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Cancer risk assessment from exposure to trihalomethanes in tap water and swimming pool water

Journal of Environmental Sciences 2008年第3期20卷 372-378页

作者： PANYAKAPO Mallika SOONTORNCHAI Sarisak PAOPUREE Pongsri Department of Environmental Science Faculty of Science Silpakorn University Nakhon Pathom 73000 Thailand. School of Health Science Sukhothai Thammathirat Open University Nonthaburi 11120 Thailand

We investigated the concentration of trihalomethanes （THMs） in tap water and swimming pool water in the area of the Nakhon Path- om Municipality during the period April 2005-March 2006. The concentrations of total THMs, chloroform, bromodichloromethane, dibromochloromethane and bromoform in tap water were 12.70-41.74, 6.72-29.19, 1.12-11.75, 0.63-3.55 and 0.08-3.40 μg/L, respectively, whereas those in swimming pool water were 26.15-65.09, 9.50-36.97, 8.90-18.01, 5.19-22.78 and ND-6.56 μg/L, respectively. It implied that the concentration of THMs in swimming pool water was higher than those in tap water, particularly, brominated-THMs. Both tap water and swimming pool water contained concentrations of total THMs below the standards of the World Health Organization （WHO）, European Union （EU） and the United States Environmental Protection Agency （USEPA） phase Ⅰ, but 1 out of 60 tap water samples and 60 out of 72 swimming pool water samples contained those over the Standard of the USEPA phase Ⅱ. From the two cases of cancer risk assessment including Case Ⅰ Non-Swimmer and Case Ⅱ Swimmer, assessment of cancer risk of nonswimmers from exposure to THMs at the highest and the average concentrations was 4.43×10^-5 and 2.19×10^-5, respectively, which can be classified as acceptable risk according to the Standard of USEPA. Assessment of cancer risk of swimmers from exposure to THMs at the highest and the average concentrations was 1.47×10^-3 and 7.99×10^-4, respectively, which can be classified as unacceptable risk and needs to be improved. Risk of THMs exposure from swimming was 93.9%-94.2% of the total risk. Cancer risk of THMs concluded from various routes in descending order was： skin exposure while swimming, gastro-intestinal exposure from tap water intake, and skin exposure to tap water and gastro-intestinal exposure while swimming. Cancer risk from skin exposure while swimming was 94.18% of the total cancer risk.

关键词： tap water swimming pool water chlorination trihalomethanes cancer risk assessment

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Assessment and Remediation of Heavy Metals in Community tap water from Manila,Philippines

Assessment and Remediation of Heavy Metals in Community Tap ...

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2012 International Conference on Environment Science and Engineering（ICESE 2012）

作者： Judilynn N.Solidum Gilmore G.Solidum College of Pharmacy and Director of Sentro ng Wikang Filipino University of the PhilippinesManila Associate Professor

water is important for daily living. As man uses the commodity, it can enter the systemic circulation through the skin and via ingestion. Being an urbanized area, the environment in Manila, Philippines is not as contaminant free compared to other provinces in the country. Different communities and resettlement areas for informal settlers are normally surrounded by wastes and pollutants that contribute much to the abundance of heavy metals. These chemicals, like lead and cadmium may cause chronic diseases/disorders. Using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry, this study identified the amounts of lead and cadmium from samples of water collected from households and office at the chosen community. The levels were compared with the standard limits set by the United States Environmental Protection Agency. Further, the water samples were remediated using chitin from the shells of Perna viridis or Tahong. The results of the study showed that tap water samples analyzed contained lead and cadmium with concentrations that exceeded the allowable set limit by the United States Environmental Protection Agency of 0.015ppm and 0.005ppm respectively. Chitin from the shells of Perna viridis or Tahong showed ability to remove lead （37.131% to 60.511%） and cadmium （42.982% to 62.411%.） from the collected community tap water.

