffusion,and pressure-dependent fluid *** is achieved by introducing a new Boltzmann-type transformation,the exponent of which includes reservoir heterogeneity and anomalous *** order to decouple the effects of reservoir heterogeneity and multiphase flow during TLF,the modified Boltzmann variable allows the conversion of three partial differential equations(PDE's)(i.e.,oil,gas and water diffusion equations)into ordinary differential equations(ODE's)that are easily solved using the Runge-Kutta(RK)method.A modified time-power-law plot is also proposed to estimate the reservoir and fracture properties,recognizing that the classical square-root-of-time-plot is no longer valid when various reservoir complexities are exhibited *** the slope of the straight line on the modified time-power-law plot,the linear flow parameter can be estimated with more ***,because of the new Boltzmann-type transformation,reservoir and fracture properties can be derived more efficiently without the need for defining complex pseudo-variable *** the new semi-analytical model,the effects of multiphase flow,reservoir heterogeneity and anomalous diffusion on rate-decline behavior are *** the case of approximately constant flowing pressure,multiphase flow impacts initial oil rate,which is a funct

关键词： Transient linear flow Multiphase flow Reservoir heterogeneity unconventional reservoirs

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A new approach for flow simulation in complex hydraulic fracture morphology and its application:Fracture connection element method

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Petroleum Science 2023年第5期20卷 3002-3012页

作者： Guang-Long Sheng Hui Zhao Jia-Ling Ma Hao Huang Hai-Yang Deng Wen-Tao Zhan Yu-Yang Liu College of Petroleum Engineering Yangtze UniversityWuhan430100HubeiChina Hubei Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Drilling and Production Engineering(Yangtze University) Wuhan430100HubeiChina China National Offshore Oil Corporation-Hainan Haikou570100HainanChina CNOOC Research Institute Ltd. Beijing100020China

Efficient flow simulation and optimization methods of hydraulic fracture morphology in unconventional reservoirs are effective ways to enhance oil/gas *** on the connection element method(CEM)and distribution of stimulated reservoir volume,the complex hydraulic fracture morphology was accurately described using heterogeneous node connection *** a new fracture connection element method(FCEM)for fluid flow in stimulated unconventional reservoirs with complex hydraulic fracture morphology was *** the proposed FCEM,the arrangement of dense nodes in the stimulated area and sparse nodes in the unstimulated area ensures the calculation accuracy and *** key parameter,transmissibility,was also modified according to the strong heterogeneity of stimulated *** finite difference and semi-analytical tracking were used to accurately solve the pressure and saturation distribution between *** FCEM is validated by comparing with traditional numerical simulation method,and the results show that the bottom hole pressure simulated by the FCEM is consistent with the results from traditional numerical simulation method,and the matching rate is larger than 95%.The proposed FCEM was also used in the optimization of fracturing parameters by coupling the hydraulic fracture propagation method and intelligent optimization *** integrated intelligent optimization approach for multi-parameters,such as perforation number,perforation location,and displacement in hydraulic fracturing is *** proposed approach was applied in a shale gas reservoir,and the result shows that the optimized perforation location and morphology distribution are related to the distribution of porosity/*** the perforation location and displacement are optimized with the same fracture number,NPV increases by 70.58%,which greatly improves the economic benefits of unconventional *** work provides a new way for flow simulation and op

关键词： unconventional reservoirs Multi-fractured horizontal wells Complex fracture morphology Fracture connection element method Integrated optimization

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Experimental investigation of gaseous solvent huff-n-puff in the Middle Bakken Formation

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Petroleum Science 2023年第6期20卷 3488-3497页

作者： Samuel Asante Afari Kegang Ling Demetrius Maxey Billel Sennaoui Jerjes Hurtado Porlles Department of Petroleum Engineering University of North Dakota2844 Campus RdStop 8154Grand ForksND58202-6116USA

The efficacy of gaseous solvents in enhancing oil recovery(EOR)in unconventional reservoirs and the influence of operational and design parameters are still debated among the oil recovery research *** work investigated the recovery-enhancing capabilities of two potent gaseous solvents,CO_(2) and ethane,in tight core *** huff-n-puff(H-n-P)experiments were conducted under three miscibility conditions to investigate the influence of the key operating parameters and the dependency of their impact on the miscibility conditions and gas *** results show that oil recovery increased with increasing pressure from below(BM)to above(AM)miscibility pressure in a non-linear trend,irrespective of the gas ***,the influence of the soak period was noticeably dependent on the miscibility condition,specifically more remarkable under AM conditions and less apparent under BM ***,the effect of the production period was more pronounced at AM conditions for both ***,the impact of rock surface area-to-volume(SA/V)was only observed at BM,where both gases recovered more oil in the core samples with high SA/*** general,ethane showed a higher efficacy for oil recovery than CO_(2);CO_(2) recovered 21%–70%of oil in small core samples,while ethane could recover 32%–88%.The highest recovery was achieved with ethane injected under AM conditions,with a prolonged soak time,a short production period and into a core sample with a high SA/*** believe the findings from this work will help better understand and design H-n-P EOR projects.

