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Standardized gum tapping techniques to maximize yield from high-value Indian tree,Sterculia urens

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Journal of Forestry Research 2017年第3期28卷 615-619页

作者： Amol Vasishth Vipan Guleria Department of Forest Products&Utilization College of Horticulture&ForestryJhalrapatan-JhalawarRajasthan 326023India Regional Horticulture Research&Training Station Jachh DistrictKangraHimachal PradeshIndia

Industrial applications of natural gums have been expanding tremendously, so gum collection from trees provides an important livelihood for local dwellers in drought-prone Rajasthan and its surroundings states. Traditional gum tapping is crude and unscientific; deep incision, untimely extraction and high concentration of chemicals in gum have affected Sterculia urens species in its natural habitat. In studies 2 years on trees having diameter at breast height 〉40 cm from natural stands to maximize gum collection and standardize the tapping method （bore holes vs. V blazes）, tapping season, chemical and concentration, different tapping techniques were tes- ted. For tapping maximum gum was collected using bore hole. Ethephon was better as extraction chemical than sulphuric acid. Bore-hole tapping with a 5-cm hole and ethephon at 300 mg/mL yielded the most gum （135.20 g/ tree）. Ethephon at 300 mg/mL yielded the most gum. Ethephon induced gummosis without affecting the health of tree. tapping seasons also significantly affected the gum yield; the most gum was obtained in April-June.

关键词： Bore-hole tapping Ethephon Natural gum Sterculia urens tapping

Flux Optimization During tapping in BOF Process

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Journal of Iron and Steel Research International 2011年第S2期18卷 148-152页

作者： Hyun-Seo PARK Sung-Mo SEO Ji-Tae KWON Joo CHOI Steelmaking Research Group POSCO Technical Research Laboratories 699 Gumho-dong Gwangyang-si Jeonnam 545-090 Korea Technology development team plate rolling department Gwangyang Steelworks POSCO Gumho-dong Gwangyang-si Jeonnam 545-711 Korea

An integrated Plate Mill has started it’s operation on July 7, 2010 in Gwangyang Steelworks, POSCO. The production capability is about 2.5 million tons per year and the main stream consists of Blast Furnace, Hot metal pretreatment (KR), Converter, Bubbling Station, RH/VTD and Continuous Casting. Particularly, it is possible to control sulfur concentration at excellent level in BOF without any further treatment in LF or VTD, which is attained by unique KR process and scrap usage strategy in BOF. In this paper, desulfurization efficiency and steel cleanliness was introduced by optimizing flux amount during tapping in BOF process. In addition, the effect of the flux addition on the refractory of ladle was investigated based on EPMA analyses with the viewpoint of phase diagram. The cleanliness of each sample was examined using optical emission spectrometry and oxygen nitrogen determinator.

关键词： plate mill steel cleanliness flux tapping

Relationship between the number of tapping-induced secondary laticifer lines and rubber yield among Hevea germplasm

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Frontiers of Agricultural Science and Engineering 2016年第4期3卷 363-367页

作者： Yueyi CHEN Xinsheng GAO Xiaofei ZHANG Weimin TIAN Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Rubber Tree Ministry of Agriculture State Key Laboratory Incubation Base for Cultivation and Physiology of Tropical Crops Rubber Research InstituteChinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences

The lack of suitable early selection parameters means that traditional rubber breeding for yield is time consuming and inefficient. Laticifer is a tissue specific fo natural rubber biosynthesis and storage in rubber tree. The number of the secondary laticifers in the trunk bark tissues is positively correlated with rubber yield in the matured rubber trees that are regularly tapped. In the present study the rubber yield from 280 of 4–5 year-old virgin trees from7 cross combinations was compared with the number o newly differentiated secondary laticifers caused by tapping. Results showed that the number of tapping induced lines of secondary laticifers varied in differen germplasm and was positively related to the rubber yield indicating this could be used as a suitable parameter fo early evaluation of yield potential of rubber trees.

关键词： Hevea brasiliensis rubber yield breeding early evaluation tapping secondary laticifer differentiation

tapping Into Rural Assets——Lebanon Joins AIIB

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Beijing Review 2018年第27期61卷 6-7页

The Asian Infrastructure InvestmentBank＇s （AIIB） Board of Governorshas approved the membershipapplication of the Republic of Lebanon, bringing AIIB＇s totalapproved membership to 87,according to the bank＇s *** on ... 详细信息

关键词： tapping Into Rural Assets Lebanon Joins AIIB

Constant Force Feedback Controller Design Using PID-Like Fuzzy Technique for tapping Mode Atomic Force Microscopes

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Intelligent Control and Automation 2013年第3期4卷 263-279页

作者： Yuan-Jay Wang Department of Electrical Engineering Tungnan University New Taipei City Chinese Taipei

A novel constant force feedback mechanism based on fuzzy logic for tapping mode Atomic Force Microscopes (AFM) is proposed in this paper. A mathematical model for characterizing the cantilever-sample interaction subsystem which is nonlinear and contains large uncertainty is first developed. Then, a PID-like fuzzy controller, combing a PD-like fuzzy controller and a PI controller, is designed to regulate the controller efforts and schedule the applied voltage of the Z-axis of the piezoelectric tube scanner to maintain a constant tip-sample interaction force during sample-scanning. Using the PID-like fuzzy controller allows the cantilever tip to track sample surface rapidly and accurately even though the topography of the surface is arbitrary and not given in advance. This rapid tracking response facilitates us to observe samples with high aspect ratio micro structures accurately and quickly. Besides, the overshoot which will result in tip crash in commercial AFMs with a traditional PID controller could be avoided. Additionally, the controller efforts can be intelligently scheduled by using the fuzzy logic. Thus, continuous manual gain-tuning by trial and error such as those in commercial AFMs is alleviated. In final, computer simulations and experimental verifications are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness and confirm the validity of the proposed controller.

