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unconfined compressive strength prediction of soils stabilized using artificial neural networks and support vector machines

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Frontiers of Structural and Civil Engineering 2021年第2期15卷 520-536页

作者： Alireza TABARSA Nima LATIFI Abdolreza OSOULI Younes BAGHERI Depatrment of Civil Engineering Faculty of EngineeringGolestan UniversityGorgan 49138-15759Iran Terr aeon Consultants Inc.NashvilleTN 37211USA Civil Engineering Department Southern Illinois UniversityEdwardsvilleIL 62026-1800USA Faculty of Engineering Mirdamad Institute of Higher EducationGorgan 49166-53989Iran

This study aims to improve the unconfined compressive strength of soils using additives as well as by predicting the strength behavior of stabilized soils using two artificial-intelligence-based models.The soils used in this study are stabilized using various combinations of cement,lime,and rice husk ash.To predict the results of unconfined compressive strength tests conducted on soils,a comprehensive laboratory dataset comprising 137 soil specimens treated with different combinations of cement,lime,and rice husk ash is used.Two artificial-intelligence-based models including artificial neural networks and support vector machines are used comparatively to predict the strength characteristics of soils treated with cement,lime,and rice husk ash under different conditions.The suggested models predicted the unconfined compressive strength of soils accurately and can be introduced as reliable predictive models in geotechnical engineering.This study demonstrates the better performance of support vector machines in predicting the strength of the investigated soils compared with artificial neural networks.The type of kernel function used in support vector machine models contributed positively to the performance of the proposed models.Moreover,based on sensitivity analysis results,it is discovered that cement and lime contents impose more prominent effects on the unconfined compressive strength values of the investigated soils compared with the other parameters.

关键词： unconfined compressive strength artificial neural network support vector machine predictive models regression

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The Influence of Freeze-Thaw Cycles on unconfined compressive strength of Lignin Fiber-Reinforced Loess

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Journal of Renewable Materials 2022年第4期10卷 1063-1080页

作者： Zhongnan Gao Xiumei Zhong Qian Wang Yongqi Su Jun Wang Lanzhou Institute of Seismology China Earthquake AdministrationLanzhou730000China Key Laboratory of Loess Earthquake Engineering China Earthquake Administration&Gansu ProvinceLanzhou730000China Gansu Bureau of Coal Geology Lanzhou730000China

In the seasonal permafrost region with loess distribution,the influence of freeze-thaw cycles on the engineering performance of reinforced loess must be paid attention to.Many studies have shown that the use of fiber materials can improve the engineering performance of soil and its ability to resist freeze-thaw cycles.At the same time,as eco-environmental protection has become the focus,which has been paid more and more attention to,it has become a trend to find new environmentally friendly improved materials that can replace traditional chemical additives.The purpose of this paper uses new environmental-friendly improved materials to reinforce the engineering performance of loess,improve the ability of loess to resist freeze-thaw cycles,and reduce the negative impact on the ecological environment.To reinforce the engineering performance of loess and improve its ability to resist freeze-thaw cycles,lignin fiber is used as a reinforcing material.Through a series of laboratory tests,the unconfined compressive strength(UCS)of lignin fiber-reinforced loess under different freeze-thaw cycles was studied.The effects of lignin fiber content and freeze-thaw cycles on the strength and deformation modulus of loess were analyzed.Combined with the microstructure features,the change mechanism of lignin fiber-reinforced loess strength under freeze-thaw cycles was discussed.The results show that lignin fiber can improve the UCS of loess under freeze-thaw cycles,but the strengthening effect no longer increases with the increase of fiber content.When the fiber content is less than 1%,the UCS growth rate of loess is the fastest under freeze-thaw cycles.And the UCS of loess with 1%fiber content is the most stable under freeze-thaw cycles.The freeze-thaw cycles increase the deformation modulus of loess with 1%fiber content,and its ability to resist deformation is obviously better than loess with 1.5%,2%and 3%fiber content.The fiber content over 1%will weaken the strengthening effect of lignin fiber-reinforced loess,and the optimum f

关键词： Fiber-reinforced loess freeze-thaw cycles unconfined compressive strength deformation modulus

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Improving the unconfined compressive strength of Red Clay by Combining Biopolymers with Fibers

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Journal of Renewable Materials 2021年第8期9卷 1503-1517页

