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thiourea crystal growth kinetics,mechanism and process optimization during cooling crystallization

Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering 2024年第9期73卷 62-69页

作者： Zhongxiang Ding Wei Song Tong Zhou Weihua Cui Changsong Wang State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering Nanjing Tech UniversityNanjing 211816China Yifeng New Material Co. Ltd.Binzhou 256600China

In the cooling crystallization process of thiourea,a significant issue is the excessively wide crystal size distribution(CSD)and the abundance of fine *** investigation delves into the growth kinetics and mechanisms governing thiourea crystals during the cooling crystallization *** fitting results indicate that the crystal growth rate coefficient,falls within the range of 10^(-7)to 10^(-8)m·s^(-1).Moreover,with decreasing crystallization temperature,the growth process undergoes a transition from diffusion-controlled to surface reaction-controlled,with temperature primarily influencing the surface reaction process and having a limited impact on the diffusion *** the crystal growth rate,and the diffusion-limited growth rate,at different temperatures,it is observed that the crystal growth process can be broadly divided into two *** temperatures above 25℃,1/qd(qd is diffusion control index)approaches 1,indicating the predominance of diffusion ***,at temperatures below 25℃,1/qd increases rapidly,signifying the dominance of surface reaction *** address these findings,process optimization was *** the high-temperature phase(35-25℃),agitation was increased to reduce the limitations posed by bulk-phase diffusion in the crystallization *** the low-temperature phase(25-15℃),agitation was reduced to minimize crystal *** optimized process resulted in a thiourea crystal product with a particle size distribution predominantly ranging from 0.7 to 0.9 mm,accounting for 84%of the *** study provides valuable insights into resolving the issue of excessive fine crystals in the thiourea crystallization process.

关键词： thiourea Crystallization Growth kinetics Process optimization Diffusion Surface reaction

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thiourea-assisted coating of dispersed copper electrocatalysts on Si photocathodes for solar hydrogen production

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Journal of Energy Chemistry 2020年第1期29卷 75-80,I0004页

作者： Pin Wang Ziyu Yin Linfeng Gao Hui Li Tongyu Zhang Qing Shen Jun Lv Yingfang Yao Wenjun Luo Zhigang Zou Ecomaterials and Renewable Energy Research Center(ERERC) Department of PhysicsNanjing UniversityNanjing 210093JiangsuChina Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Nano Technology Nanjing National Laboratory of Solid State MicrostructuresCollege of Engineering and Applied SciencesNanjing UniversityNanjing 2J0093JiangsuChina Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics(KLOFE)&Institute of Advanced Materials(IAM) Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials(SICAM)Nanjing Tech UniversityNanjing 211816JiangsuChina Department of Engineering Science The University of Electro Communications1-5-1 ChofugaokaChofiiTokyo 182-8585Japan Electronic Information Engineering College of Sanjiang University Nanjing 210012JiangsuChina Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Nano Technology Nanjing National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures.College of Engineering and Applied SciencesNanjing UniversityNanjing 210093JiangsuChina

Photoelectrochemical water splitting can convert solar energy into clean hydrogen energy for *** is desirable to explore non-precious electrocatalysts for practical applications of a photoelectrode in a large ***,we developed a facile spin-coating and in-situ photoelectrochemical reduction method to prepare a dispersed Cu electrocatalyst on a Si photocathode,which improves the performance *** find that thiourea in the precursor solution for spin-coating plays an important role in obtaining dispersed Cu particles on the surface of a Si *** thiourea in the precursor,the Cu/Si photocathode shows higher performance than the one without ***,the Cu/Si photocathode also indicates good stability after 16 h illumination.

关键词： thiourea Hydrogen evolution reaction In-situ photoelectrochemical reduction Cu electrocatalyst

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Multiform Host Lattices in the Layer Type Inclusion Compound of thiourea with Tetrabutylammonium Salicylate and Water

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Chinese Journal of Structural Chemistry 2005年第2期24卷 151-158页

作者：张锦楠石梅李奇 School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Capital University of Medical SciencesBeijing 100054 China Department of Chemistry Beijing Normal UniversityBeijing 100875China

A new inclusion complex thiourea with tetrabutylammonium salicylate and water, 4(C4H9)4N+C7H5O3 ?4(NH2)2CS?2H2O, has been prepared and characterized by X-ray crystallo- graphy. Crystal data: MoKα radiation, triclinic, space group P1 with a = 13.505(5), b = 13.645(5), c = 30.720(10) ?, α = 92.872(7), β = 92.329(7), γ = 92.538(7)°, V = 5643.0(3) ?3, C96H184N12O14S4, Mr = 1858.79, Z = 2, Dc = 1.094 g/cm3, μ = 0.143 mm-1, F(000) = 2040, R = 0.0694 and wR = 0.1282 for 4303 observed reflections with I > 2σ(I). There are three different layer type host-lattices in the crystal structure of the title compound. All of them are formed by [(NH2)2CS·(C7H5O3 )]4 tetramers, but water molecules are located between tetramers and link them by hydrogen bonds to generate ribbons at c = 0 and 1/2, and isolated tetramers are arranged side by side at c = 1/4. The tetrabutylammonium cations are sandwiched between puckered layers.