关键词： unconventional reservoirs Huff-n-puff Gas solvent Ethane CO_(2)miscibility

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Horizontal Well Interference Performance and Water Injection Huff and Puff Effect on Well Groups with Complex Fracture Networks:A Numerical Study

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Computer Modeling in Engineering & Sciences 2023年第12期137卷 2285-2309页

作者： Haoyu Fu Hua Liu Xiaohu Hu Lei Wang State Key Laboratory of Shale Oil and Gas EnrichmentMechanisms and Effective Development SINOPECBeijing100101China Sinopec Key Laboratory of Shale Oil/Gas Exploration and Production Technology SINOPECBeijing100083China Key Laboratory of Tectonics and Petroleum Resources Ministry of EducationChina University of GeosciencesWuhan430074China

Well interference has become a common phenomenon with the increasing scale of horizontal well *** studies on well interference in horizontal wells do not properly reflect the physical model of the postfracturing well groups and the realistic fracturing process of infill *** the correspondence between well interference causative factors and manifestations is of great significance for infill well deployment and secondary oil *** this work,we develop a numerical model that considers low velocity non-Darcy seepage inshale reservoirs to study the inter-well interferencephenomenon that occurs in theSantanghufield,andconstruct an explicit hydraulic fracture and complex natural fracture network model with an embedded discrete fracture model,focusing on the effect of fracture network morphology on well *** model also considers a multi-segment wellbore model to accommodate the effect of inter-well crossflow on wellbore tubular *** changes in formation pressure and water saturation during fracturing are performed by controlling the injection pressure and water injection *** result shows that the shape of the fracture network generated by the infill well with the old well determines the subsequent fluid and oil-increasing performance of the disturbed *** synergistic production or competitive relationship formed by fractures with different connectivity between the two wells determines the positive and negative effects of the *** paper also investigates the adaptation study of water injection huff and puff schemes for well groups with different connectivity,and demonstrated a potential yield increase of up to 10.85%under adaptation *** method of identifying well interference based on the production dynamics of affected wells and the subsequent corresponding water injection method provides valuable references for the selection of secondary oil recovery measures.

关键词： unconventional reservoirs well interference embedded discrete fracture model water injection huff and puff complex fracture networks

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Failure Patterns and Mechanisms of Hydraulic Fracture Propagation Behavior in the Presence of Naturally Cemented Fractures

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Computer Modeling in Engineering & Sciences 2021年第3期126卷 891-914页

作者： Daobing Wang Fang Shi Hao Qin Dongliang Sun Bo Yu School of Mechanical Engineering Beijing Key Laboratory of Pipeline Critical Technology and Equipment for Deep Water Oil&Gas DevelopmentBeijing Institute of Petrochemical TechnologyBeijing102617China Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Manufacturing Technology Huaiyin Institute of TechnologyHuaiyin223003China

In this study,we use the extended finite element method(XFEM)with a consideration of junction enrichment functions to investigate the mechanics of hydraulic fractures related to naturally cemented *** the proposed numerical model,the lubrication equation is adopted to describe the fluid flow within *** fluid-solid coupling systems of the hydraulic fracturing problem are solved using the Newton-Raphson *** energy release rate criterion is used to determine the cross/arrest behavior between a hydraulic fracture(HF)and a cemented natural fracture(NF).The failure patterns and mechanisms of crack propagation at the intersection of natural fractures are *** results show that after crossing an NF,the failure mode along the cemented NF path may change from the tensile regime to the shear or mixed-mode *** an advancing HF kinks back toward the matrix,the failure mode may gradually switch back to the tensile-dominated *** factors,including the length of the upper/lower portion of the cemented NF,horizontal stress anisotropy,and the intersection angle of the crack propagation are investigated in *** uncemented or partially cemented NF will form a more complex fracture network than a cemented *** study provides insight into the formation mechanism of fracture networks in formations that contain cemented NF.

关键词： Hydraulic fracturing natural fractures crack propagation unconventional reservoirs mechanical interaction joints

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A review on hydraulic fracturing of unconventional reservoir

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Petroleum 2015年第1期1卷 8-15页

作者： Quanshu Li Huilin Xing Jianjun Liu Xiangchon Liu Centre for Geoscience Computing School of Earth ScienceUniversity of QueenslandAustralia Southwest Petroleum University China China University of Geosciences BeijinChina

Hydraulic fracturing is widely accepted and applied to improve the gas recovery in unconventional *** reservoirs to be addressed here are with very low permeability,complicated geological settings and in-situ stress field *** of these make the hydraulic fracturing process a challenging *** order to effectively and economically recover gas from such reservoirs,the initiation and propagation of hydraulic fracturing in the heterogeneous fractured/porous media under such complicated conditions should be *** this paper,some issues related to hydraulic fracturing have been reviewed,including the experimental study,field study and numerical *** the existing problems that need to be solved on the subject of hydraulic fracturing have been proposed.