作者： Zhiyu Weng Lina Wang Qiang Liu Xuemin Pan Yonghao Xu Jing Li School of Construction Engineering Yunnan Agricultural UniversityKunming650201China Powerchina Kunming Engineering Corporation Limited Kunming650051China South-West Survey and Design Group Company Limited Kunming650200China

To explore an environmentally friendly improvement measure for red clay,the function and mechanism of xanthan gum biopolymer and polypropylene fibers on the strength properties of red clay were investigated by unconfined compressive strength and scanning electron microscopy tests.The test results demonstrated that the contents and curing ages of xanthan gum had significant influences on the unconfined compressive strength of red clay.Compared with untreated soil,1.5%xanthan gum content was the optimal ratio in which the strength increment was between 41.52 kPa and 64.73 kPa.On the other hand,the strength of xanthan gum-treated red clay increased,whereas the ductility decreased with the increase in curing ages,indicating that the xanthan gum-treated red clay started to gradually consolidate after 3 days of curing and stiffness significantly improved between 7 and 28 days of curing.The results also showed that the synergistic consolidation effects of the xanthan gum–polypropylene fibers could not only effectively enhance the strength of red clay but also reduce the brittle failure phenomenon.The strengths of soil treated with 2.0%xanthan gum-polypropylene fibers were 1.9–2.41 and 1.12–1.47 times than that of red clay and 1.5%xanthan gum-treated clay,respectively.The results of study provide the related methods and experiences for the field of ecological soil treatment.

关键词： Biopolymer xanthan gum polypropylene fiber red clay micro-mechanism unconfined compressive strength

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Performance evaluation of laterite soil embankment stabilized with bottom ash,coir fiber,and lime

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Journal of Mountain Science 2024年第7期21卷 2334-2351页

作者： Yunusa Hamdanu SANI Amin EISAZADEH School of Civil Engineering and Technology Sirindhorn International Institute of TechnologyThammasat UniversityPathum Thani 12120Thailand

In tropical regions,heavy rainfall induces erosion and shallow landslides on road embankments.Cement-based stabilization methods,common in these regions,contribute to climate change due to their high carbon footprint.This study explored the potential application of coir fiber-reinforced laterite soil-bottom ash mixtures as embankment materials in the tropics.The objective is to enhance engineered embankment slopes'erosion resistance and stability while offering reuse options for industrial byproducts.This study examined various mix designs for unconfined compressive strength(UCS)and permeability,utilizing 30%bottom ash(BA)and 1%coir fiber(CF)with varying sizes ranging from 10 to 40 mm,6%lime,and laterite soil(LS),followed by microstructural analyses.The results demonstrate that the compressive strength increases as the CF length increases to 25 mm.In contrast,permeability increases continuously with increasing CF length.Lime-treated mixtures exhibit superior short-and long-term strength and reduce permeability owing to the formation of cementitious materials,as confirmed by microstructural analyses.A lab-scale slope box was constructed to evaluate the surface erosion of the stabilized laterite soil embankment.Based on the rainfall simulation results,the LS-BA-CF mixtures show better resistance to erosion and deformation compared to untreated LS,especially when lime is added to the top layer.This study provides insights into a sustainable and cost-effective approach for slope stabilization using BA and CF,offering a promising solution for tropical regions susceptible to surface erosion and landslides.

关键词： Lateritic soil Bottom ash Coir fiber lime unconfined compressive strength Permeability FESEM/EDS Rainfall simulation tests

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Development and Application of a High-Volume Recycled Powder Solidifying Material for Waterworks Sludge

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Journal of Renewable Materials 2022年第4期10卷 939-953页

作者： Xiang Deng Sudong Hua Fan Xia Yanfang Zhang Dapeng Guo Xinxing Zhu Defei Zhu College of Materials Science and Engineering Nanjing Tech UniversityNanjing211816China China Construction Installation Group Nanjing Construction Co. Ltd.Nanjing210023China Nanjing Pukou Urban and Rural Construction Group Co. Ltd.Nanjing211800China

