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Observational study of land-atmosphere turbulent flux exchange over complex underlying surfaces in urban and suburban areas

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Science China Earth Sciences 2021年第7期64卷 1050-1064页

作者： Jie SHA Jun ZOU Jianning SUN School of Atmospheric Sciences Nanjing UniversityNanjing 210023China Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences Nanjing UniversityNanjing 210023China Jiangsu Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center of Climate Change Nanjing 210023China

Based on observation data from urban observation stations in Nanjing and Suzhou at two heights in the roughness sublayer above the canopy and observation data at three heights in the SORPES station at the Xianlin Campus of Nanjing University in a suburban area,the of land-atmosphere turbulent flux exchange and the energy balance over complex underlying surfaces were *** results indicated that in the roughness sublayer above the canopy,the nearsurface momentum flux,sensible heat flux,and latent heat flux increase with height,and the observation value of the surface albedo increases with ***,the observation value of the net radiation decreases with height,thus resulting in a change in the urban surface energy budget with *** the SORPES station in the Xianlin Campus of Nanjing University located in a hilly area,the momentum flux,sensible heat flux,and latent heat flux of the ground observation field significantly differed from those of the two heights on the tower,while the two heights on the tower were extremely *** results indicate that the flux observation over the complex underlying surface exhibits adequate local only when it is conducted at a higher altitude above the *** turbulent flux observation results at a lower altitude in urban areas are underestimated,while the turbulent flux observation results near the surface produce a large deviation over the underlying hilly complex.

关键词： Complex underlying surface Land-atmosphere exchange turbulent flux Observation height Local representativeness

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Atmospheric boundary layer structure and turbulent flux transfer over the Zhongshan Station area,Antarctica

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Advances in Polar Science 1997年第2期 3+5+7+4+6+8-12页

作者：曲绍厚高登义邹捍

ＡｔｍｏｓｐｈｅｒｉｃｂｏｕｎｄａｒｙｌａｙｅｒｓｔｒｕｃｔｕｒｅａｎｄｔｕｂｕｌｅｎｔｆｌｕｘｔｒａｎｓｆｅｒｏｖｅｒｔｈｅＺｈｏｎｇｓｈａｎＳｔａｔｉｏｎａｒｅａ，ＡｎｔａｒｃｔｉｃａTX＠曲绍厚＠高登义＠邹捍Ａｔ... 详细信息

ＡｔｍｏｓｐｈｅｒｉｃｂｏｕｎｄａｒｙｌａｙｅｒｓｔｒｕｃｔｕｒｅａｎｄｔｕｂｕｌｅｎｔｆｌｕｘｔｒａｎｓｆｅｒｏｖｅｒｔｈｅＺｈｏｎｇｓｈａｎＳｔａｔｉｏｎａｒｅａ，ＡｎｔａｒｃｔｉｃａTX＠曲绍厚＠高登义＠邹捍Ａｔｍｏｓｐｈｅｒｉｃｂｏｕｎｄａｒｙｌａｙ...

关键词： atmospheric boundary layer turbulent flux air ice(snow) interaction flux profile relation of similarity theory Antarctica.

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RADIATION BALANCE AND turbulent flux CHARACTERISTICS OVER MIZUHO STATION IN ANTARCTICA

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Acta meteorologica Sinica 1993年第3期7卷 316-326页

作者：刘树华于鹏熊康 Department of Geophysics Peking UniversityBeijing 100871 Institute of Atmospheric Physics Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100029

In this paper,by using measurements in micrometeorology and radiation balance in the surface layer(Yamanouchi et al.,1981;Wada et al.,1981;Ishikawa et al.,1982;Ohata et al.,1983),we have analyzed the diurnal and annual varia- tion characteristics of radiation balance in spring,summer,autumn and winter,and calculated the momentum flux and sensible heat flux with the aerodynamic method and profile gradient alternate method in different *** have also obtained the diurnal variation characters of the latent heat flux from the equation for energy *** results from the calculation are ***,the relationship between the turbulent heat and momentum exchange coefficient and the diurnal variation of the Richardson number is discussed.

