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tight Carbonate Microstructure and its Controls: A Case Study of Lower Jurassic Da'anzhai Member, Central Sichuan Basin

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2020年第2期94卷 305-321页

作者： LI Bo WANG Xingzhi LIU Hongqi WANG Yongjun TIAN Jie HUO Fei GAO Zhaolong State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation Chengdu 610500China School of Geoscience and Technology Southw est Petroleum UniversityChengdu 610500 China Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration&Development Beijing 100083China The Institute of Exploration and Development of Southwest Oil and Gas Field Branch.PetroChina.Chengdu 610059 China

Cast thin section observation, scanning electron microscopy(SEM), high-pressure mercury injection(HPMI), and nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR) were used to examine the microstructure of tight carbonate reservoirs in the Lower Jurassic Da’anzhai Member, the central Sichuan Basin. The pore space in the Da’anzhai Member is classified into 2 types and 17 subtypes, with nano-scale pore throats of ‘O’, ‘S’, ‘Z’, and ‘I’ shapes. Poorly sorted pore throats vary greatly in diameter;thus, it is difficult for fluid flow to pass through these pore throats. There are three classes of pore throats in carbonate reservoirs, i.e. isolated pores, pores coexisting with fractures, and large pores and fractures. Isolated pores may provide some pore space, but the permeability is low. Pores and fractures coexisting in the reservoir may have a great impact on porosity and permeability;they are the major pore space in the reservoir. Large pores and fractures have a great impact on reservoir properties, but they only account for a limited proportion of total pore space. The microstructure of Da’anzhai reservoirs, which dominates fluid mobility, is dependent on sedimentary environment, diagenesis, and tectonic process. Pore structure is related to sedimentary environment. The occurrence of microfractures, which may improve reservoir properties, is dependent on tectonic process. Diageneses are of utmost importance to pore evolution, cementation and growth of minerals have played an important role in destroying reservoir microstructure.

关键词： tight carbonate rocks microscopic pore structure diagenesis Da'anzhai Member Lower Jurassic Sichuan Basin

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Spatial-temporal coupling between high-quality source rocks and reservoirs for tight sandstone oil and gas accumulations in the Songliao Basin, China

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International Journal of Mining Science and Technology 2019年第3期29卷 387-397页

作者： Laixing Cai Guolin Xiao Shuangfang Lu Jiao Wang Zhiqiang Wu Qingdao Institute of Marine Geology Qingdao 266071China Laboratory for Marine Mineral Resources Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao)Qingdao 266237China Research Institute of Unconventional Petroleum and Renewable Energy China University of Petroleum (East China)Qingdao 266580China

The spatial-temporal relationship between high-quality source rocks and reservoirs is a key factor when evaluating the formation,occurrence,and prospectivity of tight oil and gas *** this study,we analyze the fundamental oil and gas accumulation processes occurring in the Songliao Basin,contrasting tight oil sand reservoirs in the south with tight gas sand reservoirs in the *** is done using geochemical data,constant-rate and conventional mercury injection experiments,and fluid inclusion *** results demonstrate that as far as fluid mobility is concerned,the expulsion center coincides with the overpressure zone,and its boundary limits the occurrence of tight oil and gas *** addition,the lower permeability limit of high-quality reservoirs,controlled by pore-throat structures,is 0.1×10^-3μm^2 in the fourth member of the Lower Cretaceous Quantou Formation(K1q^4)in the southern Songliao Basin,and 0.05×10^-3μm^2 in the Lower Cretaceous Shahezi Formation(K1sh)in the northern Songliao ***,the results indicate that the formation of tight oil and gas reservoirs requires the densification of reservoirs prior to the main phase of hydrocarbon expulsion from the source ***“sweet spots”develop at the intersection of high-quality source rocks(with high pore pressure)and reservoirs(with high permeability).

