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A lunar time scale from the perspective of the moon’s dynamic evolution

Science China Earth Sciences 2024年第1期67卷 234-251页

作者： Dijun GUO Jianzhong LIU James WHEAD Fuqin ZHANG Zongcheng LING Shengbo CHEN Jianping CHEN Xiaozhong DING Jinzhu JI Ziyuan OUYANG State Key Laboratory of Space Weather National Space Science CenterChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100190China Center for Lunar and Planetary Sciences Institute of GeochemistryChinese Academy of SciencesGuiyang 550081China Department of Earth Environmental and Planetary SciencesBrown UniversityProvidence RI 02912USA Institute of Geology and Geophysics Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100029China Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Astronomy and Solar-Terrestrial Environment Institute of Space SciencesShandong UniversityWeihai 264209China College of Geoexploration Science and Technology Jilin UniversityChangchun 130026China School of Earth Sciences and Resources China University of GeosciencesBeijing 100083China Institute of Geology Chinese Academy of Geological SciencesBeijing 100037China School of Resources and Environmental Engineering Inner Mongolia University of TechnologyHohhot 010051China Center for Excellence in Comparative Planetology Chinese Academy of SciencesHefei 230026China

A geologic time scale is a chronological system that separates the geological strata of a planetary body into different units in temporal sequence and shows its progressive *** time scale of the moon was established a half-century ago during the telescopic-early Apollo exploration era,using data with limited spatial coverage and *** past decades have seen a wide array of studies,which have significantly extended our understanding of global lunar geologic *** on a comprehensive review of lunar evolution with respect to the dynamical changes,we propose two major updates to the current lunar time scale paradigm to include the evolution of both endogenic and exogenic dynamic forces now known to have influenced early lunar ***,based on the temporal interplay of exogenic and endogenic processes in altering the moon,we defined three Eon/Eonothem-level units to represent three dynamical evolutionary ***,the pre-Nectarian System is redefined and divided as the magma ocean-era Magma-oceanian System and the following Aitkenian System beginning with the South Pole-Aitken *** ejecta of this basin,Das Formation,was deposited on the primordial lunar crust as the oldest stratum produced from exogenic *** updated lunar time scale,facilitated by the post-Apollo exploration and research advances,provides an integrated framework to depict the evolution of the moon and has important implications for the geologic study of other terrestrial planets.

关键词： the moon Geologic time scale Evolution history Endogenic process Exogenic process

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Digital Geological Mapping of Sinus Iridum Area of the moon Based on the Chang'E-I Data

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2013年第6期87卷 1643-1657页

作者： DING Xiaozhong HAN Kunying PANG Jianfeng WANG Liang HAN Tonglin JU Yuanjing DING Weicui Institute of Geology Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences

Based on the CCD images,IIM data and DEM data of China＇s lunar exploration project （Chang＇E-Ⅰ） and related processed and analytic results,an integrated study of regional geology of Sinus Iridum and its adjacent area was conducted,and a series of relevant researches and analyses were carried out,including analysis of impact craters and their extrusive and accumulative materials,division of stratigraphic and tectonic units and classification of rock types,integrated analysis of chronology and lunar evolution *** consideration of crater＇s shape features,quantity and preserving status of filling materials,the lunar impact craters can be divided into 7 types and 11 subtypes,and the accumulative materials of craters are divided into 6 types and 9 accumulative *** to the content and distribution of TiO2 and image characteristics,the basalts are divided into high-TiO2,medium-TiO2 and low-TiO2 *** was made on division of tectonic units and evolution features in the study *** geological map of the Sinus Iridum Quadrangle （LQ-4） at a scale of 1∶2.5 M was preliminarily compiled with the ArcGIS system,and the spatial database of the map was *** technical specification,procedure and method for lunar geological mapping have been worked out,so as to lay a foundation for the forthcoming geological mapping of the global moon in China by using the data of Chang＇E-Ⅱ and also for comprehensive study and geological mapping of other celestial bodies in the future.