关键词： salicylic acid thiourea hydrogen bond inclusion compound host lattice

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High adsorption of Cd(Ⅱ)by modification of synthetic zeolites Y,A and mordenite with thiourea

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Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering 2020年第12期28卷 3117-3125页

作者： Shaoqing Zhang Tianming Lv Yang Mu Jiqi Zheng Changgong Meng Anhui Science and Technology University Bengbu 239000China School of chemical engineering Dalian University of TechnologyDalian 116024China Department of materials science and engineering University of WashingtonSeattleWA 98125USA

Zeolites Y,A and mordenite(ZY,ZA and ZM)were obtained from diatomite in a template-free system,and the products were modified by thiourea(TU).Characterization studies results indicated that the TU molecules were loaded onto the exterior surfaces of the synthetic zeolites as well as the *** analysis and energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer proved that the TU molecules loaded on to ZA were more than ZY and *** of Cd(Ⅱ)was investigated,and itwas found that themodified zeolites have higher removal capacity,modified ZA is especially *** the adsorption experiments,the effects of various parameters such as sorbent content,contact time,concentration of cadmium solution,pH,selectivity and regeneration were *** the best removal efficiency by modified zeolites,the maximum adsorption capacity is 94.3 mg·g^−1,103.2 mg·g^−1 and 89.7 mg·g^−1 at 25℃,*** sorbents show good efficiency for the removal of Cd(Ⅱ)in the presence of different multivalent cations and have good regeneration *** the modified samples,removal experiments take place via ion exchange and complexation processes.

关键词： Diatomite Zeolite thiourea Adsorption Cd(Ⅱ)removal

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The evaluation of temporal electronic structures of nonresonant Raman excited virtual state of thiourea

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Chinese Physics B 2011年第4期20卷 280-285页

作者：房超孙立风 Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology Tsinghua University Department of Physics Tsinghua University

An algorithm has been introduced to calculate molecular bond polarizabilities of thiourea, which supply essential electronic information about the nonresonant Raman excited virtual states. The main dynamical behaviour of the excited virtual states of thiourea is that the Raman excited electrons tend to flow to the N-H bonds and C-N bonds from the S-C bonds because of the electronic repulsion effect. The difference in Raman excited electron relaxation time of thiourea under 514.5-nm and 325-nm excitations has been observed, which quantitatively shows that the Raman scattering process is dependent on the wavelength of the pumping laser. Finally, the distribution of the electrons at the final stage of relaxation is given out through the comparison between the bond electronic densities of the ground states and the bond polarizabilities after deexcitation.

关键词： Raman intensity electronic relaxation bond polarizability virtual state thiourea

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Synthesis and Crystal structure of Bis- (thiourea)dichloroiron(II) Di(4,5-diazafluoren-9-one)

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Chinese Journal of Structural Chemistry 2004年第11期23卷 1238-1241页

作者： WUZhi-Yong XUDuan-Jun WUJing-Yun CHIANGMichaelY DepartmentofChemistry ZhejiangUniversityHangzhou310027China DepartmentofChemistry NationalSunYat-SenUniversityKaohsiungChina

The title compound Fe(CH4N2S)2Cl22(C11H6N2O) (Mr = 643.35) has been prepared and its crystal structure was determined by X-ray diffraction method with the following data: triclinic, space group P1, a = 7.3742(10), b = 13.0427(12), c = 15.215(2) , a = 88.969(12), b = 78.004(12), g = 79.689(11)o, V = 1408.1(3) 3, Z = 2, Dx = 1.517 g/cm3, m = 0.912 mm-1 and F(000) = 656. The final R = 0.030 and wR = 0.078 for 4070 observed reflections (I > 2s(I)), and R = 0.064 and wR = 0.091 for 5516 independent ones. The crystal consists of tetrahedral Fe(II) complex and hydrogen bonded 4,5-diazafluoren-9-one (dafone). The carbonyl bridge in dafone distorts the bipyridine moiety and results in the longer N…N separation of 3.071(3) and 3.061(3) ? There exists an extensive intermolecular hydrogen bond network in the crystal, and p-p stacking is observed between the neighboring dafone rings.