关键词： Spatial-temporal coupling High-quality source rock High-quality sandstone tight sandstone reservoir Songliao Basin

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Extraction of tight binding parameters from in-situ ARPES on the continuously doped surface of cuprates

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Science China(Physics,Mechanics & Astronomy) 2018年第12期61卷 25-29页

作者： YiGui Zhong YiMeng Chen JianYu Guan Jin Zhao ZhiCheng Rao CenYao Tang HaiJiang Liu YuJie Sun Hong Ding Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and Institute of Physics Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100190China School of Physics University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100190China Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter Beijing 100190China

Recently we developed a technique of ozone/vacuum annealing to continuously change the doping level of the surface of Bi_2Sr_2CaCu_2O_(8+)and measured a nearly whole superconducting dome on one surface by in-situ angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy [arXiv: 1805.06450]. Here we study the evolution of the electronic structures of Bi_2Sr_2CaCu_2O_(8+)xusing this technique together with tight binding fits. The tight binding parameters are extracted to study their evolution with doping.

关键词： cuprates electronic structures doping evolution tight binding ARPES

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Geological Controls on High Production of tight Sandstone Gas in Linxing Block, Eastern Ordos Basin, China

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2020年第2期94卷 430-443页

作者： QI Yu JU Yiwen MENG Shangzhi YU Kun LI Wuyang JIA Tianrang WU Jianguang CHEN Wangang LUO long Key Laboratory of Computational Geodynamics College of Earth and Planetary SciencesUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100049China Department of Earth Sciences Durham University.Durham.Dill 3LEUK China United Coalbed Methane Co Ltd Beijing 100011China State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for Gas Geology and Gas Control Henan Polytechnic UniversityJiaozuoHenan 454000China College of Geosciences China University of PetroleumBeijing 102249China

tight sandstone gas in the Linxing Block, eastern Ordos Basin, has been successfully exploited. The high performance is mainly a result of the special geological conditions. The key geological controls for high production have been discussed on the basis of seismic data, field observation, sample features, mercury porosimetry, mechanical properties, and basin modeling. Firstly, the coal measures have good gas generation potential, not only because of the existence of coalbeds and organic-rich shales, but also because coal laminae and microbial mats in the shales significantly increase their total organic carbon(TOC) contents. Secondly, except for the uplifted zone of the Zijinshan complex and the eastern fault zone, rare large faults develop in the Carboniferous–Permian sequence, ensuing the sealing capacity of cap rock. Small fractures generally concentrated in the sandstones rather than the mudstones. Thirdly, gas accumulation in the Linxing Block was controlled by the tectonic, burial and thermal histories. Gas accumulation in the Linxing Block started in the Late Triassic, followed by three short pauses of thermal maturation caused by relatively small uplifts;the maximum hydrocarbon generation period is the Early Cetaceous as a combined result of regional and magmatic thermal metamorphisms. Field profiles show abundant fractures in sandstone beds but rare fractures in mudstone beds. Mechanical properties, determined by lithostratigraphy, confine the fractures in the sandstones, increasing the permeability of sandstone reservoirs and retaining the sealing capacity of the mudstone cap rocks. The modern ground stress conditions favor the opening of predominant natural fractures in the NNW-SSE and N-S directions. These conclusions are useful for exploring the potential tight sandstone gas field.

关键词： tight sandstone gas structure fracture basin evolution Ordos Basin

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Numerical Simulation of the Influence of Pore Structure on Resistivity, Formation Factor and Cementation Index in tight Sandstone

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2020年第2期94卷 290-304页

作者： WU Feng WEN Zhu YAO Cong WANG Xianhu XI Yanping CONG Linlin State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation Southwest Petroleum UniversityChengdu 610500China Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Depositional Mineralization&Sedimentary Mineral Shandong University of Science and TechnologyQingdao 266590China School of Geoscience and Technology Southwest Petroleum UniversityChengdu 610500China No.1 Mudlogging Company Bohai Drilling Engineering CompanyChina National Petroleum Corporation.Tianjing 300280China Logging Research Institution of Xinjiang Branch China National Petroleum CorporationKaramayXinjiang 834000China