关键词： the moon Sinus Iridum Area Chang'E-Ⅰ geological mapping geological map database

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Geological Characteristics and Model Ages of Marius Hills on the moon

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Journal of Earth Science 2011年第5期22卷 601-609页

作者：黄俊肖龙贺新星乔乐赵健楠李卉 Planetary Science Institute China University of Geosciences

Marius Hills is a volcanic plateau on the nearside of the moon. It is of great interest for its high concentration of volcanic features, including domes, cones, ridges, and rilles. However, the morphological and chronological characteristics of this plateau were not well studied due to the low resolution of early mission data. This study describes the detailed morphology of the volcanic features using the latest high spatial resolution images of the Terrain Camera （TC） onboard Selene-1 （10 m/pix） and Narrow Angle Camera （NAC） onboard the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter （LRO）（0.5 m/pix）. We report here some new structures such as skylights and remnants of lava tubes. We have divided spectrally homogenous areas with Clementine UVVIS data and did crater size frequency distribution （CSFD） measurements with Lunar Orbiter （LO） IV and TC images in every spectral unit. We first report absolute model ages of 1.10 Ga for Marius basalt 1, 1.49 Ga for Fiamsteed basalt, and 1.46 Ga for Schiaparelli Basalt. In addition, we have identified several younger lava events： they are Marius basalt 2 （814 Ma）, medium to low titanium basalt （949 Ma）, and undifferentiated medium titanium basalt （687 Ma）. Finally, we propose a mantle plume scenario for the formation of Marius Hills, which could solve the inconsistency of previous models.

关键词： the moon Marius Hills absolute model age volcanic feature mantle plume.

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the moon

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初中生天地 2018年第Z1期 125-126页

作者：李睿涵

同学们,你们听说过'嫦娥奔月''吴刚伐桂''天狗吞月'的传说吗?月亮在中国的文化中有着非常丰富的象征意义,月亮意味着温柔和智慧,表达了中国人民的美好愿望。让我们一起了解一下它吧.the moon is associated^1 with gentleness and brigh... 详细信息

同学们,你们听说过'嫦娥奔月''吴刚伐桂''天狗吞月'的传说吗?月亮在中国的文化中有着非常丰富的象征意义,月亮意味着温柔和智慧,表达了中国人民的美好愿望。让我们一起了解一下它吧.the moon is associated^1 with gentleness and brightness in China atall times,expressing Chinese people’s *** is especially true dur-

关键词： the moon 中国人民

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Impact history and origin of lunar meteorite Northwest Africa 15528

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Science China Earth Sciences 2023年第6期66卷 1399-1422页

作者： Runchuan LIU Huaiyu HE Thomas SMITH Hanqing YE Huapei WANG Xuhang ZHANG Fei SU Ziheng LIU Wei GUO Peng YANG Chuantong ZHANG Dingshuai Xue Ting CAO Jiannan LI Xuelong JIANG Ye HE Chao LU State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric Evolution Institute of Geology and GeophysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100029China Institutes of Earth Science Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100029China College of Earth and Planetary Sciences University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100049China Paleomagnetism and Planetary Magnetism Laboratory School of Geophysics and GeomaticsChina University of GeosciencesWuhan 430074China State Key Laboratory of Continental Dynamics Department of GeologyNorthwest UniversityXi’an 710069China Institution of Meteorites and Planetary Materials Research Center Guilin University of TechnologyGuilin 541004China

No samples from the moon’s far side have been returned to ***,lunar meteorite study can deepen the understanding of the moon’s far side(if we can identify which lunar meteorites came from the moon’s far side).The Northwest Africa(NWA)15528 meteorite is a lunar feldspathic regolith breccia meteorite and we speculated it might originate from the Feldspathic Highlands Terrane(FHT)on the far side of the ***,we report detailed petrography,major and trace elements,and noble gas(He,Ne,and Ar)isotopes for the clasts and matrix,*** results show that the NWA 15528 lunar meteorite contains diverse clasts,including anorthosite,granulite,basalt,and impact melt *** coarse,wellcrystallized,uniform chemical composition minerals may come from intrusive plutonic *** the anorthosite clasts,the norite/olivine clasts originate from the deep lunar crust,whereas the other anorthosite clasts are from lunar *** Sm concentrations in NWA 15528 were similar to those in the fourth group of Apollo 16 melt samples,demonstrating that NWA 15528 has a typical plagioclase highland meteorite *** with the Apollo sample data and remote sensing results,the chemical composition of NWA 15528 indicated strong affinities with the FHT area and ferroan anorthosite(FAN)material from the far side of the *** noble gas isotopic composition of NWA 15528 is consistent with a binary mixture of solar wind and cosmogenic components;during stepwise pyrolytic extractions,we observed that the abundance of cosmogenic components decreased,whereas that of solar wind components increased with increasing *** average cosmic-ray exposure(CRE)age of the matrix and granulite is 42±6 Ma,with a shielding depth in the same range of 10-20 g cm^(−2).The gas retention age of NWA 15528 is 2.14 Ga,and the antiquity age of NWA 15528 is(0.69-0.74)±0.2 Ga(considering 50%40Arm is 40Artrap)which indicates the different clasts of NWA 15528 are assembled after 0