关键词： lead cadmium tap water community Manila Philippines AAS

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Public Effective Dose Assessment Using Gross Alpha and Beta Radioactivity Levels of tap Drinking water in the District of Abidjan, Cote d’Ivoire

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Journal of Environmental Protection 2023年第3期14卷 127-138页

作者： Ponaho Claude Kezo Issa Konate Tekpo Paul Dali Laboratory of Environmental Science and Technology Université Jean Lorougnon Guédé Daloa Côte d’Ivoire Laboratory of Environmental and Solar Energy Sciences Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny Abidjan Côte d’Ivoire

In order to assess public effective dose due to gross alpha and beta in water, 43 tap water samples were collected from different areas in the District of Abidjan. Using the low background Gas-less Automatic Alpha/Beta counting system (Canberra iMaticTM) for analysis, the gross alpha and beta concentrations found varied from 0.001 ± 0.002 to 0.063 ± 0.050 Bq/l with an average of 0.013 ± 0.012 Bq/l and from 0.067 ± 0.080 to 0.320 ± 0.120 Bq/l with an average of 0.174 ± 0.076 Bq/l, respectively in samples. The public effective dose assessment showed values of dose to ingestion of alpha and beta emitter radionuclides lower than the recommended value of dose for drinking water 0.1 mSv/y, except in 30% of the samples. These results show the need for additional studies to be conducted in order to clarify the hazardousness of these water samples. However, this study still remains important because it has provided necessary data for future tap water quality monitoring studies in the District of Abidjan.

关键词： Gross Alpha and Beta Concentration tap water Effective Dose District of Abidjan

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The water-soluble bicyclic 2-pyridone-based fluorescent probe for fast and selective detection of hypochlorite

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Chinese Chemical Letters 2023年第6期34卷 432-436页

作者： Qian Zhou Shanqiang Wang Xiaoyun Ran Linzhi Shen Xiaolin Luo Gui Wang Hui Yang Zhouyu Wang Xiaoqi Yu Asymmetric Synthesis and Chiral Technology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province Research and Application of Small Organic Chiral Molecules Key Laboratory of Yibin CityDepartment of ChemistryXihua UniversityChengdu 610039China School of Food and Bioengineering Xihua UniversityChengdu 610039China Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology Ministry of EducationCollege of ChemistrySichuan UniversityChengdu 610064China

As a strong oxidizer,hypochlorite(Cl O^(-))are widely employed as bleaching agents and *** of ClO^(-)is required to ensure bactericidal effects and avoid hazards caused by excessive residual ***,the derivative bicyclic 2-pyridone,namely DHIP-Py,was prepared successfully to establish a new ClO^(-)-quantitative *** probe exhibits excellent Cl O^(-)selectivity over other ROS and anions/cations,high sensitivity(LOD=1.32μmol/L),fast response(water solubility,DHIP-Py is well suited for water sample analysis and has been successfully applied to detect Cl O^(-)in real-world food and environmental samples,including tap water,bottled water and river *** detection results were essentially identical to that of obtained from traditional DPD ***,visual detection of Cl O^(-)via filter paper-based solid sensor and imaging of ClO^(-)in Escherichia coli were also achieved by *** satisfactory results demonstrate that this bicyclic 2-pyridone-based hypochlorite probe is a promising free chlorine chemosensor with great potential for analytical applications.

关键词： Fluorescent probe Hypochlorite Bicyclic 2-pyridone tap water Bioimaging

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Concentrations of organophosphate esters in drinking water from the United Kingdom:Implications for human exposure

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Emerging Contaminants 2023年第1期9卷 76-84页

作者： Muideen Remilekun Gbadamosi Layla Salih Al-Omran Mohamed Abou-Elwafa Abdallah Stuart Harrad School of Geography Earth and Environmental Sciences University of BirminghamBirminghamUK Department of Chemical Sciences Tai Solarin University of EducationIjebu-OdeOgun StateNigeria Department of Chemistry College of ScienceUniversity of BasrahBasrahIraq