关键词： Mizuho Station radiation balance aerodynamic method profile gradient alternation method turbulent flux

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Estimation of turbulent fluxes Using the flux-Variance Method over an Alpine Meadow Surface in the Eastern Tibetan Plateau

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Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 2013年第2期30卷 411-424页

作者： WANG Shaoying ZHANG Yu LU Shihua LIU Heping SHANG Lunyu Key Laboratory of Land Surface and Climate Change in Cold and Arid Regions Cold and Arid RegionsEnvironmental and Engineering Research Institute Chinese Academy of Sciences Lanzhou 730000 Laboratory for Atmospheric Research Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Washington State University Pullman WA

The flux-variance similarity relation and the vertical transfer of scalars exhibit dissimilarity over different types of surfaces, resulting in different parameterization approaches of relative transport efficiency among scalars to estimate turbulent fluxes using the flux-variance method. We investigated these issues using eddycovariance measurements over an open, homogeneous and flat grassland in the eastern Tibetan Plateau in summer under intermediate hydrological conditions during rainy season. In unstable conditions, the temperature, water vapor, and CO2 followed the flux-variance similarity relation, but did not show in precisely the same way due to different roles （active or passive） of these scalars. Similarity constants of temperature, water vapor and CO2 were found to be 1.12, 1.19 and 1.17, respectively. Heat transportation was more eft% cient than water vapor and CO2. Based on the estimated sensible heat flux, five parameterization methods of relative transport efficiency of heat to water vapor and CO2 were examined to estimate latent heat and CO2 fluxes. The strategy of local determination of flux-variance similarity relation is recommended for the estimation of latent heat and CO2 fluxes. This approach is better for representing the averaged relative transport efficiency, and technically easier to apply, compared to other more complex ones.

关键词： flux-variance method relative transfer efficiency eddy-covariance method homogeneous landsurface turbulent flux

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THE COMBINATORY METHOD FOR DETERMINATION OF THE turbulent fluxES AND UNIVERSAL FUNCTIONS IN THE SURFACE LAYER

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Acta meteorologica Sinica 1993年第1期7卷 101-109页

作者：胡隐樵奇跃进 Lanzhou Institute of Plateau Atmospheric Physics Academia SinicaLanzhou 730000

A combinatory method of determining the turbulent fluxes in the surface layer has been developed and their general representations have been thus *** universal functions of the (M-O) similarity in the surface layer ca... 详细信息

关键词： combinatory method turbulent flux universal function surface layer

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Analysis of Turbulence Characteristics over the Northern Tibetan Plateau Area

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Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 2006年第4期23卷 579-585页

作者：李茂善马耀明马伟强胡泽勇 ISHIKAWA Hirohiko zhongbo SU 孙方林 Cold and Arid Region Environmental and Engineering Research Institute Chinese Academy of Sciences Lanzhou 730000 Key Laboratory of Regional Climate-Environment Research for Temperate East Asia （ RCE- TEA ） Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100029 Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100085 Disaster Prevention Research Institute Kyoto University 611-0011 Japan International Institutes for Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation （ ITC） Hengelosestraat 99 P. O. Box 6 7500 AA Enschede The Netherlands

Based on CAMP/Tibet [Coordinated Enhanced Observing Period （CEOP） Asia-Australia Monsoon Project （CAMP） on the Tibetan Plateau] turbulent data collected at the Bujiao （B J） site of the Nagqu area, the turbulent structure and transportation characteristics in the near surface layer during summer are analyzed. The main results show that the relationship between the normalized standard deviation of 3D wind speed and stability satisfies the similarity law under both unstable and stable stratifications. The relations of normalized standard deviation of temperature and specific humidity to stability only obey the ＂-1/3 power law＂ under unstable conditions. In the case of stable stratifications, their relations to stability are dispersing. The sensible heat dominates in the dry period, while in the wet period, the latent heat is larger than the sensible heat.

关键词： normalized standard deviation eddy correlation method turbulent flux

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Simulation of Snow Processes Beneath a Boreal Scots Pine Canopy

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Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 2008年第3期25卷 348-360页

作者：李伟平罗勇夏坤刘新 Laboratory for Climate Studies China Meteorological Administration Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100085

A physically-based multi-layer snow model Snow-Atmosphere-Soil-Transfer scheme （SAST） and a land surface model Biosphere-Atmosphere Transfer Scheme （BATS） were employed to investigate how boreal forests influence snow accumulation and ablation under the canopy. Mass balance and energetics of snow beneath a Scots pine canopy in Finland at different stages of the 2003-2004 and 2004-2005 snow seasons are analyzed. For the fairly dense Scots pine forest, drop-off of the canopy-intercepted snow contributes, in some cases, twice as much to the underlying snowpack as the direct throughfall of snow. During early winter snow melting, downward turbulent sensible and condensation heat fluxes play a dominant role together with downward net longwave radiation. In the final stage of snow ablation in middle spring, downward net all- wave radiation dominates the snow melting. Although the downward sensible heat flux is comparable to the net solar radiation during this period, evaporative cooling of the melting snow surface makes the turbulent heat flux weaker than net radiation. Sensitivities of snow processes to leaf area index （LAI） indicate that a denser canopy speeds up early winter snowmelt, but also suppresses melting later in the snow season. Higher LAI increases the interception of snowfall, therefore reduces snow accumulation under the canopy during the snow season; this effect and the enhancement of downward longwave radiation by denser foliage outweighs the increased attenuation of solar radiation, resulting in earlier snow ablation under a denser canopy. The difference in sensitivities to LAI in two snow seasons implies that the impact of canopy density on the underlying snowpack is modulated by interannual variations of climate regimes.