关键词： the moon Regolith Meteorites Cosmic rays Solar wind Thermal histories Far side of the moon

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Size,morphology,and composition of lunar samples returned by Chang'E-5 mission

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Science China(Physics,Mechanics & Astronomy) 2022年第2期65卷 106-113页

作者： Hui Zhang Xian Zhang Guang Zhang Keqi Dong Xiangjin Deng Xiaosong Gao Yaodong Yang Yuan Xiao Xiao Bai Kaixin Liang Yiwei Liu Wenbin Ma Shaofan Zhao Ce Zhang Xiaojing Zhang Jian Song Wei Yao Hong Chen Weihua Wang Zhigang Zou Mengfei Yang Qian Xuesen Laboratory of Space Technology China Academy of Space Technology(CAST)Beijing 100094China Beijing Institute of Spacecraft System Engineering China Academy of Space Technology(CAST)Beijing 100094China Materials and Processes Assurance Center of Beijing Spacecrafts China Academy of Space Technology(CAST)Beijing 100094China China Academy of Space Technology(CAST) Beijing 100094China Institute of Physics Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100190China College of Engineering and Applied Sciences Nanjing UniversityNanjing 210093China

This study focuses on the physical and chemical properties of surficial lunar regolith(LR)samples returned from the moon by the Chang’E-5(CE-5)*** regarding the effect of a new sampling geological site on the surficial lunar sample CE5 C0400 were illustrated using nondestructive techniques such as laser diffractometry coupled with image analysis,X-ray computed tomography,and field emission scanning electron microscopy equipped with energy dispersive spectroscopy,and Xray diffraction combined with Rietveld *** the characterization analyses,the CE-5 sampling site in the northeastern Oceanus Procellarum on the moon yields a unique collection of relatively regular-shaped and fine basalt-dominated *** median grain size D_(50) is(55.24±0.96)μm,falling within the relatively low end of the range of the Apollo lunar returned *** coefficient of uniformity C_(u)of 15.1 and the coefficient of curvature C_(c)of 1.7 could classify CE5 C0400 to be *** minerals in CE5 C0400 comprise approximately 44.5%pyroxene,30.4%plagioclase,3.6%olivine,and6.0%*** is a relatively low content of approximately 15.5%glass phase in the CE-5 lunar *** the results,we deduce that the CE-5 LR structure could have mainly resulted from micrometeoroid impacts to achieve such a high level of maturity.

关键词： the moon surface microscopy meteoroid

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Mineralogy of Chang'e-4 landing site:preliminary results of visible and near-infrared imaging spectrometer

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Science China(Information Sciences) 2020年第4期63卷 195-206页

作者： Jian CHEN Zongcheng LING Le QIAO Zhiping HE Rui XU Lingzhi SUN Jiang ZHANG Bo LI Xiaohui FU Changqing LIU Xiaobin QI Shandong Key Laboratory of Optical Astronomy and Solar-Terrestrial Environment School of Space Science and PhysicsInstitute of Space Sciences Shandong University Key Laboratory of Space Active Opto-Electronics Technology Shanghai Institute of Technical PhysicsChinese Academy of Sciences Hawai'i Institute of Geophysics and Planetology Department of Earth Sciences University of Hawai'i at Manoa

The exploration of mafic anomaly in South Pole-Aitken(SPA, the largest confirmed) basin on the moon provides important insights into lunar interior. The landing of Chang’e-4(CE-4) and deployment of Yutu-2 rover on the discontinuous ejecta from Finsen crater enabled in-situ measurements of the unusual mineralogy in the central portion of SPA basin with visible and near-infrared imaging spectrometer(VNIS).Here we present detailed processing procedures based on the level 2B data of CE-4 VNIS and preliminary mineralogical results at the exploration area of Yutu-2 rover. A systematic processing pipeline is developed to derive credible reflectance spectra, based on which several spectral and mineral indices are calculated to constrain the mafic mineralogy. The mafic components in the soils and boulder around CE-4 landing site are concluded as clinopyroxene-bearing with intermediate composition and probably dominated by pigeonite although the possibility of mixing orthopyroxen(OPX) and calcic clinopyroxene(CPX) also exists. These mineralogical results are more consistent with a petrogenesis that the CE-4 regolith and rock fragment are derived from rapid-cooling magmatic systems and we interpret that the materials at the CE-4 landing site ejected from Finsen crater are probably recrystallized from impact melt settings.