关键词： Hydraulic fracturing unconventional reservoirs Heterogeneity Numerical method

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unconventional resource's production under desorption-induced effects

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Petroleum 2016年第2期2卷 148-155页

作者： S.sina hosseini boosari Umut aybar Mohammad O.eshkalak petroleum and natural gas engineering department at west virginia universityusa petroleum and geosystems engineering department at the university of texas at austinusa

Thousands of horizontal wells are drilled into the shale formations across the *** hydrocarbon production is substantially increased during past *** fact is accredited to advances obtained in hydraulic fracturing and pad drilling *** contribution of shale rock surface desorption to production is widely accepted and confirmed by laboratory and field ***,the subsequent changes in porosity and permeability due to desorption combined with hydraulic fracture closures caused by increased net effective rock stress state,have not been captured in current shale modeling and ***,it is essential to investigate the effects of induced permeability,porosity,and stress by desorption on ultimate hydrocarbon *** have developed a numerical model to study the effect of changes in porosity,permeability and compaction on four major *** formations considering their Langmuir isotherm desorption *** resources include;Marcellus,New Albany,Barnett and Haynesville ***,we introduced a model that is a physical transport of single-phase gas flow in shale porous ***,the governing equations are implemented into a one-dimensional numerical model and solved using a fully implicit solution *** is found that the natural gas production is substantially affected by desorption-induced porosity/permeability changes and *** paper provides valuable insights into accurate modeling of unconventional reservoirs that is more significant when an even small correction to the future production prediction can enormously contribute to the ***.

关键词： Shale desorption unconventional reservoirs Porosity change Permeability chang e Desorption-induced effect

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Application of artificial intelligence to forecast hydrocarbon production from shales

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Petroleum 2018年第1期4卷 75-89页

作者： Palash Panja Raul Velasco Manas Pathak Milind Deo Energy&Geoscience Institute 432Wakara WaySuite 300Salt Lake CityUT 84108United States Department of Chemical Engineering University of Utah50Central Campus Dr.Salt Lake CityUT 84112United States

Artificial intelligence(AI)methods and applications have recently gained a great deal of attention in many areas,including fields of mathematics,neuroscience,economics,engineering,linguistics,gaming,and many *** is due to the surge of innovative and sophisticated AI techniques applications to highly complex problems as well as the powerful new developments in high speed *** applications of AI in everyday life include machine learning,pattern recognition,robotics,data processing and analysis,*** oil and gas industry is not behind either,in fact,AI techniques have recently been applied to estimate PVT properties,optimize production,predict recoverable hydrocarbons,optimize well placement using pattern recognition,optimize hydraulic fracture design,and to aid in reservoir characterization *** this study,three different AI models are trained and used to forecast hydrocarbon production from hydraulically fractured *** vastly used artificial intelligence methods,namely the Least Square Support Vector Machine(LSSVM)and the Artificial Neural Networks(ANN),are compared to a traditional curve fitting method known as Response Surface Model(RSM)using second order polynomial equations to determine production from *** objective of this work is to further explore the potential of AI in the oil and gas *** parameters are considered as input factors to build the model:reservoir permeability,initial dissolved gas-oil ratio,rock compressibility,gas relative permeability,slope of gas oil ratio,initial reservoir pressure,flowing bottom hole pressure,and hydraulic fracture *** range of values used for these parameters resemble real field scenarios from prolific shale plays such as the Eagle Ford,Bakken,and the Niobrara in the United *** data consists of oil recovery factor and produced gas-oil ratio(GOR)generated from a generic hydraulically fractured reservoir model using a commercial *** Box-Behnke

关键词： Surrogate models LSSVM ANN Oil recovery Artificial intelligence unconventional reservoirs

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Fault detection based on microseismic events

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Applied Geophysics 2017年第3期14卷 363-371,460页

作者：尹陈川庆钻探工程有限公司地球物理勘探公司成都610213 成都理工大学油气藏地质实验室成都610059

In unconventional reservoirs, small faults allow the flow ofoil and gas as well as act as obstacles to exploration; for, （1） fracturing facilitates fluid migration, （2） reservoir flooding, and （3） triggering of small earthquakes. These small faults are not generally detected because of the low seismic resolution. However, such small faults are very active and release sufficient energy to initiate a large number of microseismic events （MEs） during hydraulic fracturing. In this study, we identified microfractures （MF） from hydraulic fracturing and natural small faults based on microseismicity characteristics, such as the time-space distribution, source mechanism, magnitude, amplitude, and frequency. First, I identified the mechanism of small faults and MF by reservoir stress analysis and calibrated the ME based on the microseismic magnitude. The dynamic characteristics （frequency and amplitude） of MEs triggered by natural faults and MF were analyzed; moreover, the geometry and activity types of natural fault and MF were grouped according to the source mechanism. Finally, the differences among time-space distribution, magnitude, source mechanism, amplitude, and frequency were used to differentiate natural faults and manmade fractures.

关键词： microseismic (MS) monitoring faulting magnitude fracturing unconventional reservoirs source mechanism

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