关键词： snow process boreal forest radiation turbulent flux sensitivity

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Discrepancy and Applicability of Various Similarity Functions in flux Calculations Under Stable Conditions

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Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 2007年第4期24卷 644-654页

作者：郭晓峰张宏升蔡旭晖康凌李万彪杜金林 Department of Atmospheric Sciences School of PhysicsPeking UniversityBeijing 100871 Department of Environmental Sciences Peking UniversityBeijing 100871

Based on data obtained during the Hualhe River Basin Experiment （HUBEX） in 1999, this study intends to detect the quantitative discrepancies in the momentum （τ0）, sensible heat （H0） and latent heat （E0） fluxes among six sets of similarity functions with the aerodynamic method. It also aims to clarify the applicability of the functions under stable conditions. The relative discrepancy was studied with the normalized transfer coefficients for τ0, H0 and E0, namely CD, CH and CQ, respectively. Except for one set of functions that adopted a rather small von Kármán＇s constant （0.365）, the relative discrepancy in τ0 among the other functions was less than 10%, while that in H0（E0） sometimes reached 25% when the bulk Richardson number （R/B） was less than 0.07. The absolute discrepancy in the fluxes was studied with statistical computations. Among the six sets of functions, the discrepancy in τ0, H0 and E0 sometimes reached 0.03 kg m^-1 s^-2, 4 W m^-2 and 10 W m^-2, respectively, and the discrepancy in the energy balance ratio sometimes exceeded 0.1. Furthermore, when RiB exceeded the critical value （Ric） for a specific set of functions, no fluxes could be derived with the functions. It is therefore suggested that RiB be compared with Ric before computing the fluxes if RiB is less than Ric. Finally, two sets of nonlinear similarity functions are recommended, due to their unlimited applicability in terms of RiB.

关键词： aerodynamic method turbulent flux surface layer similarity function energy balance

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THE CHARACTERISTICS OF turbulent TRANSPORT IN THE SURFACE LAYER OVER EASTERN TIBET DURING SUMMER 1986

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Acta meteorologica Sinica 1991年第4期5卷 456-464页

作者：马淑芬 Academy of Meteorological Science State Meteorological AdministrationBeijing

The turbulent fluxes for sensible and latent heat and momentum are computed and analyses are carried out about the factors in terms of the fluxes,with the profile methods,based on the data from the Tibetan(Xi- zang)Plateau Meteorological Experiment in 1986(TIPMEX-86).It is shown that the fluxes of various kinds have evident diurnal variation,and each decade mean diurnal variation is quite different from *** sensible heat flux is about 2/3 less in July than in *** results indicate that the averaged drag coefficient, C_d,and the averaged bulk transfer coefficient of sensible heat,C_h,are 0.0052 and 0.0075 respectively,for the period 13 to 28 in June for *** for Lhasa,the mean C_d is 0.0056,and the mean C_h is 0.0085, for the period of June 11 to July *** is found that C_d and C_h are not only the function of wind velocity, but also influenced by stability conditions and wind and temperature gradients.

关键词： turbulent flux bulk transfer coefficient stability

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SOME CHARACTERISTICS OF AIR-SEA EXCHANGE FOR THE SCS SUMMER MONSOON DURING THE SCSMEX IN 1998

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Acta meteorologica Sinica 2003年第S1期17卷 155-170页

作者：胡非杨静李亚秋曲绍厚 LAPC Institute of Atmospheric PhysicsChinese Academy of Sciences

Atmospheric and oceanic data collected by 'Shiyan 3' and 'Kexue 1' during the IOP in SCSMEX 98 (Ding et al.2002) were used to calculate the air-sea turbulent flux *** the calculation was based on the bulk aerodynamic formulas,which had considered the influence of wind speed and atmospheric *** characteristics of air-sea exchange were analyzed by examining the *** found that the onset of the summer monsoon began in the southern region of the South China Sea on May 21 and extended northward to the whole SCS *** were obvious differences in the characteristics of atmosphere and sea structure,air-sea turbulent flux exchange between south and ***,the variation of SST is mainly related to the latent flux transfer besides global *** also gave an explanation for the later onset and weakness of the summer monsoon,and a comparison with westerly wind burst in the western tropical Pacific Ocean from 1992 to 1993.

关键词： the South China Sea (SCS) summer monsoon air-sea exchange turbulent flux

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