关键词： Chang’e-4 visible and near-infrared spectroscopy mineralogy impact melt the moon

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Geologic characteristics of the Chang'E-3 exploration region

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Science China(Physics,Mechanics & Astronomy) 2014年第3期57卷 569-576页

作者： ZHAO JianNan HUANG Jun QIAO Le XIAO ZhiYong HUANG Qian WANG Jiang HE Qi XIAO Long Planetary Science Institute China University of Geosciences

We present topographic, geomorphologic and compositional characteristics of a l°×l° （-660 km2） region centered near the landing site of Chang＇E-3 using the highest spatial resolution data available. We analyze the topography and slope using Digi- tal Terrain Model （DTM） generated from Terrain Camera （TC） images. The exploration region is overall relatively flat and the elevation difference is less than 300 m, and the slopes of 80% area are less than 5~. Impact craters in the exploration region are classified into four types based on their degradation states. We investigate the wrinkle ridges visible in the exploration region in detail using TC and Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter （LRO） Narrow Angle Camera （NAC） images. We calculate FeO and TiO2 abundances using Multispectral Imager （MI） data, and confirm two basaltic units： the northern part belongs to Imbrian low-Ti/very-low-Ti mare basalts, and the southern part is Eratosthenian low-Ti/high-Ti mare basalts. Finally, we produce a ge- ological map and propose the geologic evolution of the exploration region. We also suggest several rover traverses to explore interesting targets and maximize the potential scientific output.

关键词： Cheng'E-3 Yutu rover traverse planning geological map Mare Imbrium the moon

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特别更正

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音乐大观 2006年第5期 48-49页

作者：《非音乐》编辑部

　　*** 　　OH SOMBRA　　今年春节在一片吃吃喝喝、昏昏欲睡的情形之下,我在一个朋友家中听到了"Oh Sombra"这首歌,无比兴奋.以前对Electrelane这支乐团了解很少,因为"Oh Sombra"发现她们其实很有音乐风格.多元化已是众多个性歌手的共... 详细信息

　　*** 　　OH SOMBRA　　今年春节在一片吃吃喝喝、昏昏欲睡的情形之下,我在一个朋友家中听到了"Oh Sombra"这首歌,无比兴奋.以前对Electrelane这支乐团了解很少,因为"Oh Sombra"发现她们其实很有音乐风格.多元化已是众多个性歌手的共性,"Oh Sombra"就是民谣、电子另类的综合体现,纯朴、原始而又浑然感人,她们的风格基本上是一张浅噪音的实验作品,4个看似有点傻姑娘味道的英国女子乐队-Electrelane以2001年发行了的处女专辑the moon>而崭露头角,当时专辑发行后,乐队现场演出的级别水涨船高,一票一票的成名乐队邀请Eiect relane同台演出,这其中包括了:Sleater-Kinney、And You Will Know Us By The Trail Of Dead、Primal Scream、Le Tigre.在2004年西班牙的贝尼卡西姆音乐节中,有Electrelane的现场表演,结合她们独特的台风,"Oh Sombra"更具连绵的感染力.……

关键词：乐队音乐风格演出现场 the moon 综合体音乐节西班牙感染力多元化作品噪音英国味道台风水涨实验女子民谣露头

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Despicable Me片断欣赏

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新高考（高二英语） 2013年第12期 33-38页

作者：张蕊

Pre-reading:The film's title refers to Gru (voiced by Steve Carell).He's a would-be supervillain with some serious cash flow *** would like to steal the moon,using funds from the local branch of the international villain *** most of the money has already gone to fund Gru's younger,more creative nemesis Vector(the voice of Jason Segel).So Gru plans to take his revenge,using three orphans,Margo(Miranda Hargrove),Agnes(Elsie Fisher) and Edith (Dana Gaier) to get into Vector's lair.

关键词： the moon

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