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A Survey of Reliability Issues Related to Approximate Circuits

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Journal of Computer Science & Technology 2023年第2期38卷 273-288页

作者：王真徐荣臣陈嘉诚肖杰 College of Computer Science and Technology Shanghai University of Electric PowerShanghai 200090China College of Computer Science and Technology Zhejiang University of TechnologyHangzhou 310000China

As one of the most promising paradigms of integrated circuit design,the approximate circuit has aroused widespread concern in the scientific community.It takes advantage of the inherent error tolerance of some applications and relaxes the accuracy for reductions in area and power consumption.This paper aims to provide a comprehensive survey of reliability issues related to approximate circuits,which covers three concerns:error characteristic analysis,reliability and Test,and reliable design involving approximate circuits.The error characteristic analysis is used to compare the outputs of the approximate circuit with those of its precise counterpart,which can help to find the most appropriate approximate design for a specific application in the large design space.With the approximate design getting close to physical realization,manufacturing defects and operational faults are inevitable;therefore,the reliability prediction and vulnerability Test become increasingly important.However,the research on approximate circuit reliability and Test is insufficient and needs more attention.Furtherly,although there is some existing work combining the approximate design with fault tolerant techniques,the reliability-enhancement approaches for approximate circuits are lacking.

关键词： approximate circuit error metric fault tolerance Test reliability

Establishment of a combat damage control surgery training platform for explosive combined thoraco-abdominal injuries

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Chinese Journal of Traumatology 2022年第4期25卷 193-200页

作者： Wen-Qiong Du Ren-Qing Jiang Zhao-Wen Zong Lin Zhang Zhao Ye Xin Zhong Yi-Jun Jia State Key Laboratory of Trauma Burn and Combined InjuryDepartment for Combat Casualty Care TrainingTraining Base for Army Health CareArmy Medical UniversityChongqing400038China Department of Orthopedics Xinqiao HospitalArmy Medical UniversityChongqing400038China

Purpose:It is challenging to prepare military surgeons with the skills of combat damage control surgery(CDCS).The current study aimed to establish a damage control surgery(DCS)training platform for explosive combined thoraco-abdominal injuries.Methods:The training platform established in this study consisted of 3 main components:(1)A 50 m×50 m square yard was constructed as the explosion site.Safety was assessed through cameras.(2)Sixteen pigs were injured by an explosion of trinitrotoluene attached with steel balls and were randomly divided into the DCS group(accepted DCS)and the control group(have not accepted DCS).The mortality rate was observed.(3)The literature was reviewed to identify the key factors for assessing CDCS,and Testing standards for CDCS were then established.Expert questionnaires were employed to evaluate the scientificity and feasibility of the Testing standards.Then,a 5-day training course with incorporated Tests was used to Test the efficacy of the established platform.In total,30 teams attended the first training course.The scores that the trainees received before and after the training were compared.SPSS 11.0 was employed to analyze the results.Results:The high-speed video playback confirmed the safety of the explosion site as no explosion fragments projected beyond the wall.No pig died within 24 h when DCS was performed,while 7 pigs died in the control group.After a literature review,assessment criteria for CDCS were established that had a total score of 100 points and had 4 major parts:leadership and team cooperation,resuscitation,surgical procedure,and final outcome.Expert questionnaire results showed that the scientific score was 8.6±1.25,and the feasibility score was 8.74±1.19.When compared with the basic level,the trainees’score improved significantly after training.