Data on the presence of organophosphate esters(OPEs)in drinking water and its significance as a pathway of exposure are *** this study,we measure for the first time,concentrations of eight OPEs in 50 UK drinking water *** mean concentrations of ∑8OPEs were:6.4 and 11 ng/L in bottled(n=25)and tap water samples(n=25),*** of ∑8OPEs in tap water(mean:11 ng/L)exceed significantly those in bottled water(mean:6.4 ng/L)(p˂0.01).Moreover,UK tap water is more contaminated with chlorinated,aryl-,and alkyl-OPEs than bottled *** predominant OPEs detected were:tris(butoxyethyl)phosphate(TBOEP),tris(2-chloroethyl)phosphate(TCEP),and tris(2-chloroisopropyl)phosphate(TCIPP)with arithmetic mean concentrations in the two water sample types ranging between(3.5e3.8 ng/L),(0.60-3.0 ng/L),and(1.02-2.9 ng/L),*** daily intakes(EDIs)(mean and high-end exposure)via drinking water for different sectors of the UK population were:infants(0.93 and 6.4 ng/kg bw/day)˃toddlers(0.46 and 3.1 ng/kg bw/day)˃children(0.35 and 2.3 ng/kg bw/day)˃adults(0.28 and 2.1 ng/kg bw/day).Based on these data,exposure to ∑8OPEs via drinking water is much lower than via:food,indoor dust ingestion,inhalation,and dermal uptake for adults and ***,our EDIs were lower than relevant reference dose(RfD)***,combining our drinking water ingestion data with exposure via other pathways revealed overall exposure to 2-ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate(EHDPP)and TCIPP to approach health-based limit values for UK toddlers under a high-end exposure scenario.

关键词： Daily intakes tap water Reference dose and high-end exposure scenario

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Subacute (90 Days) Oral Toxicity Studies of Kombucha Tea

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Biomedical and Environmental Sciences 2000年第4期13卷 293-299页

作者： R.VIJAYARAGHAVAN MANINDERSINGH 等 towhomcorrespondencetobeaddressed. DefenceResearchandDevelopmentEstablishment JhansiRoadGwalior－474002India

Kombucha tea (KT) is a popular health beverage and is used as an alternative therapy. KT is prepared by placing the kombucha culture in solution of tea and sugar and allowing to ferment. The inoculum is a fungus consisting of symbiotic colony of yeast and bacteria. KT is consumed in several countries and is believed to have prophylactic and therapeutic benefits in a wide variety of ailments, viz. , intestinal disorders, arthritis, ageing and stimulalion of immunological system. Though KT is used in several parts of the world its beneficial effects and adverse effects have not been scientifically evaluated. Since there are no animal toxicological data on KT, subacute oral toxicity study was carried out. Five groups of rats were maintained: (a) control group given tap water orally, (b) KT given 2 ml/kg orally, (c) plain tea (PT) given 2 ml/kg orally, (d) KT given in drinking water, 1 % (v/v) and (e) PT given in drinking water, 1 % (v/v) . The rats were given this treatment daily for a period of 90 days. Weekly records of weight, feed intake, water intake and general behaviour were monitored. There was no significant difference in the growth of the animals as evidenced by the progressive body weight change. The organ to body weight ratio and histological evaluation did not show any toxic signs. The haematological and biochemical variables were within the clinical limits. The study indicates that rats fed KT for 90 days showed no toxic effects.

关键词： drinking water body weight health beverage the growth the world tap water used in

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A ratiometric benzothiazole-based fluorescence probe for selectively recognizing HClO and its practical applications

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Chinese Chemical Letters 2020年第11期31卷 2955-2959页

作者： Kaijie Wang Dazhou Xi Chuantao Liu Yahui Chen Hao Gu Long Jiang Xiaoqiang Chen Fang Wang State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering College of Chemical EngineeringJiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials(SICAM)Nanjing Tech UniversityNanjing 211816China

A ratiometric probe(HBT-HBZ)bearing 2-hydrazino benzothiazole and 3-(benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)-2-hydroxy-5-methylbenzaldehyde for sensing hypochlorous acid(HClO)with high selectivity and sensitivity is reported in this *** fluorescence intensity ratios(I470nm/I572nm)of the probe with different concentrations of analyte showed excellent selectivity and a linear response to minor changes in *** detection limit of 24 nmol/L suggests that the sensor is very sensitive to *** to the series of performed experiments,HBT-HBZ has practical applications,such as the detection of HClO residues in tap water,which has been rarely *** addition,confocal laser microscopy experiments confirmed that HBT-HBZ can selectively recognize HClO in HeLa cells.A ratiometric probe(HBT-HBZ)for sensing HClO with high selectivity and sensitivity is reported in this *** probe exhibited high selectivity for HClO among other ROS,RNS and *** addition,HBTHBZ has some practical applications such as the analysis of the HClO content in tap ***,confocal fluorescence microscopy imaging showed that HBT-HBZ can be applied for detecting HClO in living cells.

