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Conflicts between Consciousness and unconsciousness——Psychoanalytical Approach to To Room Nineteen

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Conflicts between Consciousness and Unconsciousness——Psych...

Neural mechanisms of unconscious visual motion priming

作者：吴平安安徽师范大学外国语学院

The paper approaches the psychological world of Susan,the heroine of Doris Lessing’ s To Room Nineteen,through the theory of consciousness in psychoanalysis,finding that the essence of Susan’ s psychological construct is the conflict between consciousness and unconsciousness,that the heroine’ s self-destruction is the result of unconsciousness triumphing consciousness.

关键词： To Room Nineteen Psychoanalysis Consciousness unconsciousness

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Chinese Science Bulletin 2002年第3期47卷 193-197页

作者： LUO Yuejia JIANG Yang TANG Yiyuan R.Parasuraman Institute of Psychology Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100101China National Institute of Mental Health BettesdaMD 20892USA Catholic University of America Washington DC 20064USA

The neural correlates of the motion priming were examined in normal young subjects using event-related brain potentials (ERPs) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Visual motion perception can be uncon-sciously biased in favor of a particular direction by a pre-ceding motion in that direction. Motion priming first in-volved an enhancement of ERP amplitude about 100 ms fol-lowing the onset of motion. The amplitudes of ERP compo-nents after 350 ms were also increased. The fMRI results suggest that the early-latency effect reflects modulation of neural responses in extrastriate cortex. Higher-level visual processing areas, including cortical regions MT/MST and the intraparietal cortices were also activated. The findingsprovide direct evidence that unconscious priming of motion perception is the result of interaction of direction-selective neural responses to motion stimuli. The results cannot be accounted for by refractoriness of neural responses, but in-stead support a theory of motion

关键词： visual motion unconsciousness event-related potential functional MRI.

Connecting the P300 to the diagnosis and prognosis of unconscious patients

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Neural Regeneration Research 2015年第3期10卷 473-480页

作者： Ran Li Wei-qun Song Ju-bao Du Su Huo Gui-xiang Shan Department of Rehabilitation Medicine Xuanwu HospitalCapital Medical University

The residual consciousness of unconscious patients can be detected by studying the P300, a wave among event-related potentials. Previous studies have applied tones, the subject＇s name and other names as stimuli. However, the results were not satisfactory. In this study, we changed the constituent order of subjects＇ two-character names to create derived names. The subject＇s derived names, together with tones and their own names, were used as auditory stimuli in event-related potential experiments. Healthy controls and unconscious patients were included in this study and made to listen to these auditory stimuli. In the two paradigms, a sine tone followed by the subject＇s own name and the subject＇s derived name followed by the subject＇s own name were used as standard and deviant stimuli, respectively. The results showed that all healthy controls had the P300 using both paradigms, and that the P300 in the second paradigm had a longer latency and two peaks. All minimally conscious state patients had the P300 in the first paradigm and the majority of them had the P300 in the second paradigm. Most vegetative state patients had no P300. Patients who showed the P300 in the two paradigms had more residual consciousness, and patients with the two-peak P300 had a higher probability of awakening within a short time. Our experimental findings suggest that the P300 event-related potential could reflect the conscious state of unconscious patients.

关键词： nerve regeneration brain injury cognitive neuroscience event-related potential P300 electrophysiology nutritional state minimally conscious state consciousness disorders of consciousness unconsciousness evaluation prognosis NSFC grants neural regeneration

Median effective effect-site concentration of intravenous anesthetics for loss of consciousness in neoadjuvant chemotherapy patients

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Chinese Medical Journal 2011年第4期124卷 504-508页

作者： HE Zi-jing HU Yong-hua FAN Zhi-yi Department of Anesthesiology Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research(Ministry of Education) Peking University School of Oncology Beijing Cancer Hospital & Institute Beijing 100142 China