Recycled powder(RP)is produced as a by-product during the process of recycling construction and demolition(C&D)wastes,presenting a low additional value.Using RP-based solidifying material can not only improve its utilization efficiency,but also reduce the cost of commercial solidifying materials.To date,this is the best solidifying material utilized to dispose the original waterworks sludge(OWS)with high moisture contents(60%),and the product could be used to fabricate non-fired bricks.This has become a new environment-friendly technology of“using waste to treat waste”.In this paper,the influence of different particle sizes and dosages of RP on the prepared solidifying material was studied.Besides,unconfined compression strength(UCS),volume stability,chemical composition,and heat of hydration,pore structure of the solidifying material were characterized.Then,non-fired bricks were prepared by using the solidifying material,recycled aggregate,and original waterworks sludge.The UCS and softing coefficient(SC)of the non-fired bricks were evaluated.As a result,the 28-day UCS of the solidifying material with optimal(M30)was 35.40 MPa,which could reach 84.37%of Portland cement(PC).The addition of RP increased the volume stability of the solidifying material.The addition of a large amount of RP reduced the heat flux and cumulative heat release of the solidifying material,while its porosity increased.The UCS of non-fired brick(NF20)in 28 days was 15.19 MPa and the SC after 28 days was 78.35%.In conclusion,the preparation of solidifying material using RP could be a promising approach and has a great potential in disposal of original waterworks sludge.

关键词： Recycled powder solidifying material original waterworks sludge non-fired brick unconfined compressive strength

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Development and Field Application of Phosphogypsum-Based Soil Subgrade Stabilizers

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Journal of Renewable Materials 2022年第8期10卷 2247-2261页

作者： Hongfei Yue Aiguo Fang Sudong Hua Zenghuan Gu Yu Jia Cheng Yang College of Materials Science and Engineering Nanjing Tech UniversityNanjing211800China China Construction Installaction Engineering Co. Ltd.Nanjing210023China Jiangsu Subote New Material Co. Ltd.Nanjing211103China Sinoma Construction Co. Ltd.Suzhou215300China

A phosphogypsum-based subgrade stabilizer(PBSS)was formulated using industrial by-product phosphogypsum(PG),mixed with slag and calcium-silicon-rich active material(GSR).The active powder(AP)was used to modify PBSS,and PBSS-AP was obtained.PBSS and PBSS-AP were each mixed with 10%silty soil,and cement and lime(CAL:5%lime+2%cement)were used as the traditional material for comparative experiments.Samples were cured under standard conditions,and tested for unconfined compressive strength(UCS),water stability,volume expansion,and leachate,to explore the stabilization effect of the three solidified materials on silty soil.The results showed that the comprehensive performance of sility soil mixed with 12%PBSS-AP was the best.The CaO,SiO_(2)and Al_(2)O_(3)provided by PG,Slag and GSR will react with water to form a stable C-S-H gel,which is conducive to stabilizing the soil.Field application results showed that the compaction exceeded 95%,the deflection was 144.9 mm,and UCS was 2.5 MPa after 28 days.These findings indicated that PBSS-AP is an effective stabilizer for subgrade soils.

关键词： Phosphogypsum solidified material unconfined compressive strength water stability volume expansion leachate

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strength and deformation characteristics of carbonated reactive magnesia treated silt soil

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Journal of Central South University 2015年第5期22卷 1859-1868页

作者：蔡光华刘松玉杜延军章定文郑旭 Institute of Geotechnical Engineering Southeast University

A series of unconfined compression tests(UCTs) were conducted to investigate the effects of content of reactive magnesia(Mg O) and carbonation time on the engineering properties including apparent characteristics, stress-strain relation, and deformation and strength characteristics of reactive Mg O treated silt soils. The soils treated with reactive Mg O at various contents were subjected to accelerated carbonation for different periods of time and later, UCTs were performed on them. The results demonstrate that the reactive Mg O content and carbonation time have remarkable influences on the aforementioned engineering properties of the soils. It is found that with the increase in reactive Mg O content, the unconfined compressive strength(qu) increases at a given carbonation time(strength-prediction model, by taking into account two variables of reactive Mg O content and carbonation time, is proposed to estimate qu of carbonated reactive Mg O treated soils. A comparison of the predicated values of qu with the measured ones indicates that the proposed model has satisfactory accuracy.