tight sandstone,with severe diagenesis and complex pore structure,differs greatly from conventional sandstone in terms of rock electrical *** subsurface rock electrical experiments,various electrical parameters are confounded and can only be analyzed *** lack of quantitative analysis for each individual electrical parameter presents a challenge for the evaluation of oil and gas saturation in tight *** on the 2D pore-throat model and the features of pore structure in the tight sandstone of the Penglaizhen and Shaximiao Formations in the upper and middle Jurassic of the Western Sichuan Depression,this paper presents 3D micro pore-throat models for three types of tight *** proposes a finite element-based rock electrical simulation method to analyze the influence of pore structure parameters,such as throat radius and throat tortuosity,on electrical parameters such as resistivity,formation factor,and cementation index *** research revealed the following results:(1)Throats of tight sandstone usually have lamellar or curved lamellar shapes that are slender and *** lamellar throat used in the proposed porethroat model is more consistent with the features of tight sandstone than the tubular throat used in the original model.(2)The throat determines the conductivity of tight *** throat parallel to the electric potential has the greatest influence on conductivity,and the throat perpendicular to the potential has the least influence.(3)In tight sandstone grades I to III,as the porosity decreases,the formation factor increases and the cementation index decreases.(4)The results of the rock electrical simulation are consistent with the results of the rock electrical experiment,which indicates that the proposed rock electrical simulation method of tight sandstone is effective and accurate.

关键词： tight sandstone resistivity formation factor cementation index numerical simulation western Sichuan Depression

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Characteristics of tight Sandstone Reservoirs and Controls of Reservoir Quality: A Case Study of He 8 Sandstones in the Linxing Area, Eastern Ordos Basin, China

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2019年第3期93卷 637-659页

作者： GAO Xiangdong WANG Yanbin LI Yong GUO Hui NI Xiaoming WU Xiang ZHAO Shihu College of Geoscience and Surveying Engineering China University of Mining and TechnologyBeijing 100083China Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Depositional Mineralization&Sedimentary Minerals Shandong University of Science and TechnologyQingdao 266590ShandongChina Development and Research Center of China Geological Survey Beijing 100037China School of Energy Science and Engineering Henan Polytechnic UniversityJiaozuo 454000HenanChina China United Coalbed Methane Corporation Limited Beijing 100015China

Determining the process of densification and tectonic evolution of tight sandstone can help to understand the distribution of reservoirs and find relatively high-permeability *** on integrated approaches of thin section,scanning electron microscopy(SEM),cathode luminescence(CL),nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR),X-ray diffraction(XRD),N2 porosity and permeability,micro-resistivity imaging log(MIL)and three-dimensional seismic data analysis,this work discussed the reservoir characteristics of the member 8 of the Permian Xiashihezi Formation(He 8 sandstones)in the Linxing area of eastern Ordos Basin,determined the factors affecting reservoir quality,and revealed the formation mechanism of relatively high-permeability *** results show that the He 8 sandstones in the Linxing area are mainly composed of feldspathic litharenites,and are typical tight sandstones(with porosity<10%and permeability<1 mD accounting for 80.3%of the total samples).Rapid burial is the main reason for reservoir densification,which resulted in 61%loss of the primary *** this process,quartz protected the original porosity by resisting *** cementation(including carbonate,clay mineral and siliceous cementation)further densified the sandstone reservoirs,reducing the primary porosity with an average value of 28%.The calcite formed in the eodiagenesis occupied intergranular pores and affected the formation of the secondary pores by preventing the later fluid intrusion,and the Fe-calcite formed in the mesodiagenetic stage densified the sandstones further by filling the residual intergranular *** clay minerals show negative effects on reservoir quality,however,the chlorite coatings protected the original porosity by preventing the overgrowth of *** dissolution of feldspars provides extensive intergranular pores which constitute the main pore type,and improves the reservoir *** tectonic movements play an important role in improving the reservoir ***

关键词： tight gas reservoir quality high-permeability reservoirs Linxing area eastern Ordos Basin

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tight junction disruption: Helicobacter pylori and dysregulation of the gastric mucosal barrier