Background In recent years, increasing numbers of patients are accepting neoadjuvant chemotherapy before their operation in order to get a better prognosis. But chemotherapy has many side-effects. We have observed that patients who accepted neoadjuvant chemotherapy are more sensitive to anesthetics. The aim of this study was to determine the median effective dose （EC50） of intravenous anesthetics for neoadjuvant chemotherapy patients to lose consciousness during target-controlled *** Two hundred and forty breast cancer patients undergoing elective operations were assigned to six groups according to treatment received before their operation and the use of intravenous anesthetics during anesthesia;non-adjuvant chemotherapy＋propofol group （group NP, n=40）, Taxol＋propofol group （group TP, n=40）,adriamycine＋cyclophosphamide＋5-Fu＋propofol group （group CP, n=40）, non-adjuvant chemotherapy＋etomidate group （group NE, n=40）, taxol＋etomidate group （group TE, n=40）, adriamycine＋cyclophosphamide＋5-Fu＋etomidate group （group CE, n=40）. We set the beginning effect-site concentration （Ce） of propofol as 3.0 μg/ml and etomidate as 0.2μg/ml. The concentration was increased by steps until the patient was asleep, （OAAS class Ⅰ-Ⅱ）, then gave fentanyl 3μg/kg and rocuronium 0.6 mg/kg and intubated three minutes later. The patients＇ age, height, and weight were *** was recorded before induction, at the initial effect-site concentration and at loss of consciousness. The effect-site concentration was recorded when patient lost *** There were no significant differences between groups in general conditions before treatment; such as BIS of consciousness, age, sex and body mass index. The EC50 of propofol in the NP, TP and CP groups was 4.11 μg/ml （95%CI： 3.96-4.26）, 2.94 μg/ml （95% CI： 3.36-3.47） and 2.91 μg/ml （95% CI： 3.35-3.86）, respectively. The EC50 of etomidate in the NE, TE and CE groups was 0.61 μg/ml （95% CI： 0.55-0.67）, 0.38 μg/ml （95% CI： 0.33-0

关键词： propofol etomidate chemotherapy adjuvant unconsciousness pharmacokinetics

The Automatic Nerve Signal Transmission and Conscious Primacy Hypothesis

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Journal of Behavioral and Brain Science 2017年第4期7卷 165-179页

作者： Zhiyin Shan Doublegalaxy Technologies Tustin California USA

This paper proposes a hypothesis about automatic nerve signal transmission and conscious primacy. If stimulated suddenly, people are initially unaware of the stimulation. Without conscious guidance, nerve signals are automatically transmitted via the strongest neural connections, thereby producing fast and involuntary behavior. Upon awareness of the stimulation, conscious primacy plays a role, and nerve signals are transmitted in consciously guided directions, thereby generating cognition and voluntary behaviors. When we repeat an action in a special environment, it will become a habit. This is because when nerve signals are repeatedly transmitted to action cells in a specific environment, neural connections between the specific environment and the action are strengthened. Upon return to this specific environment, nerve signals will be automatically transmitted, producing a stereotyped habit behavior without conscious thought. Facial expression, for example, is controlled by both emotion and cognition. Prior to emotional awareness of sudden stimulation, nerve signals are automatically transmitted, producing microexpressions consistent with emotion. Upon awareness, control switches from emotion to cognition, producing flexible facial expressions consistent with consciousness. The automatic nerve signal transmission and conscious primacy hypothesis suggests a new mechanism for producing different behaviors, reveals the essential difference and mutual transformation of stereotyped and flexible behaviors, and opens a new field for ethological study.

关键词： Behavior Neural Connection Consciousness unconsciousness Synapse

Transdisciplinary Team in Rehabilitation of Unconscious Brain-Damaged Persons: Grounds and Practice

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Journal of Behavioral and Brain Science 2020年第8期10卷 323-343页

作者： Olga Maksakova Ludmila Zhavoronkova N.N.Burdenko National Medical Research Center of Neurosurgery Moscow Russia Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology Russian Academy of Sciences Moscow Russian

The main features of early rehabilitation after severe brain damage are discussed in the article. The most important component for the entire rehabilitation process and the subsequent life of the patient is considered restoration of consciousness. Team seems to be a key factor in regaining consciousness along with the restoration of vital functions, movement, cognition, and behavior in these patients. The basic working principle is feedback to any minimal movement, or vegetative signal of a patient, beyond specific professional targets. A network of feedbacks with a patient and between professionals, that is, free flow of information, can be built only through work in a transdisciplinary team mode. The net of feedbacks with the patient and inter-professional ones builds up the team as Non-linear Complex System. Characteristics of “Team-Patient” system status are energy, entropy, and complexity. Teamwork techniques are individualized for resulting optimization of system condition. Increase of complexity is a powerful tool for propulsion of recovery process. Then consciousness may appear as a result of system self-organization. The article reflects the authors’ view on interdisciplinary studies of the phenomenon of consciousness through its impairment and recovery. It focuses on the work of the “proper rehabilitation team”, the mechanisms of its action and methods for researching the occurring phenomena.