关键词： carbon dioxide accelerated carbonation reactive magnesia unconfined compressive strength strength-prediction model

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Modified sewage sludge as temporary landfill cover material

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Water Science and Engineering 2015年第3期8卷 257-262页

作者： Jun He Feng Li Yong Li Xi-lin Cui College of Civil and Architectural Engineering Hubei University of Technology

In order to study the feasibility of modified sewage sludge as landfill cover material and its performance in a complex landfill environment, strength and hydraulic conductivity tests were conducted. The permeability requirements for daily and interim covers were analyzed first. Based on saturated-unsaturated seepage calculations, it is suggested that approximately 1.0×10^-4 cm/s and 1.0 × 10^-5 cm/s are the appropriate values for the hydraulic conductivities of daily and interim covers, respectively. The strength and permeability requirements of the mixtures, when used as an interim cover, can be met at a sludge：lime：cement：silt：tire-derived aggregate （TDA） weight ratio of 100：15：5：70：15. Results also demonstrate that the solid content ratio of modified sewage sludge, which should be greater than 60% when modified sewage sludge is used as a temporary cover material, is crucial to both strength and hydraulic performance. In addition, as the duration of soaking of modified sewage sludge in synthetic leachate increases, the unconfined compressive strength increases, and the hydraulic conductivity decreases slightly or fluctuates between 1.0×10^-5 cm/s and 1.0 × 10^-6 cm/s, still meeting the requirements for an interim cover. The reduction in hydraulic conductivity of modified sewage sludge under the effect of synthetic leachate, as well as the long-term and environmental performance of the modified sewage sludge, should be examined in future studies.

关键词： Modified sewage sludge Temporary cover Hydraulic conductivity unconfined compressive strength Soaking

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Experimental study on slurry-induced fracturing during shield tunneling

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Frontiers of Structural and Civil Engineering 2021年第2期15卷 333-345页

作者： Teng WANG Dajun YUAN Dalong JIN Xinggao LI Key Laboratory of Urban Underground Engineering of the Education Ministry Beijing Jiaotong UniversityBeijing100044China

Facial support in slurry shield tunneling is provided by slurry pressure to balance the external earth and water pressure.Hydraulic fracturing may occur and cause a significant decrease in the support pressure if the slurry pressure exceeds the threshold of the soil or rock material,resulting in a serious face collapse accident.Preventing the occurrence of hydraulic fracturing in a slurry shield requires investigating the effects of related influencing factors on the hydraulic fracturing pressure and fracture pattern.In this study,a hydraulic fracturing apparatus was developed to test the slurry-induced fracturing of cohesive soil.The effects of different sample parameters and loading conditions,including types of holes,unconfined compressive strength,slurry viscosity,and axial and circumferential loads,on the fracturing pressure and fracture dip were examined.The results indicate that the fracture dip is mainly affected by the deviator stress.The fracturing pressure increases linearly with the increase in the circumferential pressure,but it is almost independent of the axial pressure.The unconfined compressive strength of soil can reflect its ability to resist fracturing failure.The fracturing pressure increases with an increase in the unconfined compressive strength as well as the slurry viscosity.Based on the test results,an empirical approach was proposed to estimate the fracturing pressure of the soil.

关键词： slurry shield tunneling hydraulic fracturing test fracturing pressure fracture dip unconfined compressive strength slurry viscosity

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Effects of Lateral Variation in Vegetation and Basin ‘Dome' Shape on Tropical Lowland Peat Stabilisation in the Kota Samarahan-Asajaya Area, West Sarawak, Malaysia

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2014年第3期88卷 894-914页

作者： Mohamad Tarmizi Mohamad ZULKIFLEY Tham Fatt NG John Kuna RAJ Roslan HASHIM Muhammad Aqeel ASHRAF Department of Geology Faculty of Science University of Malaya Department of Civil Engineering Faculty of Science University of Malaya

Field surveys indicate lateral variation in peat humification levels （von Post） in dominantly occurring fibric,fibric to hemic,sapric and hemie to sapric peats across a gradient from the margin towards the centre of tropical lowland peat domes.Cement-peat stabilisation can be enhanced by adding mineral soil fillers （silt,clays and fine sands） obtained from Quaternary floodplain deposits and residual soil （weathered schist）.The unconfined compressive strength （UCS） of the stabilised cement-mineral soil fifler-peat mix increases with the increased addition of selected mineral soil filler.Lateral variation in the stabilised peat strength （UCS） in the top 0 to 0.5 m layer was found from the margin towards the centre of the tropical lowland peat dome.The variations in the UCS of stabilised tropical lowland peats along a gradient from the periphery towards the centre of the peat dome are most likely caused by a combination of factors due to variations in the mineral soil or ash content of the peat and horizontal zonation or lateral variation in the dominant species of the plant assemblages （due to successive vegetation zonation of the peat swamp forest from the periphery towards the centre of the tropical lowland peat dome）.

关键词： tropical lowland peat dome/basin mineral soil filler cement-filler-peat stabilisation,topogenic unconfined compressive strength lateral vegetation succession.

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