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New insights into the formation of ammonium nitrate from a physical and chemical level perspective

Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering 2023年第11期17卷 209-221页

作者： Yuting Wei Xiao Tian Junbo Huang Zaihua Wang Bo Huang Jinxing Liu Jie Gao Danni Liang Haofei Yu Yinchang Feng Guoliang Shi State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission ResearchCollege of Environmental Science and EngineeringNankai UniversityTianjin 300350China CMA-NKU Cooperative Laboratory for Atmospheric Environment-Health Research(CLAER) College of Environmental Science and EngineeringNankai UniversityTianjin 300350China Institute of Resources Utilization and Rare Earth Development Guangdong Academy of SciencesGuangzhou 510650China Guangzhou Hexin Instrument Co.Ltd. Guangzhou 510530China State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments Tianjin Key Laboratory of Air pollutants Monitoring TechnologySchool of Precision Instrument and Opto-electronics EngineeringTianjin UniversityTianjin 300072China Gigantic Technology(Tianjin)Co.Ltd. Tianjin 300384China Department of Civil Environmental and Construction EngineeringUniversity of Central FloridaOrlandoFL32816USA

High levels of fine particulate matter(PM_(2.5))is linked to poor air quality and premature deaths,so haze pollution deserves the attention of the world.As abundant inorganic components in PM_(2.5),ammonium nitrate(NH_(4)NO_(3))formation includes two processes,the diffusion process(molecule of ammonia and nitric acid move from gas phase to liquid phase)and the ionization process(subsequent dissociation to form ions).In this study,we discuss the impact of meteorological factors,emission sources,and gaseous precursors on NH4NO3 formation based on thermodynamic theory,and identify the dominant factors during clean periods and haze periods.Results show that aerosol liquid water content has a more significant effect on ammonium nitrate formation regardless of the severity of pollution.The dust source is dominant emission source in clean periods;while a combination of coal combustion and vehicle exhaust sources is more important in haze periods.And the control of ammonia emission is more effective in reducing the formation of ammonium nitrate.The findings of this work inform the design of effective strategies to control particulate matter pollution.

关键词： Ammonium nitrate formation thermodynamic theory Aerosol liquid water content Source apportionment

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Numerical analyses of coupled thermo-mechanical behaviors of cement sheath in geothermal wells

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Underground Space 2023年第1期8卷 80-93页

作者： Hao Wang Jinlin Wang Zhichao Zhang Xiaohui Cheng State Key Laboratory of Coastal and Offshore Engineering Dalian University of TechnologyDalian 116024China School of Civil Engineering Chongqing UniversityChongqing 400045China Department of Civil Engineering Tsinghua UniversityBeijing 10084China

The stability of cement sheath under high temperature and high pressure is one of the most critical issues for the durability of geother-mal well systems.In this study,a two-dimensional plane-strain finite element code was developed to investigate the coupled thermo-mechanical behaviors of the casing-cement-formation system.Different from previous linear elastic analyses,a thermoelasto-plastic con-stitutive model based on the thermodynamic theory was adopted for the cement sheath.It is shown that the finite element simulations using the proposed model provide a more accurate and realistic prediction of stress–strain responses of the cement sheath under high temperature.The results demonstrate that the radial stress concentration and the tensile strain concentration occur at both the cement–casing interface and the cement–formation interface,where the cement sheath is most likely to fail.High strength and low stiff-ness in the cement sheath and the formation are preferred for the integrity of the system.Both large thermal cycles and large differences between the internal fluid pressure and the external pressure should be avoided during operation.The new code is an alternative tool for guiding the geothermal well design.The finite element framework described herein is universal for other thermo-mechanical applications,such as energy foundations and energy tunnels.

关键词： Geothermal well Thermal-mechanical coupling Finite element analysis Constitutive model Cement sheath thermodynamic theory

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