关键词： Severe Brain Damage unconsciousness Neurorehabilitation Team as Complex System Mind-Body Problem

Potential Power of the Pyramidal Structure

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Natural Science 2019年第8期11卷 257-266页

作者： Osamu Takagi Masamichi Sakamoto Hideo Yoichi Kimiko Kawano Mikio Yamamoto International Research Institute (IRI) Inage Chiba Japan Aquavision Academy Narita Chiba Japan

There have been various traditions and books which describe a so-called “pyramid power”, but there have been almost no reliable academic studies and no statistically significant data about it. We have continued scientifically rigorous experiments using biosensors to elucidate unexplained functions of a pyramidal structure (PS) since 2007. We used edible cucumber sections as biosensors and measured the concentrations of gas emitted from the sections by a technique developed by our group. From them we have demonstrated with high statistical accuracy the existence of the “pyramid power”, which was often recognized as having no scientific basis. We reached two conclusions from the work. 1) The PS converted the unconsciousness of a human (the test subject) more than 6 km away to energy detectable by the biosensors (1% significance). 2) The PS accumulated the influence that a human (the test subject) had when meditating within the PS. Then the PS converted the influence into the energy detectable by the biosensors (10-3% significance). These two conclusions showed that the functions of the PS were detected when “the PS and a human were related”. On the other hand, we hypothesized that the potential power of the PS could be detected even when “the PS and a human were not related”. In this paper, our purpose is to verify the existence of the potential power of the PS alone by experiment when “the PS and a human were not related”. The following three results were obtained by experiment. 1) The presence of the potential power of the PS was demonstrated with 1% significance. 2) The potential power of the PS changed in value between summer and winter, and it was clear that the non-contact effect on the biosensors was larger in summer and smaller in winter. 3) The potential power of the PS affected only the biosensors placed at the PS apex, and did not affect the biosensors placed at the calibration control point 8 m away from the PS. This paper is the first report in the world

关键词： Pyramid Potential Power Meditation unconsciousness Non-Contact Effect Delay Biosensor Cucumber Gas

Our English Teaching Should be Communication-Oriented

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海外英语 2010年第1X期 26-27页

作者：吕凤华 Laiwu Vocational & Technical College

Oral English teaching aims to be communication-oriented. The author of this paper,therefore,from a new point of view,challenges the teacher's traditional role as a controller,presents some authentic activities and brings a new way of evaluating communicative competence into the teaching program,hoping to make oral English teaching move to a step forward towards communication.

关键词： communication-continuum consistency accuracy unconsciousness organizer assessor prompter

Potential Power of the Pyramidal Structure II

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Natural Science 2020年第5期12卷 248-272页

作者： Osamu Takagi Masamichi Sakamoto Hideo Yoichi Kimiko Kawano Mikio Yamamoto International Research Institute (IRI) Chiba Japan Aquavision Academy Chiba Japan

Research on “pyramid power” began in the late 1930s. To date, many documents on “pyramid power” have been published. We have been conducting scientific research on the unexplained “power” of a pyramidal structure (PS) since October 2007. The research focuses on the detection of a non-contact effect of the unexplained “power” of the PS on biosensors (i.e., edible cucumber sections of Cucumis sativus “white spine type”) placed at the top of the PS. In this paper, in particular, we compared the non-contact effect of upper and lower biosensors placed in two layers on the PS apex, and we analyzed the difference of the non-contact effect due to the difference in the layers. The magnitude of the non-contact effect was represented by the calibrated psi index Ψ(E-CAL) calculated from gas concentrations emitted from the biosensors. A method to determine the presence or absence of the non-contact effect by analyzing the gas concentrations was developed by the International Research Institute (IRI). Ψ(E-CAL), which represents the magnitude of the non-contact effect, was the average value of the respective non-contact effect of the upper and lower biosensors stacked in two layers on the PS apex. We conducted the analysis on the assumption that the non-contact effect on the upper and lower biosensors might be different. Therefore, we considered that upper and lower biosensor calibration was required for Ψ(E-CAL), and we introduced a new calibrated psi index Ψ(E-CAL)Layer. Scientifically rigorous experiments to date have detected Ψ(E-CAL) with statistical significance and have demonstrated potential power of the PS (p = 6.0 × 10-3;Welch’s t-test, two-tails, the following p values are also the Welch’s t-test values). Based on data demonstrating the potential power of the PS, we analyzed the non-contact effects on the upper and lower biosensors of the PS apex. We obtained a surprising result that the non-contact effect on the upper biosensors (farther from the PS) was larger than th

关键词： Pyramid Potential Power Meditation unconsciousness Non-Contact Effect Delay Biosensor Cucumis sativus Gas