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2015年第40期21卷 11411-11427页

作者： Tyler J Caron Kathleen E Scott James G Fox Susan J Hagen Department of Surgery Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School Division of Comparative Medicine Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Long-term chronic infection with Helicobacter pylori(H. pylori) is a risk factor for gastric cancer development. In the multi-step process that leads to gastric cancer,tight junction dysfunction is thought to occur and serve as a risk factor by permitting the permeation of luminal contents across an otherwise tight mucosa. Mechanisms that regulate tight junction function and structure in the normal stomach,or dysfunction in the infected stomach,however,are largely unknown. Although conventional tight junction components are expressed in gastric epithelial cells,claudins regulate paracellular permeability and are likely the target of inflammation or H. pylori itself. There are 27 different claudin molecules,each with unique properties that render the mucosa an intact barrier that is permselective in a way that is consistent with cell physiology. Understanding the architecture of tight junctions in the normal stomach and then changes that occur during infection is important but challenging,because most of the reports that catalog claudin expression in gastric cancer pathogenesis are contradictory. Furthermore,the role of H. pylori virulence factors,such as cytotoxin-associated gene A and vacoulating cytotoxin,in regulating tight junction dysfunction during infection is inconsistent in different gastric cell lines and in vivo,likely because non-gastric epithelial cell cultures were initially used to unravel the details of their effects on the stomach. Hampering further study,as well,is the relative lack of cultured cell models that have tight junction claudins that are consistent with native tissues. This summary will review the current state of knowledge about gastric tight junctions,normally and in H. pylori infection,and make predictions about the consequences of claudin reorganization during H. pylori infection.

关键词： Helicobacter pylori tight junction Claudins Parace

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Diagenetic fluids evolution and genetic mechanism of tight sandstone gas reservoirs in Upper Triassic Xujiahe Formation in Sichuan Basin, China

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Science China Earth Sciences 2008年第9期51卷 1340-1353页

作者： ZHU RuKai ZOU CaiNeng ZHANG Nai WANG XueSong CHENG Rong LIU LiuHong ZHOU ChuanMin SONG LiHong Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development PetroChinaBeijing 100083China PetroChina Southwest Oil&Gas Field Company Luzhou 646001China

The reservoirs of the Upper Triassic Xujiahe Formation in Sichuan Basin have the characteristics of low compositional maturity, low contents of cements and medium textural maturity. The general physical properties of the reservoirs are poor, with low porosity and low permeability, and there are only a few reservoirs with medium porosity and low permeability in local areas. Based on the diagenetic mineral association, a diagenetic sequence of cements is established: early calcites (or micrite siderites) →first quartz overgrowth→chlorite coatings→dissolution of feldspars and debris→chlorite linings→ second quartz overgrowth (quartz widen or filled in remain intergranular pores and solution pores)→dissolution→third quartz overgrowth (quartz filled in intergranular and intragranular solution pores)→intergrowth (ferro) calcites→dolomites→ferro (calcites) dolomites→later dissolution→veins of quartz and calcites formation. Mechanical compaction is the main factor in making the reservoirs tight in the basin, followed by the second and third quartz overgrowth. In a long-term closed system, only feld-spars and some lithic fragments are dissolved by diagenetic fluids, while intergranular cements such as quartz and calcit are not dissolved and thus have little influence on the porosity of the Xujiahe Formation. This is the third factor that may have kept the sandstones of Xujiahe Formation tight finally. The hydrocarbon was extensively generated from organic materials after the second quartz overgrowth, and selectively entered favorable reservoirs to form tight sandstone gas reservoirs.

关键词： diagenetic fluids tight reservoirs Xujiahe Formation Sichuan Basin inclusions

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A Volumetric Model for Evaluating tight Sandstone Gas Reserves in the Permian Sulige Gas Field,Ordos Basin,Central China

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2019年第2期93卷 386-399页

作者： CUI Mingming FAN Aiping WANG Zongxiu GAO Wanli LI Jinbu LI Yijun Key Laboratory of Shale oil and Gas Geological Survey Institute of Geomechanics Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences College of Geological Science & Engineering Shandong University of Science and Technology Institute of Exploration and Development Changqing Oilfield Company Petrochina