关键词： Damage control surgery Simulation training Warfare Explosions Test

A Test method for evaluating the thermal environment of underground coal mine refuge alternatives

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International Journal of Mining Science and Technology 2019年第3期29卷 343-355页

作者： D.S.Yantek L.Yan N.W.Damiano M.A.Reyes J.R.Srednicki CDC NIOSH

Since 2009,the Mine Safety and Health Administration(MSHA)has required mines to install refuge alternatives(RAs)in underground coal mines.One of the biggest concerns with occupied RAs is the possible severity of the resulting thermal environment.In 30 CFR 7.504,the maximum allowable apparent temperature(AT)for an occupied RA is specified as 35℃(95°F).Manufacturers must conduct heat/humidity Tests to demonstrate that their RAs meet the 35℃(95°F)AT limit.For these Tests,heat input devices are used to input the metabolic heat of actual miners.A wide variety of Test methods,sensors,and heat input devices could be used when conducting such Tests.Since 2012,the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health(NIOSH)has conducted over thirty 96-hour heat/humidity Tests on four different RAs.This paper discusses the Test equipment and procedures used during these investigations.This information is useful for RA manufacturers conducting RA heat/humidity Tests,for other researchers investigating RA heat/humidity buildup,and for those who need to assess the thermal environment of any confined space where people may be trapped or are seeking refuge.

关键词： Refuge chamber Refuge alternative Confined space Thermal environment Test method Temperature

Development of a rapid Test kit for SARS-CoV-2:an example of product design

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Bio-Design and Manufacturing 2020年第2期3卷 83-86页

作者： Zhanfeng Cui Hong Chang Hui Wang Boon Lim Chia-Chen Hsu Yejiong Yu Huidong Jia Yun Wang Yida Zeng Mengmeng Ji Weizhi Liu Catriona Inverarity Wei E.Huang Oxford Suzhou Centre for Advanced Research(OSCAR) University of OxfordSuzhouJiangsuPeople's Republic of China Department of Engineering Science University of OxfordParks RoadOxford OX13PJUK Department of Engineering Science Institute of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of OxfordOxford OX37DQUK

We present an example of applying'need-driven'product design principle to the development of a rapid Test kit to detect SARS-COV-2(COVID-19).The Tests are intended for use in the field and,longer term,for home use.They detect whether a subject is currently infected with the virus and is infectious.The urgent need for large numbers of Tests in field setting imposes constraints such as short Test time and lack of access to specialist equipment,laboratories and skilled technicians to perform the Test and interpret results.To meet these needs,an antigen Test based on RT-LAMP with colorimetric readout was chosen.Direct use of swab sample with no RNA extraction was explored.After extensive experimental study(reported elsewhere),a rapid Test kit has been fabricated to satisfy all design criteria.

关键词： COVID-19 Antigen detection Rapid Test Product design SAR-Cov-2 RT-LAMP

Morphology and composition of particles emitted from a port fuel injection gasoline vehicle under real-world driving Test cycles

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2019年第2期31卷 339-348页

作者： Jiaoping Xing Longyi Shao Wenbin Zhang Jianfei Peng Wenhua Wang Cong Hou Shijin Shuai Min Hu Daizhou Zhang State Key Laboratory of Coal Resources and Safe Mining School of Geoscience and Survey EngineeringChina University of Mining and Technology (Beijing) State Key Laboratory of Automotive Safety and Energy Department of Automotive EngineeringTsinghua University State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control College of Environmental Sciences and EngineeringPeking University Faculty of Environmental and Symbiotic Sciences Prefectural University of Kumamoto

Traffic vehicles, many of which are powered by port fuel injection(PFI) engines, are major sources of particulate matter in the urban atmosphere. We studied particles from the emission of a commercial PFI-engine vehicle when it was running under the states of cold start, hot start, hot stabilized running, idle and acceleration, using a transmission electron microscope and an energy-dispersive X-ray detector. Results showed that the particles were mainly composed of organic, soot, and Ca-rich particles, with a small amount of S-rich and metal-containing particles, and displayed a unimodal size distribution with the peak at 600 nm. The emissions were highest under the cold start running state, followed by the hot start, hot stabilized, acceleration, and idle running states. Organic particles under the hot start and hot stabilized running states were higher than those of other running states. Soot particles were highest under the cold start running state. Under the idle running state, the relative number fraction of Ca-rich particles was high although their absolute number was low. These results indicate that PFI-engine vehicles emit substantial primary particles,which favor the formation of secondary aerosols via providing reaction sites and reaction catalysts, as well as supplying soot, organic, mineral and metal particles in the size range of the accumulation mode. In addition, the contents of Ca, P, and Zn in organic particles may serve as fingerprints for source apportionment of particles from PFI-engine vehicles.