关键词： HClO Benzothiazole Fluorescence probe tap water Bioimaging

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Effects of High Ammonium Concentration on Growth and Nutrient Uptake of Lettuce Plants with Solution Culture

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Agricultural Sciences in China 2005年第11期4卷 833-838页

作者： TIAN Xiao-hong LI Sheng-xiu College of Resources and Environmental Sciences Northwest A ＆ F University Yangling 712100 P.R.China

A nutrition solution experiment was conducted over two months to investigate the response of vegetable crops to high concentrations of ammonium, using lettuce （Lactuca sativa L. cv. Angustana Irish） as a test crop. Ammonium concentrations were designed in 5 levels, ranging from 12 mmol N L^-1 to 22 mmol N L^-1 and local tap water was used as water source. At the first culture stage （0-9 days）, lettuce plants maintained normal growth while the lettuce roots were increasingly impaired. During the subsequent three stages the root structure was greatly damaged, and roots became brown or black through continuous supply of high concentration of ammonium. However, there was no obvious reduction of the aboveground biomass of the plants in the high ammonium treatments compared to those supplied with nitrate alone. In contrast to results obtained in another experiment from us with distilled water, the detrimental effect of high ammonium concentration on lettuce growth was greatly alleviated. Based on the results, it was postulated that the small amount of nitrate and the higher amount of bicarbonate existed in the tap water might mitigate the adverse effects of high ammonium N. The higher bicarbonate content in water and soil has usually been regarded as a major constraint factor limiting plant growth in calcareous soil areas. However, the reaction of bicarbonate to ammonium might produce positively interactive effect on reduction of both damages. The lettuce plants grown in ammonium solutions took up less P, K, Fe, Mn and Cu and more Ca than those grown in the nitrate nutrient solution. In conclusion, the results indicated that the N form imposed an obvious influence on absorption of cations and anions. Supplying ammonium-N stimulated transport of Ca, Mg and Mn to shoots of lettuce.

关键词： High concentration ammonium Lettuce Nutrient solution culture tap water

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Levels of Trihalomethanes in Stored water from High and Fundamental Schools:Comparison between Two Temporal Data Sets

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Journal of water Resource and Protection 2018年第6期10卷 577-586页

作者： Ricardo Andreola Anny Rosi Mannigel Graciene de Souza Bido Thaise Moser Teixeira Edison Schmidt Filho Jussara Ricardo de Oliveira Andre Ribeiro da Costa Rebecca Manesco Paixao Centro Universitário de Maringá(UNICESUMAR) MaringáBrazil Universidade Estadual de Maringá(UEM) MaringáBrazil

Epidemiological studies have been investigating the relationship between chlorination byproducts exposure and cancer. Studies showed the incidence of colon, rectum and bladder cancer in laboratory animals when halogenated byproducts were administered to them, such as trihalomethanes. Based on this fact, in this work, two data sets of water quality parameters were analyzed with focus on total trihalomethanes (THMt). These two data sets are from two different time periods (one in 2014 and other in 2017). All the samples were collected in the same months, in both data sets. The samples were taken from its same corresponding sampling points in both periods of time. Trihalomethanes (THMs) are undesired byproducts of chlorination and its formation occurs when the chlorine used in water treatment reacts with natural organic matter, which is present in natural waters, during the disinfection process. The aim of this research was to investigate the THMs levels in storage water from the chlorination performed by the water Treatment Station (WTS) of the Maringá-Parana-Brazil;also, to compare the results obtained with the maximum allowable values (MAVs) established by the Consolidation Resolution n.05/2017, current law of water quality in Brazil. water samples were collected in eight high and fundamental schools of Maringá-Paraná-Brazil and analyzed through the gas chromatography method by the use of mass spectrometry detector with purge-and-trap concentrator (GC-MS) for THM. Furthermore, parameters such as pH and residual chlorine were analyzed following the methodology proposed by the Standard Methods for the Examination of water and Wastewater. The study results to THMt show that the maximum value of 21.5 μg/L obtained is within the MAV of 100 μg/L. Chloroform was the compound with higher concentrations in all samples in THMt analysis. Results of residual chlorine and pH also are within the MAVs. Studies like this are important to continuous monitoring of the water quality d

关键词： water Treatment Chlorination Byproducts Cancer tap water

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