关键词： Atomic Force Microscope Piezoelectric Tube Scanner tapping Mode PID-like Fuzzy Controller

Real Time Recrystallization Study of 1, 2 Dodecanediol on Highly Oriented Pyrolytic Graphite (HOPG) by tapping Mode Atomic Force Microscopy

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World Journal of Nano Science and Engineering 2017年第1期7卷 1-15页

作者： S. K. Dora Nanomagnetics Instruments Pvt. Ltd. Ankara Turkey

Real-time atomic force microscopy (AFM) imaging revealed for the first time, the detailed growth/dissolution mechanism of Lauryl glycol (LG) or 1, 2 dodecanediol molecules on HOPG at the nano-level after recrystallizing them from chloroform solution. At the early stage of recrystallization, parallelogram-like-structures having lengths of several microns and distinct widths (between ~ 100 - 400 nm) were observed. Growth/dissolution behavior of these parallelogram-like-structures as a function of time was investigated. While dissolution occurred along all three dimensions, growth was found to be strictly two dimensional. Both the growth and dissolution process were found to be logarithmic in nature. The average growth rates along their length and width were found to be 11 nm/min and 1.5 nm/min respectively. Average dissolution rate in percentage on HOPG surface was found to be ~ 0.078%/min. Based upon the recrystallization of LG molecules schematics are drawn for a better understanding of the recrystallization process.

关键词： 1 2 Dodecanediol Kinetics Real Time Growth tapping Mode AFM

Identifying Sustainable Practices for tapping and Sap Collection from Birch Trees: Optimum Timing of tapping Initiation and the Volume of Nonconductive Wood Associated with Taphole Wounds

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Agricultural Sciences 2018年第3期9卷 237-246页

作者： Abby K. van den Berg Mark L. Isselhardt Timothy D. Perkins Proctor Maple Research Center The University of Vermont Underhill VT USA The University of Vermont Extension Underhill VT USA

Experiments were conducted to determine two pieces of information essential to identify practices necessary to ensure tapping trees for birch sap collection is both sustainable and profitable—the selection of the time to initiate tapping birch trees to obtain maximum yields, and the volume of nonconductive wood (NCW) associated with taphole wounds in birch trees. The yields obtained from various timing treatments varied between sapflow seasons, but indicate that using test tapholes to choose the appropriate time to initiate tapping is likely to result in optimum yields from birch trees. The volume of NCW associated with taphole wounds in birch trees was highly variable and generally quite large, averaging 220 times the volume of the taphole drilled, and requiring relatively high radial growth rates to maintain NCW at sustainable levels over the long-term. However, more conservative tapping practices, including reduced taphole depth and increased dropline length, as well as thinning and other stand management practices, can be used to reduce the minimum growth rates required. Producers can use this information to ensure that they use tapping practices that will result in sustainable outcomes and obtain the maximum possible sap yields from their trees.

关键词： Birch Sap Birch Syrup Maple Syrup tapping Compartmentalization

Self-Sensing and –Actuating Probes for tapping Mode AFM Measurements of Soft Polymers at a Wide Range of Temperatures

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Journal of Modern Physics 2011年第2期2卷 72-78页

作者： Nadejda B. Matsko Julian Wagner Anton Efimov Ines Haynl Stefan Mitsche Wolfgang Czapek Boris Matsko Werner Grogger Ferdinand Hofer 不详

Self-sensing and –actuating probes optimized for conventional tapping mode atomic force microscopy (AFM) are described. 32-kHz quartz tuning forks with a chemically etched and focus ion beam (FIB) sharpened (curvature radii are 5-10 nm) tungsten tip are stable at air and liquid nitrogen atmosphere and at a wide range of temperatures. If driven at constant frequency, the scan speed of such sensors can be up to 3 Hz. AFM was performed on polymer samples in order to study the stability and applicability of these sensor for investigation of soft materials with high dynamical tendencies.

关键词： Tuning Fork Sharp Tungsten Tip AFM tapping Mode Soft Materials

Power tapping Function in Near Infra-Red Region Based on 45°Tilted Fiber Gratings

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Optics and Photonics Journal 2013年第2期3卷 158-162页

作者： Adedotun Adebayo Zhijun Yan Kaiming Zhou Lin Zhang Hongyan Fu David Robinson Arden Photonics Ltd. Solihull UK Aston Institute of Photonics Technology School of Engineering and Applied Science Aston University Birmingham UK Department of Electronic Engineering School of Information Science and Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen China

We report an efficient power tapping device working in near infra-red (800 nm) wavelength region based on UV-in- scribed 45° tilted fiber grating (45°-TFG) structure. Five 45°-TFGs were UV-inscribed in hydrogenated PS750 fiber using a custom-designed phase mask with different grating lengths of 3 mm, 5 mm, 9 mm, 12 mm and 15 mm, showing polarization dependent losses (PDLs) of 1 dB, 3 dB, 7 dB, 10 dB and 13 dB, respectively. The power side-tapping efficiency is clearly depending on the grating strength. It has been identified that the power tapping efficiency increases with the grating strength and deceases along the grating length. The side-tapped power profile has also been examined in azimuthal direction, showing a near-Gaussian distribution. These experimental results clearly demonstrated that 45°- TFGs may be used as in-fiber power tapping devices for applications requiring in-line signal monitoring.

关键词： Power tapping Tilted Fiber Grating Polarization Dependent Loss In-Fiber Polarizer