关键词： Traffic emission Chassis dynamometer Test Soot,organic and metals Accumulation mode Individual particle analysis

Vibration reduction analysis of new barriers in large model experiment

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Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration 2022年第3期21卷 741-751页

作者： Ding Guangya Shen Chenli Wang Jun Wu Ming College of Civil Engineering and Architecture Wenzhou UniversityWenzhou 325035China School of Geological Engineering and Surveying Chang’an UniversityXi’an 710054China

A large model box was developed in our experiment to study the vibration reduction effect.Five hydraulic highperformance actuators are arranged in the upper part of the model box.There is a time difference between adjacent actuators,which can simulate the train induced vibration.To reduce vibration a composite barrier is designed;the barrier consists of a honeycomb concrete canvas and PE polymer water bags.The concrete canvas can be mixed with water to produce a hydration reaction to form a structure with a certain hardness.By simulating different train speeds and loads,vertical vibration velocity,and acceleration before and after the barrier are compared and analyzed.The experimental results show that the new barrier can achieve a good vibration reduction effect.When the simulated train speed increases,the damping effect of the barrier is improved.At a speed of 180 km/h,an amplitude of 1.5 m after the barrier is found to be 48.6%lower than that before the barrier.Velocity decreases by 24.2%at 36 km/h and by 38.1%at 108 km/h.

关键词： vibration reduction traffic loads Test barrier concrete canvas

Usability perceptions and beliefs about smart thermostats by chi-square Test, signal detection theory, and fuzzy detection theory in regions of Mexico

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Frontiers in Energy 2019年第3期13卷 522-538页

作者： Pedro PONCE Therese PEFFER Arturo MOLINA Tecnologico de Monterrey calle del puente 222 MexicoMexico CityNon-US/Non-Canadian 64849Mexico California Institute for Energy and Environment University of California BerkeleyBerkeleyCA 94720USA

It is well known that smart thermostats (STs) have become key devices in the implementation of smart homes;thus, they are considered as primary elements for the control of electrical energy consumption in households. Moreover, energy consumption is drastically affected when the end users select unsuitable STs or when they do not use the STs correctly. Furthermore, in future, Mexico will face serious electrical energy challenges that can be considerably resolved if the end users operate the STs in a correct manner. Hence, it is important to carry out an in-depth study and analysis on thermostats, by focusing on social aspects that influence the technological use and performance of the thermostats. This paper proposes the use of a signal detection theory (SDT), fuzzy detection theory (FDT), and chi-square (CS) Test in order to understand the perceptions and beliefs of end users about the use of STs in Mexico. This paper extensively shows the perceptions and beliefs about the selected thermostats in Mexico. Besides, it presents an in-depth discussion on the cognitive perceptions and beliefs of end users. Moreover, it shows why the expectations of the end users about STs are not met. It also promotes the technological and social development of STs such that they are relatively more accepted in complex electrical grids such as smart grids.

关键词： thermostats perceptions beliefs signal detection theory (SDT) fuzzy signal detection theory (FSDT) chi-square (CS) Test

Design and experiment of the soil-covering and soil-compacting device for seedling raising and sowing of trough type panax notoginseng

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International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering 2023年第5期16卷 113-122页

作者： Wencai Yang Wang Pu Lulu Xu Ziyuan Tian Jing Zhao Yijie Zhang Zhenjie Yang College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Yunnan Agricultural UniversityKunming 650201China Agricultural and rural Bureau Southwest Guizhou 562499China