To accurately measure and evaluate reserves is critical for ensuring successful production of unconventional oil and gas. This work proposes a volumetric model to evaluate the tight sandstone gas reserves of the Permian Sulige gas field in the Ordos Basin. The reserves can be determined by four major parameters of reservoir cutoffs, net pay, gas-bearing area and compression factor Z, which are controlled by reservoir characteristics and sedimentation. Well logging, seismic analysis, core analysis and gas testing, as well as thin section identification and SEM analysis were used to analyze the pore evolution and pore-throat structure. The porosity and permeability cutoffs are determined by distribution function curve,empirical statistics and intersection plot. Net pay and gas-bearing area are determined based on the cutoffs, gas testing and sand body distribution, and the compression factor Z is obtained by gas component. The results demonstrate that the reservoir in the Sulige gas field is characterized by ultralow porosity and permeability, and the cutoffs of porosity and permeability are 5% and 0.15×10^(–3) μm^2, respectively. The net pay and gas-bearing area are mainly affected by the sedimentary facies, sand body types and distribution. The gas component is dominated by methane which accounts for more than 90%, and the compression factor Z of H_8(P_2h_8) and S_1(P_1s_1) are 0.98 and 0.985, respectively. The distributary channels stacked and overlapped, forming a wide and thick sand body with good developed intergranular pores and intercrystalline pores. The upper part of channel sand with good porosity and permeability can be sweet spot for gas exploration. The complete set of calculation systems proposed for tight gas reserve calculation has proved to be effective based on application and feedback. This model provides a new concept and consideration for reserve prediction and calculation in other areas.

关键词： tight sandstone reservoir volumetric gas reserve Permian Sulige gas field Ordos Basin

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Pore Size Distribution of a tight Sandstone Reservoir and its Effect on Micro Pore-throat Structure: A Case Study of the Chang 7 Member of the Xin’anbian Block, Ordos Basin, China

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2020年第2期94卷 219-232页

作者： LI Peng JIA Chengzao JIN Zhijun LIU Quanyou BI HeZHENG Min WU Songtao HUANG Zhenkai State Key Laboratory of Shale Oil and Gas Enrichment Mechanisms and Effective Development Beijing 100083China Petroleum Exploration and Production Research Ins Institute SINOPECBeijing 100083China China National Petroleum Corporation.Beijing 100724 China Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development PetroChinaBeijing 100083China

Pore distribution and micro pore-throat structure characteristics are significant for tight oil reservoir evaluation, but their relationship remains unclear. This paper selects the tight sandstone reservoir of the Chang 7 member of the Xin’anbian Block in the Ordos Basin as the research object and analyzes the pore size distribution and micro pore-throat structure using field emission scanning electron microscopy(FE-SEM), high-pressure mercury injection(HPMI), highpressure mercury injection, and nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR) analyses. The study finds that:(1) Based on the pore size distribution, the tight sandstone reservoir is characterized by three main patterns with different peak amplitudes. The former peak corresponds to the nanopore scale, and the latter peak corresponds to the micropore scale. Then, the tight sandstone reservoir is categorized into three types: type 1 reservoir contains more nanopores with a nanopore-to-micropore volume ratio of 82:18;type 2 reservoir has a nanopore-to-micropore volume ratio of 47:53;and type 3 reservoir contains more micropores with a nanopore-to-micropore volume ratio of 35:65.(2) Affected by the pore size distribution, the throat radius distributions of different reservoir types are notably offset. The type 1 reservoir throat radius distribution curve is weakly unimodal, with a relatively dispersed distribution and peak ranging from 0.01 μm to 0.025 μm. The type 2 reservoir’s throat radius distribution curve is single-peaked with a wide distribution range and peak from 0.1 μm to 0.25 μm. The type 3 reservoir’s throat radius distribution curve is single-peaked with a relatively narrow distribution and peak from 0.1 μm to 0.25 μm. With increasing micropore volume, pore-throat structure characteristics gradually improve.(3) The correlation between micropore permeability and porosity exceeds that of nanopores, indicating that the development of micropores notably influences the seepage capacity. In the type 1 reservoir, only

关键词： tight sandstone reservoir pore size distribution pore-throat structure Ordos Basin Chang 7 member

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