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Astrocyte syncytium:a functional reticular system in the brain

Neural Regeneration Research 2019年第4期14卷 595-596页

作者： Conrad M.Kiyoshi Min Zhou Department of Neuroscience Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center

In contrary to the discrete neuronal circuits,astrocytes share their cytoplasm through gap junctional coupling into a syncytium.This distinctive difference in neuronal and astrocytic anatomy recalls the historical debate between Camillo Golgi and Ramon y Cajal on the wiring principle of the nervous system over a century ago(Cimino,1999).At that neuron-centric era,the Cajal advocated the cell theory that considered the nervous system to be made up of discrete individual cells.Golgi on the other hand favored the reticular theory that viewed the nervous system as a singular continuing network system.Nevertheless,regardless of the difference in their viewpoints,both theories were intended to postulate an anatomical blueprint of neural circuitry,with no attention given to neuroglia.It was until the 1950s,the distinct membrane borders between synapses were revealed by electron microscopy,which means that neurons are indeed discrete individual cells.This declared Ramon y Cajal’s cell theory the victor in the debate,while Golgi’s reticular theory was disregarded.However,the existence of a“low-resistance pathway”between neuroglia was soon identified in the optic nerve in the 1960s(Kuffler et al.,1966),which we now know to be gap junction coupling that connects the cytoplasm of astrocytes into a syncytial network.Ever since,decades of studies clearly demonstrated that syncytial coupling into the network is a most prominent feature of astrocytes and these glial networks are intimately interwoven with the neuronal circuits running across the entire central nervous system(Giaume et al.,2010).Surprisingly,the question of whether a reticular system exists in parallel with the neuronal circuits has received a little research attention to this day.Interestingly,the wiring pattern of astrocyte syncytium is reminiscent of the reticular theory postulated by Golgi.In this perspective,the“revived”use of“reticular theory”is solely dedicated to the brain reticular system established by astrocytes.

关键词： Astrocyte syncytium a functional reticular system brain

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Cytoplasmic domain and enzymatic activity of ACE2 are not required for PI4KB dependent endocytosis entry of SARS-CoV-2 into host cells

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Virologica Sinica 2022年第3期37卷 380-389页

作者： Hang Yang Huijun Yuan Xiaohui Zhao Meng Xun Shangrui Guo Nan Wang Bing Liu Hongliang Wang Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology School of Basic Medical SciencesXi'an Jiaotong University Health Science CenterXi'an710061China School of Pharmacy Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science CenterXi'an710061China BioBank The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an710061China Department of Life Sciences Faculty of Natural SciencesImperial College LondonLondonSW72AZUnited Kingdom Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an710061China

The recent COVID-19 pandemic poses a global health emergency.Cellular entry of the causative agent SARS-CoV-2 is mediated by its spike protein interacting with cellular receptor-human angiotensin converting enzyme 2(ACE2).Here,by using lentivirus based pseudotypes bearing spike protein,we demonstrated that entry of SARS-CoV-2 into host cells was dependent on clathrin-mediated endocytosis,and phosphoinositides played essential roles during this process.In addition,we showed that the intracellular domain and the catalytic activity of ACE2 were not required for efficient virus entry.Finally,we showed that the current predominant Delta variant,although with high infectivity and high syncytium formation,also entered cells through clathrin-mediated endocytosis.These results provide new insights into SARS-CoV-2 cellular entry and present proof of principle that targeting viral entry could be an effective way to treat different variant infections.

关键词： SARS-CoV-2 Endocytosis Phosphoinositides Angiotensin converting enzyme 2(ACE2) syncytium

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Drosophila embryo syncytial blastoderm cellular architecture and morphogen gradient dynamics： Is there a correlation？

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Frontiers in Biology 2012年第1期7卷 73-82页

作者： Aparna SHERLEKAR Richa RIKHY Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Biology 301 Central Tower Sai Trinity Bldg Pashan Pune 411021 India

During embryo development in many metazoan animals, the first differentiated cell type to form is anepithelial cell. This epithelial layer is modified by developmental cues of body axes formation to give rise to various tissues. The cells that arise are mesenchymal in nature and are a source of other tissue types. This epithelial to mesenchymal transition is used for tissue type formation and also seen in diseases such as cancer. Here we discuss recent findings on the cellular architecture formation in the Drosophila embryo and how it affects the developmental program of body axes formation. In particular these studies suggest the presence of compartments around each nucleus in a common syncytium. Despite the absence of plasma membrane boundaries, each nucLeus not only has its own endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complex but also its own compartmentalized plasma membrane domain above it. This architecture is potentially essential for morphogen gradient restriction in the syncytial Drosophila embryo. We discuss various properties of the dorso-ventral and the antero-posterior morphogen gradients in the Drosophila syncytium, which are likely to depend on the syncytial architecture of the embryo.

关键词： morphogen gradient Drosophila syncytium embryo cellular architecture

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