In order to improve the seedling quality of Panax notoginseng,combined with the special agronomic requirements of Panax notoginseng,a sharp angle roller soil-covering and soil-compacting device integrating the functions of soil-covering and soil-compacting was designed.Based on the theoretical analysis of seed ditch conditions,soil-covering process and soilcompacting process,the structure of soil-covering and soil-compacting device was designed.Through theoretical analysis and calculation,the diameter and length of soil-covering and soil-compacting wheel were 20 cm and 10.7-14.1 cm,respectively,the sharp angle and height range were 45°-105°and 0.8-1.6 cm respectively,and the spring stiffness was 38.54 N/mm;Using the discrete element method to simulate the soil-covering and soil-compacting process,it was obtained that when the sharp angle range was 60°-90°,the sharp angle height range was 0.8-1.2 cm,and the soil-covering effect was better;Taking the forward speed,ballast pressure,sharp angle and sharp angle height of the planter as the Test factors,and taking the soil-covering thickness,grain spacing and soil compactness as the indexes,the four factor and three-level Box-Behnken Design Test was carried out.The response surface Test analysis method was used to establish the regression equation between the factors and indexes,and determine the best parameter combination:the forward speed was 6.5 m/min,the ballast pressure was 360.5 N,the sharp angle was 67°,and the sharp angle height was 1 cm,at this time,the soil-covering thickness was 0.64 cm,the grain spacing was 5.03 cm,and the soil compactness was 321.77 kPa.According to the soil trough Test,the design of soil-covering and soil-compacting device met the agronomic requirements of plant spacing,soil-compactness and soil-covering thickness during seedling sowing of Panax notoginseng.The research results can provide a reference for the design of Panax notoginseng seedling planter integrating pressing hole(ditching),sowing,soil-covering and soil-compacting.

关键词： Panax notoginseng trough type seedling raising and sowing soil-covering and soil-compacting EDEM Test

A computerized resolution visual acuity Test in preschool and school age children

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International Journal of Ophthalmology(English edition) 2020年第2期13卷 284-291页

作者： Ying-Yan Qin Zhen-Zhen Liu Li-Yuan Zhu Xuan Bao Fu-Rong Luo Yi-Zhi Liu Young Tsau Ming-Xing Wu State key Laboratory of Ophthalmology Zhongshan Ophthalmic CenterSun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou 510060Guangdong ProvinceChina Dimetek Digital Medical Technologies LimitedShenzhen 518052Guangdong ProvinceChina

●AIM:To develop a novel approach called the Autoacuity Tester,and to evaluate its validity,especially the sensitivity and specificity for detecting amblyopia.●METHODS:Children aged from 3 to 12 y(n=552)were enrolled in the study.The validity of the Autoacuity Tester was evaluated by comparing it to the Tumbling E Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study(ETDRS)acuity chart for school age children,and Lea Symbols and Teller acuity card(TAC)for preschool children.The repeatability was assessed by coefficient of repeatability(COR).The sensitivity and specificity for detecting amblyopia were calculated.●RESULTS:The mean difference(95%limits of agreement)between the Autoacuity Tester and the ETDRS Tests were-0.03(-0.24,0.19)logMAR for the school age group.In preschool children,the mean difference was 0.04(-0.14,0.21)logMAR between the Autoacuity Tester and the TAC and 0.00(-0.17,0.18)logMAR between the Autoacuity Tester and the Lea Symbols.For the school age group,the COR was 0.20 logMAR for the Autoacuity Tester and 0.18 logMAR for the ETDRS.For the preschool group,the COR was 0.13 logMAR for the Autoacuity Tester and 0.21 logMAR for TAC.The Autoacuity Tester(88%)is more sensitive than TAC(72%)in detecting amblyopia(P=0.04),while had similar specificity(92%vs 90%,P=0.20).●CONCLUSION:The Autoacuity Tester provides a reliable alternative for assessing visual acuity,and offers advantage of higher Testability and repeatability for preschool children.

关键词： visual acuity Test computerized children sensitivity amblyopia