关键词： Fe(II) complex thiourea crystal structure synthesis 4,5-diazafluoren-9-one

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Determination of the metastable zone and induction time of thiourea for cooling crystallization

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Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering 2021年第3期34卷 164-168页

作者： Tong Zhou Chunzhao Tu Ya Sun Linan Ji Chuangxian Bian Xiaohua Lu Changsong Wang State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering College of Chemical EngineeringNanjing Tech UniversityNanjing 211816China

The solubility,metastable zone width(MSZW),and induction time of thiourea for cooling crystallization were experimentally determined in the temperature range of 283-323 *** solubility data could be well described by the Apelblat equation model as lnx=-99.55+1071.66/T+16.27 *** determinations of the effects of various stirring and cooling rates indicated that the MSZW increased with increasing and decreasing cooling and stirring rates,***,the induction times at various temperatures and supersaturation ratios were also *** results indicated that homogeneous nucleation could occur at high supersaturation,whereas heterogeneous nucleation was more likely to occur at low *** on the classical nucleation theory and induction period data,the calculated solid-liquid interfacial tensions of thiourea in deionized water at 302.46 and 312.58 K were 2.86 and 2.94 mJ·m^(-2),respectively.

关键词： thiourea Metastable zone Induction time Cooling crystallization

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CORROSION INHIBITION OF X70 STEEL IN SALINE SOLUTION SATURATED WITH CO_2 BY thiourea

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Acta Metallurgica Sinica(English Letters) 2008年第1期21卷 65-71页

作者： X. Y. He H. Y. Deng R. Li X.D. Fei H.Y.Wang Z. Y. Deng College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering China West Normal University Nanchong 637002 China

Corrosion monitoring techniques were performed on X7O steel in saline solution saturated with CO2 with and without thiourea additives within the concentration range 5-25 mg/L. It was found that when the concentration of the inhibitors were increased, the inhibitor efficiencies（IE） of thiourea varied with solution temperature and immersion time. The results indicated that thiourea had the highest inhibition efficiency. The potentiondynamic polarization studies revealed that thiourea are mixed-type inhibitor that mainly restrains the anodic process.

关键词： Corrosion Inhibition thiourea XTO steel

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Design, Synthesis, Biological Evaluation and SARs of Novel Anthranilic Diamides Derivatives Containing Amide, Carbamate, Urea, and thiourea Moieties

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Chinese Journal of Chemistry 2017年第3期35卷 368-374页

作者： Jingbo Liu Yuxin Li Xiulan Zhang Dandan Cheng Wei Wei Changchun Wu Yongtao Xie Lixia Xiong Zhengming Li State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry Collaborative hmovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering ( Tianjin) Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China

In order to discover potential ryanodine receptor insecticides, 21 novel anthranilic diamides analogues ( C , D , E , and F ) containing amide, carbamate, urea, and thiourea moieties were designed and synthesized based on bioisosteric approach. The biological assays against oriental armyworm ( Mythimna separata ) and diamondback moth ( Plutella xylostella ) indicated that these compounds displayed moderate to excellent activities. Especially, compound D 1 showed 100% larvicidal activities against oriental armyworm at 1.0 mg•L −1 , equivalent to the standard chlorantraniliprole (100%, 1.0 mg•L −1 ). Moreover, the larvicidal activity of D 1 against diamondback moth was 100% at 0.1 mg•L −1 , more effective than that of chlorantraniliprole (90%, 0.1 mg•L −1 ). Therefore, D 1 can be used as a new lead structure for the development of insecticidal agents. The preliminary structure‐activity relationship showed that the introduction od carbamate groups into 4‐position on the benzene ring of the N ‐phenylpyrazole moiety has a positive effect on the larvicidal activities.

关键词： insecticidal activity SARs anthranilic diamides carbamate urea thiourea

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Application of diazo-thiourea and gold nano-particles in the design of a highly sensitive and selective DNA biosensor

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Chinese Chemical Letters 2015年第1期26卷 160-166页

作者： Mohammad Hossein Mashhadizadeh Rasoul Pourtaghavi Talemi Faculty of Chemistry Kharazmi(Tarbiat Moallem)University

An effective procedure for constructing a DNA biosensor is developed based on covalent immobilization of NH2 labeled,single strand DNA（NH2-ssDNA） onto a self-assembled diazo-thiourea and gold nanoparticles modified Au electrode（diazo-thiourea/GNM/Au）.Gold nano-particles expand the electrode surface area and increase the amount of immobilized thiourea and single stranded DNA（ssDNA） onto the electrode ***-thiourea film provides a surface with high conductibility for electron transfer and a bed for the covalent coupling of NH2-ssDNA onto the electrode *** immobilization and hybridization of the probe DNA on the modified electrode is studied by differential pulse voltammetry（DPV） using methylene blue（MB） as a well-known electrochemical hybridization *** linear range for the determination of complementary target ssDNA is from 9.5（±0.1） × 10^-13 mol/L to1.2（±0.2） x 10^-9 mol/L with a detection limit of 1.2（±0.1）〉 10^-13 mol/L.

关键词： DNA biosensor Gold nano-particles thiourea Methylene blue

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